1Y11 Geography

Deforestation 2Deforestation 2

The Amazon case study

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Where we have got to:Where we have got to:• We have looked into:

Who is doing it? What are they doing it for? What are the effects of deforestation on the ecosystem

and the local environment? What are the effects on the world of widespread

deforestation? What are the ways that rainforests can be managed?

• We explored your ideas on the Amazon for most of these ideas but are still left with managing the Amazon

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Recall the ways this can be doneRecall the ways this can be done

• There are 4 basic ways of approaching rainforest management:

• International – for example REDD which was implemented as a result of Copenhagen in December – well not exactly as they did not actually agree anything very much there but under the auspices of REDD some good things are happening – see later

• National approach – some countries are taking decisions to manage their rainforests sustainably

• International NGOs – such as the Rainforest Alliance, Forest Stewardship Council among others

• Small and local – indigenous people with the help of small enterprises attempt to create sustainable ways to live with the rainforest.

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Recall the ways this can be doneRecall the ways this can be done

• There is a second but linked way to look at this – the kind of projects involved: Sustainable logging Sustainable food production, e.g. agro forestry

(sometimes called permaculture) Harvesting natural products rather than

destroying the trees that produce them Small local enterprises such as eco-tourism

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The point being made here …The point being made here …

• Is that it would be perfectly possible to find projects that concern international, national, NGOs and local that ALLALL involve food production or ALLALL involve forestry

• But that is not really the point!

• We need variety! To explain not just the who that does it but what they can do.

• I am not suggesting you need to have examples that cover every base, just as many as you can – just a good selection.

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2 Other Ideas2 Other Ideas

• 1. WWF do some great things but it is a real issue to find exactly what, where and with whom. I tried and found it tough – and so most of you who tackled WWF settled for a too general idea that was not precise enough to be part of a case study.

• 2. Remember a 9 mark question only gives you 18 lines to write on, so once you have said what management and sustainable means in the intro, that leaves you about 3 lines each for 3 examples from the Amazon. So you really need to pare down your notes (hence the small space on the notes sheet).

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AlsoAlso

• I have selected several ideas from your contributions to add to the lesson

• But all that answered the question about management of the Amazon rainforest – and there were a lot – are in the PP:

• Y11GeUC7.6 Manage Amazon the whole thing.

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Harvesting Natural products

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STAROSave the Amazon Rainforest

Organisation

Covering around 500 square kilometres in the Mid Negro river region, STARO raises money for sustainable projects within the Amazon. They help stop deforestation by preventing illegal logging and ‘slash and burn’ cultivation techniques. This allows various tribes to remain living within the rainforest.

STARO was founded by Jessica Hatfeild and Dr. Dieter Bratshi three years ago.

STARO teaches sustainable, economic projects such as stingless bee keeping and Inga tree alley cropping.

http://www.staro.org/

By Rebecca, Amelia

and William

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The Stingless Bee ProjectSTARO are helping people who live in the Amazon sustain their lifestyle by giving them stingless bees to keep.The projects aim is to prevent people living in the rainforest moving to urban slums. It gives them an income by selling honey. The bee hives are cheap to build and easy to maintain.This project also helps the rainforest to grow due to pollination.Honey has always been harvested in the Amazon.

http://www.staro.org/

By Rebecca, Amelia

and William

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Adding notes:

• Project 1: It is an example of

• Who, what and where:

?

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Y11 Geography

Sustainable agricultureSustainable agricultureandand

Harvesting natural productsHarvesting natural products

You can choose 2 of these – one of each only.

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SATRO is saving the rainforest by: Implementing sustainable agricultural

projects (Inga Tree Alley Cropping) with the local forest dwellers enabling them to live in harmony with the forest

Working with the Brazilian people to manage rainforest ecosystems in a sustainable way by providing economic alternatives for the local people, (Stingless BeeKeeping, Brazil Nut Gathering) substantially reducing the damage caused by destructive agricultural practices.

Purchasing of land with the IGCA enables these projects to take place and to create Private Natural Heritage Reserves (RPPN) By Craig

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Inga Tree Alley Cropping An agro forestry system in which crops are grown on strips of land between widely spaced rows of trees. Used to create a miniature canopy which will cover soil in a layer of mulch. This enables sustainable farming on the degraded former rainforest soils, providing the farmers with both food security and cash crops without exposing them to debt or an intolerable workload, and without the need to cut down more rainforest.

