DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS

Accidents:Undesirable, unplanned, uncontrolled and unexpected event that can cause injury to workers and damage to properties

Injury:Harmful condition sustained by the body as a result of an

accident

Fatal injury:Death occurring up to a year after accident

Major injury:Type of harm which causes permanent or prolonged impairmentof the body

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ACCIDENT PREVENTIONBASIC PRINCIPLES OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION

Successful safety programs depend on:• Leadership by the management• Safe and healthful working conditions• Safe work practices by employees

Top management cannot delegate responsibility in safety

Management must: • Be willing to accept the responsibility of occupational safety

and health as an integral part, of their jobs• Establish safety policies• Stimulate awareness of safety in others• Show their own interests

Front line supervisor:• Bears the greatest responsibility for implementing safety and health

programs• Must be given appropriate training' support, assistance and authority

HeinrichHeinrich

90 % of accident do not cause any injury (near misses)

Determine and eliminate the causes of near misses to avoid accident

Near misses provide information in preventing accidents

Domino or sequential theory. . . . The natural culmination of a series, of events or circumstances one is dependent on another and one follows another, thus constituting a sequence that may he compared with a row of donlinoes placed or end and, in such alignment in relation to one another that the fall of the first domino precipitates the, fall of the entire row."

Accident prevention programs can be worked out by removing one of the factors that leads up to it

The factors portrayed as dominoes were:1. Ancestry and social environment2. The fault of the person3. An unsafe act and/or unsafe mechanical or physical

environment4. The accident5. The injury

Immediate causes of accidents1. Unsafe act2. Unsafe condition

·           General perception -- 90 % of accidents are related to unsafe acts and 10 % due to unsafe conditions.

70 % of accidents could have been prevented by management action

Japanese Central Council on Preventing Industrial Accidents lists seven leading unsafe acts as

1. violation or neglect of rules and regulations2. sloppy liaison procedures3. mishandling and/or misjudgment by equipment operators4. carelessness5. abuse or neglect of safety devices6. irrational behavior7. unsafe job performance due to physical handicap

Seven leading causes of accidents

a. physiological causesb. psychological causesC. management errorsd.   poor traininge.   unsafe equipment or work environmentf. insufficient skillg. socio-cultural factors

HAZARD RECOGNITIONHAZARD RECOGNITION

Identify all the hazards in order to prevent accidents and to control losses

Accident prevention represents a form of control :1. Control of the workers' performance2.  Control of the tools and machines3.  Control of the working environment

Causes of accidents :1.  Unsafe condition (environmental)2.  Unsafe act (behavioristic)

There is no single cause of an accident

There are underlying contributing factors leading up to it

Accident is caused by a series of errors on the part of a worker, co-workers, or the supervisor combined with poor design, poor maintenance, the condition within the plant itself or the ill-conceived layout of a job or process.

Key To Accident Key To Accident

PreventionPrevention

Determining The Cause

Preventing recurrences

THE UNSAFE ACTTHE UNSAFE ACT

Any act on the part of a person which will increase his or her chances of having an accident

Many workers take unnecessary risks on the job because they believe they will not have an accident - it can't happen to me

·              Negative reinforcement

E.g. Drivers who violate traffic rules

They have been 'rewarded' for unsafe driving behavior in two ways

1. They have achieved whatever their goal was2.  They have had no accidents and are thus still alive

·           The more reinforcement they have succeeded in careless methods, the more reinforcement they seem to have received

To determine unsafe act :a. What did someone do or fail to dob. Was the injured employee following procedureC. What specific task need to be eliminated or added to

prevent a recurrence?

