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Defending North Defending North America America Ch. 6 (p. 135-136, 140- Ch. 6 (p. 135-136, 140- 144) 144)

Defending North America Ch. 6 (p. 135-136, 140-144)

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Defending North Defending North AmericaAmerica

Ch. 6 (p. 135-136, 140-144)Ch. 6 (p. 135-136, 140-144)

North American DefenceNorth American Defence►When the Cold War began, it seemed When the Cold War began, it seemed

that Europe would be where the action that Europe would be where the action waswas Iron Curtain, Soviet buffer zoneIron Curtain, Soviet buffer zone

►New technology made North America New technology made North America vulnerable toovulnerable too Long-range bombers, long-range missilesLong-range bombers, long-range missiles Shortest path from USSR to USA is over Shortest path from USSR to USA is over

North Pole and Canada (p. 133)North Pole and Canada (p. 133)►USA and Canada start to build up USA and Canada start to build up

defences to prevent or warn against a defences to prevent or warn against a possible nuclear attackpossible nuclear attack

Long-Range BombersLong-Range Bombers

Long-Range MissilesLong-Range Missiles

North American DefenceNorth American Defence

►USA constructs three lines of radar USA constructs three lines of radar stations across Canada, Alaska, Arctic in stations across Canada, Alaska, Arctic in 1950s, each getting further north (p. 134)1950s, each getting further north (p. 134) Pinetree Line, Mid-Canada Line, Distant Early Pinetree Line, Mid-Canada Line, Distant Early

Warning (DEW) LineWarning (DEW) Line To detect a surprise Soviet attack, give USA To detect a surprise Soviet attack, give USA

time to intercept attack, launch counterattacktime to intercept attack, launch counterattack USA military personnel stationed in CanadaUSA military personnel stationed in Canada

►Reduced Canada’s independence?Reduced Canada’s independence?►Possible loss of independence worth greater Possible loss of independence worth greater

security?security?

DEW LineDEW Line

North American DefenceNorth American Defence

►North American Air Defence (NORAD) – North American Air Defence (NORAD) – 19571957 Canadian-American organization to share Canadian-American organization to share

responsibility for air defence of North responsibility for air defence of North AmericaAmerica

Command station in Cheyenne Mountain, Command station in Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado, USAColorado, USA►Designed to withstand a nuclear attackDesigned to withstand a nuclear attack►Controls fighter jets, missile bases, radarControls fighter jets, missile bases, radar

Canadian command post underground at Canadian command post underground at North Bay, OntarioNorth Bay, Ontario

NORADNORAD

NORADNORAD

North American DefenceNorth American Defence

►Civil DefenceCivil Defence Fearing a nuclear attack, some Canadian Fearing a nuclear attack, some Canadian

cities dug nuclear fallout shelterscities dug nuclear fallout shelters Warning sirens, people go to sheltersWarning sirens, people go to shelters School drills – “duck and cover”School drills – “duck and cover” In reality, shelters and “duck and cover” In reality, shelters and “duck and cover”

were practically useless in a nuclear were practically useless in a nuclear attack, but good for public moraleattack, but good for public morale

Constant tension, fear, and anxietyConstant tension, fear, and anxiety

North American DefenceNorth American Defence

►http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-2khttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-2kdpAGDu8sdpAGDu8s

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis►Communists, led by Fidel Castro, seize Communists, led by Fidel Castro, seize

power in Cuba in 1959power in Cuba in 1959►USA attempted to invade Cuba, overthrow USA attempted to invade Cuba, overthrow

communists, but failedcommunists, but failed Cuba forms close relationship with USSRCuba forms close relationship with USSR

►Oct. 1962: USA discovers USSR installing Oct. 1962: USA discovers USSR installing nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba, huge nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba, huge threat to USA and Canada (p. 140)threat to USA and Canada (p. 140)

►USA imposes blockade on Cuba, ready for USA imposes blockade on Cuba, ready for warwar NORAD on high alertNORAD on high alert