By Craig

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STARO options land from the IGCA and secures it, they then place it as a satellite image on their website so that people can ‘save and acre’ which is how they raise their money. They turn the land into national reserves, providing the local people with sustainable occupations such as Stingless Beekeeping, alley cropping and Brazil nut gathering which reduces the slash and burn philosophy and gives them economic stability.

Private Natural Heritage Reserves (RPPN) Created with the ICGAThis allows private landowners to register some or all of their land and it is protected by federal and state laws in Brazil. Nearly 600 individuals, corporations and activist groups have voluntarily registered private property under the RPPN scheme since 1990. Under the RPPN program, land use is restricted to research, environmental education and ecotourism. Environmental groups like the WWF and The Nature Conservancy encourage and help landowners to create RPPNs, especially when land is located near already existing public nature reserves. By Craig

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STARO options land from the IGCA and secures it, they then place it as a satellite image on their website so that people can ‘save and acre’ which is how they raise their money. They turn the land into national reserves, providing the local people with sustainable occupations such as Stingless Beekeeping, alley cropping and Brazil nut gathering which reduces the slash and burn philosophy and gives them economic stability.

Private Natural Heritage Reserves (RPPN) Created with the ICGAThis allows private landowners to register some or all of their land and it is protected by federal and state laws in Brazil. Nearly 600 individuals, corporations and activist groups have voluntarily registered private property under the RPPN scheme since 1990. Under the RPPN program, land use is restricted to research, environmental education and ecotourism. Environmental groups like the WWF and The Nature Conservancy encourage and help landowners to create RPPNs, especially when land is located near already existing public nature reserves. By Craig

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Runa Amazon Guayusa tea company empowers indigenous peoples by allowing them to earn income by growing Guayusa on rainforest land that would otherwise be sold to loggers.

The guayusa tree leaf has been brewed like tea for thousands of years by indigenous communities. It takes three years for guayusa trees to produce income after they’re planted compared to 15 plus years for hardwood trees in the Amazon. Runa’s goal is to plant over four million trees and bring its agroforestry model to over 6,000 farming families within five years, generating over $8 million a year in sustainable income for indigenous families.

Runa has reforested about a quarter of a million trees in the Amazon since 2009. They grow the trees in agroforestry systems where they plant food crops, guayusa, fruit trees, and hardwood trees on lands which have been farmed with corn or cows, as a way of recuperating the land and turning it back into a mixed use forest and agricultural system. USAID recently granted Runa $250,000 to reforest 1,200 acres over the next 18 months with about 1,000 farm families.

By Craig

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Guayusa Farmer Association of Napo is a cooperative of 200 indigenous Kichwa farmers that produce and commercialize guayusa with Project partner runa inArchidona, Ecuador

By Craig

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Foundation Runa, the non-profit arm of Runa’s organization, supports social empowerment by providing farmers with a democratic forum to organize themselves and voice their needs and demands. The foundation also works with farmers at the household level to improve financial literacy and empower women to think as entrepreneurs. Runa’s commitment to environmental stewardship goes beyond an organic certification. The social enterprise works with local stakeholders to conduct participatory research and strategic planning for conservation and sustainable land management in the Ecuadorian Amazon.

By Craig

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SAN's aim to improve the rain forest and make the people’s life improved and more fair, while trying to conceder the environment.

By Verity

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An example of SAN is the Cocoa. Cocoa is produced as part of an ecosystem with a mix of trees around is much less damaging to the environment. They do this buy, the farmers learning how to properly sort, dry and ferment the beans using a cooperative processing facility, which then reduces numbers of defective and rotten beans. It also preserves the chocolate’s anti-oxidant properties as well as its potassium content.

By Verity

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By drying their cocoa using solar rather then the gas powered dryers and selling them by a cooperative, the farmers have increased their production and lowered their own costs, resulting in better living conditions for their families and for the environment!

By doing things like this, it makes a massive difference! After time, it will become even more noticeable and a worthy cause, to the local farmers, people and environment.

By Verity

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Inga Tree Alley CroppingAlley cropping is a method of farming, where crops are sown in rows between hedges or nitrogen-fixing plants (in this case Inga trees), to enrich the soil. Its also used to create a small canopy to shade the crops and protect the soil from erosion.

It allows the land to be cultivated over and over again, unlike native ‘slash and burn’ techniques.

This helps stop deforestation in the Amazon, and allows farmers to stay in one place and be able to provide for their family.

http://www.rainforestsaver.org/what-is-it-all-about/what-is-inga-alley-cropping/

The Inga tree can be used because it’s inexpensive, and grows well (and fast) in rainforest conditions.

