Define key vocabulary terms (25): enclosure, smelt, capital, enterprise, entrepreneur, putting-out system, urbanization, tenement, labor union, utilitarianism, socialism, means of production, communism, proletariat, social democracy, ideology, universal manhood suffrage, legitimacy, nationalism, autonomy, recession, radicals, liberals, conservatives, and reactionaries 1700S-1800S THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Agriculture Industry Handmade Items Items Made by Machine Individual Production Mass Production Artisan/Family Workers Skilled/Low-Skilled Workers Rural Urban Home Factory Energy: Hydro, Wind, Animal Fossil Fuels Expensive High Quality Goods Less Expensive Standardized Goods Individual Sales Retailers Localized Trade Trade Abroad Copy the following questions in your notebook. Think about the questions while you are reading pp in your textbook (30-35 minutes). Take notes while you read. Be prepared to answer the questions today in classroom discussion. 1.When and where did the Industrial Revolution begin? 2.According to the textbook, what are five (5) factors that contributed to the start of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain? Explain each of these factors. 3.Identify four (4) inventions that advanced the production of cotton cloth and be able to discuss how they advanced production. 4.What effect did the steam engine have on the coal and iron industry? THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGAN IN GREAT BRITAIN (ENGLAND) MID-1700S AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION The application of the scientific method to agricultural production The introduction of new food items from the New World (Columbian Exchange) JETHRO TULL ( ) The New Horse Houghing Husbandry (1731) Introduced plowing and planting techniques that improved crop production CHARLES TOWNSHEND ( ) 1 st Field 2 nd Field 3 rd Field 4 th Field Wheat *cash crop Barley *horse and peasant feedTurnips *livestock and fertilizer (plowed)Beans *replenish soil Turnip Townshend Established a four-field crop production system (convertible husbandry) in which he proposed the use of turnips in crop rotation Agricultural Production Increases From 1710 1795: Cattle 375 lbs. 800 lbs.! Calves 50 lbs. 150 lbs. Sheep 28 lbs. 80 lbs. Lambs 18 lbs. 50 lbs. Milk production increased 300%! Grain production increased from 4-6 bushels/acre 24 bushels/acre! THE COTTAGE INDUSTRY (1600S) (PUTTING-OUT SYSTEM) Investor (Entrepreneur) w/capital purchased the raw material Individuals in the rural cottages were hired to produce goods from the raw materials using their own tools (paid by for quantity produced) The investor then sold the goods to retailers to distribute Why do you think these investors used labor in the rural cottages rather than in the towns? Why use machines rather than individuals to produce material goods? After reading pp in your textbook answer the following questions in your notebook: 1.What were some of the factors that contributed to the development of an industrialized society in Great Britain? 2.What inventions caused a need for more thread from spinners? 3.What invention met the need for more thread? 4.What happened to cloth production as a result of improvements in the production process? NEW INVENTIONS New mechanical inventions transformed the cottage industry: flying shuttle spinning jenny water-powered loom steam engine THE FLYING SHUTTLE (1733) Developed by John Kay in 1733 Increased the production of cloth and thus created a greater demand for yarn or thread. THE SPINNING JENNY John Hargreaves is credited with inventing the spinning jenny (1764), which made the production of thread automatic THE POWER LOOM Invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785 THOMAS NEWCOMEN ( ) Along with his partner Thomas Savery, Newcomen invented the steam engine. JAMES WATT ( ) Watt made significant improvements on the steam engine that enabled it to drive machinery The steam engine was applied to the production of textiles IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Growth of Cities --Europes Population million million NEW IDEOLOGIES Thomas Malthus ( ) An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) Population grows faster than the Earths ability to sustain it; the results are famine, disease and war. Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations (1776) laissez-faire, free trade Karl Marx The Communist Manifesto (1848) scientific socialism, communism, class struggle OVERPOPULATION AND FAMINE 11-14th th Centuries Crop expansion and introduction of new fertile soil Abundant food supply resulted in increased population Population increased exponentially and food supply increased arithmetically Cold Weather and Rain 1316/1317 Black Death Hundred Years War th Centuries Agricultural Revolution Scientific method was applied to agriculture, thus farmers were capable of producing more food than ever before Farming in the Americas Population increased exponentially and food supply increased arithmetically First and Second World Wars Potato Famine in W. Europe Great Depression Copy and answer the following questions in your notebook. 1.What was the Congress of Vienna? 2.What were the goals of conservative leaders in early nineteenth-century Europe? 3.How did the political goals of liberals differ from those of conservatives? 4.Why were liberals often called bourgeois liberals? 5.What were some of the goals that nationalists sought to achieve? 6.Why did rebellions begin erupting in the Balkan region of Europe in the early 1800s? 7.Why would a monarch in one country order his troops to put down a rebellion in another country? THE SEARCH FOR SECURITY IN EUROPE CONGRESS OF VIENNA September 1814 Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria Prince Klemens von Metternich Metternich believed that settlements should be guided by: compensation legitimacy balance of power Concert of Europe IMPORTANT DECISIONS France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoleon. The Dutch Republic was united with the Austrian Netherlands to form a single kingdom of the Netherlands under the House of Orange. Norway and Sweden were joined under a single ruler. Switzerland was declared neutral. Russia received Finland and effective control over the new kingdom of Poland. Prussia was given much of Saxony and important parts of Westphalia and the Rhine Province. Austria was given back most of the territory it had lost and was also given land in Germany and Italy. Britain received several strategic colonial territories, and they also gained control of the seas. France was restored under the rule of Louis XVIII. Spain was restored under Ferdinand VII. CONSERVATISM A political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion. FORCES OF CHANGE Liberalism- a political philosophy originally based largely on Enlightenment principles, holding that people should be free as possible from government restraint and that civil liberties--the basic rights of all people-- should be protected. Nationalism- the unique cultural identity of a people based on a common language, religion, and national symbols. After reviewing pp in your textbook, answer the following questions in your notebook: 1.What happened to Frances monarchy in 1830? 2.Where in Europe did the revolutions of 1848 begin? 3.Name two causes that contributed to this revolution. 4.Who was elected the first president of the Second Republic in France? 5.List the other areas where revolutions erupted in Europe in 1848. REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 The forces of liberalism and nationalism erupted in Europe in the revolutions of Initiated in France Economic problems plagued Europe The middle class desired more political rights- the right to vote Revolution spread to the German states, Central Europe, and Italy TEST ON WEDNESDAY Study pp and pp in your textbook Review your notes and study questions Know all key vocabulary terms Be able to respond to the following directive in writing: List and explain at least six factors that contributed to the development of an industrialized society in Great Britain.