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

►Canada’s ResponseCanada’s Response President Kennedy expected Canadian President Kennedy expected Canadian

supportsupport PM Diefenbaker wanted United Nations to PM Diefenbaker wanted United Nations to

investigate in Cuba, did not believe USAinvestigate in Cuba, did not believe USA►Delayed placing Canadian NORAD forces on alertDelayed placing Canadian NORAD forces on alert►Did not allow US military planes to land in Did not allow US military planes to land in

CanadaCanada►PM Diefenbaker believed that he was protecting PM Diefenbaker believed that he was protecting

Canadian independence, but 80% of Canadians Canadian independence, but 80% of Canadians disapprove of his actionsdisapprove of his actions

►Hurt Canadian-American relationsHurt Canadian-American relations

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

►USSR refuses to remove the missiles, USSR refuses to remove the missiles, readies for warreadies for war

►Soviet ships heading towards blockaded Soviet ships heading towards blockaded Cuba, US waiting for themCuba, US waiting for them

►USSR decides at last minute to turn USSR decides at last minute to turn ships around, remove missiles, US ships around, remove missiles, US promises not to invade Cubapromises not to invade Cuba

►Closest USA and USSR got to nuclear Closest USA and USSR got to nuclear war, whole world fearing destruction for war, whole world fearing destruction for 13 days13 days

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

The Avro ArrowThe Avro Arrow

►To help defend Canada from a Soviet To help defend Canada from a Soviet attack, the Avro Arrow supersonic jet attack, the Avro Arrow supersonic jet was developed in the 1950swas developed in the 1950s Most advanced fighter jet in the worldMost advanced fighter jet in the world

►Development costs skyrocketedDevelopment costs skyrocketed From $2 million to $12.5 million per planeFrom $2 million to $12.5 million per plane

►Missiles become better defense than Missiles become better defense than jetsjets

►PM Diefenbaker cancelled the Avro PM Diefenbaker cancelled the Avro Arrow project on 1959Arrow project on 1959

The Avro ArrowThe Avro Arrow

The Avro ArrowThe Avro Arrow

►Popular BeliefPopular Belief US military jealous of advanced Arrow, US military jealous of advanced Arrow,

convince PM Diefenbaker to cancel projectconvince PM Diefenbaker to cancel project

►HistoriansHistorians Arrow was way too costly, Canada could Arrow was way too costly, Canada could

not afford it, other countries didn’t want not afford it, other countries didn’t want to buy itto buy it

The Nuclear Issue in CanadaThe Nuclear Issue in Canada

►After Arrow cancelled, Canada considers After Arrow cancelled, Canada considers buying buying Bomarc missilesBomarc missiles from the US from the US Would be located at Canadian military basesWould be located at Canadian military bases Defence shield, intercept Soviet missilesDefence shield, intercept Soviet missiles Meant to carry nuclear warheads, were of Meant to carry nuclear warheads, were of

little use without themlittle use without them►Should Canada have nuclear weapons?Should Canada have nuclear weapons?

USA thought so: help protect Canada and USA thought so: help protect Canada and USA, Canada’s obligation as part of NORAD USA, Canada’s obligation as part of NORAD and NATOand NATO

Many Canadians disagreed: made Canada a Many Canadians disagreed: made Canada a target, contributed to possible nuclear wartarget, contributed to possible nuclear war

Bomarc MissilesBomarc Missiles

The Nuclear Issue in CanadaThe Nuclear Issue in Canada

► Conservative Party divided over Bomarc Conservative Party divided over Bomarc missilesmissiles

► Liberal Party leader Lester Pearson initially Liberal Party leader Lester Pearson initially against missiles, then changes mindagainst missiles, then changes mind

► 1963 Election: Liberals win minority gov.1963 Election: Liberals win minority gov. Lester Pearson becomes Prime MinisterLester Pearson becomes Prime Minister Country not fully sure about Pearson & Liberals, Country not fully sure about Pearson & Liberals,

but believe poor US-Canada relationship because but believe poor US-Canada relationship because of Diefenbaker bad for Canadaof Diefenbaker bad for Canada

► Pearson accepts nuclear Bomarc missilesPearson accepts nuclear Bomarc missiles► Trudeau is elected PM in 1968, phases out Trudeau is elected PM in 1968, phases out

the Bomarc missiles by 1971the Bomarc missiles by 1971