December 16th and 17th

Turn in 6.5 homework AND rough draft! Work on Warm-Up #17 Copy down homework in agenda

Agenda for Today

Warm-Up #17 Essential Questions From Republic to Empire Notes Pax Romana Notes Roman Numerals Activity Remembering Rome Worksheet

HW: 6.3 and 6.4 work

Essential Questions

Why did Rome experience a period of civil war?

How did Caesar reform Rome (three reforms)? What happened to Caesar? Who was the first emperor of Rome?

Ancient Rome Notes

From Republic to Empire

Rome as a Republic

Rome grew rapidly, and growth brought political, economic, and social changes.

The Decline of the Republic

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus attempted to help Rome’s poor by proposing reforms

Senators felt threatened and violently killed both brothers

generals recruited soldiers by promising land, which divided loyalty among troops

bloody civil war broke out

Julius Caesar Takes Control

Joined forces with Crassus and Pompey to become elected as consul.

Led his troops to conquer Gaul and shared in the hardships of war with his men, which won their loyalty and devotion.

 He became very popular, but disobeyed the Senate’s order to return home. This move led to civil war in Rome between Julius Caesar and Pompey.

 Julius was then appointed dictator for life.

Julius Caesar Takes Control

He expanded the senate. He granted Roman citizenship to many people

in the provinces. He helped the poor by creating jobs, especially

through the construction of new public buildings, and started colonies where the landless could own land.

He increased pay for soldiers.

Julius Caesar Loses Control

Senators began to fear losing their influence, and a few plotted his assassination

On March 15, 44 B.C.E., they stabbed him to death in the senate chamber

Death of Julius Caesar

Birth of an Empire

After Caesar’s death, civil war broke out again and destroyed what was left of the Roman Republic

Three of Caesar’s supporters joined together to crush the assassins; Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus

 The Second Triumvirate ended in jealousy and violence; Lepidus retired and Octavian and Antony became enemies

Birth of an Empire

Octavian defeated the combined forces of Antony and Cleopatra at Actium

He then became the unchallenged ruler of Rome and accepted the title of Augustus or “exalted one” and became the first emperor of Rome