By Rebecca

This is a particular type of agroforestry or permaculture

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Y11 Geography

Sustainable logging Sustainable logging

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One of the organisations involved is the Forest Stewardship Council, this is an International NG0s. The FSC was established in 1993. This organisation is independent and a non-profit and was established to help the world’s forests. The FSC is represented in more than 50 countries.

Organisation InvolvedOrganisation Involved

By Elna

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What they do?What they do?This organisation provides sustainable wood and then they certify the produced goods that use certified wood. This means customers in HICs can buy wood products from certified supplies. This organisation provides sustainable logging that does not lead to deforestation.

By Elna

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How this helps How this helps manage the Amazon manage the Amazon

sustainably?sustainably?

This organisation helps manage the Amazon because it encourages sustainable logging so it doesn’t lead to deforestation. This means for each tree they cut down they will have to plant one or two more. They also work with Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN) to ensure sustainable production.

By Elna

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Precious woods

• Precious Woods developed

the first sustainable forest

management operation in the

Amazon Aerial photo

By Thomas

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Sustainable managements • Sustainable management of existing

forests: In Brazil we manage

tropical forest in a sustainable and

low-impact manner, there by ensuring

its long-term preservation. Precious

Woods Brazil is certified in accordance

with the criteria of FSC

• Timber industry and trading: Our products

find applications in the construction,

industrial, furniture, and do-it yourself

sectors, with customers in

Europe, Brazil, Asia and the USA.

• Renewable energy and carbon rights:

The use of waste wood to produce

energy and the sale of CO2 emission

rights are integral parts of our approach

to the sustainable management of

forests and the timber industry. By Thomas

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How this helps

• Reduced impact logging -Properly harvested trees hardly damage the neighbouring trees or young growth. Moreover, timber losses due to logs splitting during felling operations decrease. Finally, competent logging means more safety for the felling crews.

• For all these reasons we apply so called low-impact logging techniques

in Brazil. In this way, the timber quality of the fallen trees is

preserved, the surrounding flora is undamaged, the canopy remains

mostly undisturbed and nature is able to close any gaps in a very

short time.

• After the felling operations the logs are winched by cable to the

nearest skid trail at 100 meter intervals. The logs are then taken to collection

points by tractors and skidders which remain on the trails at all times. They are then picked up by trucks. As a consequence, the impact on the forest soil is very low.

By Thomas

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Foreign governments can helpThere are now moves to make

unsustainable logging illegal in the EU was agreed in Nov 2010

• The new EU legislation, which will come into force in 2012, is similar to the US Lacey Act, which makes it illegal to handle fish or wildlife produced illegally.

• An amendment to the Lacey Act to extend it to timber products was agreed by the US Congress in June 2008.

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REDD in Action

Ecuador

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REDD in Ecuador• Ecuador’s Socio Bosque Programme

For the Ministry of Environment, it is relevant that REDD+ activities deliver both social and environmental benefits.  Through the implementation of the Socio Bosque Programme (an incentive-based policy to tackle deforestation), Ecuador is already delivering social and environmental benefits.  Throughout the Programme, forests landowners and Indigenous communities voluntarily commit to conserving their native forests for a period of 20 years and in exchange, they received an economic incentive yearly. 

• The Programme has two key elements that ensure social and environmental co-benefits.  Regarding social benefits, as a precondition to joining the Programme, Indigenous communities and private landowners have to develop a “social investment plan” in which beneficiaries specify how they will spend the money they will receive yearly from Socio Bosque.  This “social investment plan” is developed in a participatory way by all members of the community and beneficiaries freely decide how to use their economic incentive. 

Ecuador’s Socio Bosque Programme results 2008 - 2009

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REDD in Ecuador• Since September 2008, Socio Bosque has signed

conservation agreements that cover more than 400,000 hectares, and benefiting more than 40,000 people.  As shown in the graph, beneficiaries are using 17 per cent of the incentive for conservation, 20 per cent for organization and development, eight per cent for education, six per cent for health, 13 per cent for productive activities, and 16 per cent for infrastructure, among others.

• Regarding environmental benefits, in order to ensure reduction of deforestation, the Programme developed a prioritization scheme. 

• This scheme considers three different variables: – 1) areas with high deforestation pressure; – 2) areas with high importance for ecosystem services and; – 3) areas with high poverty levels. 

• Concerning the second variable, three ecosystem services were considered; those services are related to: carbon storage, water provision and biodiversity conservation. 