Most commonly found unsafe acts :1. Using broken or defective hand tools2.  Not wearing the prescribed personal protective equipment3.  Not following safety procedures or obeying the safety rules4. Poor housekeeping practices on the part of the worker around the work place5. Careless attitudes and ignorance

Many unsafe acts occur because workers were not properly trained or motivated by their supervisors

·      Certain actions in some situations will increase chances of accidental injuries

THE UNSAFE CONDITIONTHE UNSAFE CONDITION

Condition within the working environment which increases the worker's

chances of having an accident

             

Greatest contributors of unsafe conditions are the actions of the employees

Themselves

              

Unsafe condition :

1. The mechanical and the physical condition of the equipment (unguarded moving machine parts)

2. Condition of the walking and working surfaces (defective floors and aisles)

3. Illumination, ventilation, sound, vibration, toxic fumes,

Categories of unsafe conditions :

1. The action or inaction of the workers at the workplace

2. The deterioration of tools, machines and equipment due to normal

wear and tear

3. Poor or inadequately designed tools, machines and operating

equipment.

4. The omission of safety features during the engineering or maintenance

of the equipment

Contributing Causes of AccidentsContributing Causes of Accidents

Those acts or conditions which led up to the cause of theaccident, but in themselves were not the determining cause of

theaccident               Examples :

a. Inadequate codes or standardsb.   Failure by management to enforce safety rulesC. Faulty design or lack of maintenanced. Inadequate personal protective equipment

            

Strong management team and a cooperative safety minded workforce to control the

contributing factors

THE ANATOMY OF AN ACCIDENT THE ANATOMY OF AN ACCIDENT

Contributing Causes

Immediate Causes

The Accident

The Results Of The

Accidents

CONTRIBUTING CAUSESCONTRIBUTING CAUSES

Supervisory safety performance

a.    safety instructions inadequateb.    safety rules not enforcedC. safety not planned into the jobd.    infrequent employee safety contactse.    hazards left uncorrectedf.     safety devices and equipment not provided

Mental Condition of Worker

a.    Lack of safety awareness and trainingb.    Lack of coordinationC. Improper attituded.    Slow mental reactione.    Inattentionf.     Lack of emotional stabilityg. Nervousnessh. Temperament

……continuecontinue

Physical condition of worker

a. Extreme fatigueb.  DeafnessC. Poor eyesightd.  Heart conditione. High blood pressuref. Lack of physical qualifications for the job

IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF ACCIDENTSIMMEDIATE CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS

Unsafe Acts

a. Protective equipment or safety equipment provided but not used b. Hazardous method of handling materials (wrong lifting method, loose

grip etc.)C. Improper use of tools or equipment although proper tools were

availabled.  Hazardous movement (running, jumping, throwing, etc.)e.  Horseplay

Unsafe Conditions

a. Ineffective safety deviceb.  Safety device required but not providedc. Poor housekeeping (material on floor, stacking, storage, congestion on

aisles)d.  Defective equipment, tools, machines and electrical systems.e.  Improper dress or apparel for jobf. Improper or inadequate illumination, ventilation

THE ACCIDENT

a. Struck byb. Struck againstc. Caught in, on or betweend. Fall from abovee. Electrical contactf. Burn

RESULTS OF THE ACCIDENTS

a. Annoyanceb. Production delaysc. Reduced qualityd. Spoilagee. Minor injuryf. Disabling injuryg. Fatality

ACCIDENT CONTROL STEPSACCIDENT CONTROL STEPS

Accident is an indicator that the management system is notfunctioning accident prevention program                     Control steps to be taken :

a. Supervisory Safety Performance

a. Job-hazard analysisb. Enforcement of safety rulesC. Adequate safety knowledged. Promotion of employee participation in the safety

programe. Proper job placementf.   Development of safety working condition

Mental Working Condition of Worker

a. Daily safety contacts by the supervisorb.  Adequate safety indoctrination and on the job safety trainingC. Safety promotion and publicityd.  Regularly schedule safety meetingse.  Employee participation in the safety programf.   Adequate supervisor - employee communication on all matters

concerning safety on the job

Physical Condition of The Worker

a. Pre-placement physical examinationsb.  Periodic examinationsC. Proper job placementsd.  Adequate medical systemse.  Recognition of physical limitations of workers newly placed on

the job