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Y11 Geography

AgroforestryAgroforestry and a few other thoughts you might like and a few other thoughts you might like

to look at to look at

By me

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Y11 Geography

Agroforestry in PeruAgroforestry in Peru

http://maps.google.co.uk/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&ll=-8.754795,-74.970703&spn=45.677107,75.058594&z=4&msid=114294639013811556926.0004884fa2d7c3edc2452

Nicéforo Agüero lives along this toad

Pacullpa

San Alejandro

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Nicéforo AgüeroNicéforo Agüero• At first glance, his hilly property

doesn't appear to be tended, as a seemingly random mix of trees and bushes dominates the landscape.

• But a quick tour with the owner reveals a complex productive system of more than 20 different fruit and timber species.

• Together, these species provide a level of food and income security that Agüero could never count on before adopting the practice of agroforestry.

• It is a storyline that's becoming increasingly common in the rural areas around Pucallpa.

• With the help of ICRAF, the crops that prosper and produce a steady and sustainable income have been established. Nicéforo Agüero rests against a

bolaina tree growing in his cacao-based agroforestry system.

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What sort of crops do they grow?What sort of crops do they grow?

• For example, white bolaina lumber, a choice material for low-cost construction. Native to the region and ready for harvest just five to six years after planting, bolaina also stands out as a sustainable option for meeting the high construction demand typical of many Amazonian cities. As such, it was one of several species chosen by local producers part of the Domestication Programme.

House built from agroforestry tree species bolaina and

capirona

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How is it going?

• Nicéforo Agüero now smiles when talking about his budding agroforestry system. Already the practice is paying off, as new diseases compromising producers cacao production have had less impact than if he was relying solely on the one product.

• With ICRAF's support, more and more primary producers like Agüero are striving toward achieving a higher level of food and income security.

• Together, they are helping transform the agroforestry into a reality throughout the Peruvian Amazon.

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Y11 Geography

Extra thoughts on Amazon rainforest Extra thoughts on Amazon rainforest sustainable managementsustainable management

An international NGO at work

With the commercial companies involved

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The Forestry Stewardship The Forestry Stewardship Council (FSC) Council (FSC)

• The FSC has 2 main ways to certify that wood production is sustainable and maintains the forests: Forest Management certification Chain of Custody certification

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Forest Management certification Forest Management certification

• FSC set standards of management that comply with the most stringent rules in the country for sustainable forestry use and do vary from place to place. They can include social and political standards, such as minimum wage and employee involvement etc. The impact of forestry is also an issue. No felling huge numbers of trees to extract a few valuable ones – known as low impact felling.

• Precious Woods Amazon manages 80,000 hectares of forest in Itacoatiara, east of Manaus. Each logging operation uses low impact methods to cut trees which are then processed locally. They produce a wide range of products in their own sawmill, and sell logs to a local mill for the manufacturing of FSC certified plywood. Precious Woods' products are sold to Europe, Asia and the US.

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Precious WoodsPrecious Woods• They add social added value: The production and processing of the raw

material timber in developing countries creates opportunities for employment and helps to improve the socio-economic conditions in these countries.

• Ecological added value: By contributing to the lasting protection of tropical forests and preserving their value, Precious Woods also helps to preserve biodiversity, the microclimate and important forest functions such as water cycle regulation and carbon sequestration.

• Sustainable development: In each 25-year cycle only 3 to 6 trees per hectare are harvested, i.e. fewer than simultaneously grow back. The timber harvested is processed into sawnwood, planed goods, pilings and finished products at the company’s own sawmills and manufacturing facilities, thus reducing the carbon footprint of exporting the whole tree but only its processed parts.

• The 9 MW power plant run on waste wood products on the property of Precious Woods Amazon has been operating since 2002 and provides electricity for the own sawmill and for around 70’000 inhabitants of the city of Itacoatiara. It is completely integrated into the saw mill at Precious Woods Amazon. The facility is unique in Northern Brazil and is recognized as a model example.

• http://www.preciouswoods.com/

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FSC andiroba is available in restricted quantities in the forests FSC andiroba is available in restricted quantities in the forests of Precious Woods, located in the Amazon region of Brazil. of Precious Woods, located in the Amazon region of Brazil.

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Chain of Custody certification Chain of Custody certification • To make sure that Europe and other

HICs do not give a market to uncertified illegal wood, it is now possible for those companies that use FSC products to make their goods to also register with the FSC. These certified goods are then sold in shops and the distributors can also register with the FCS. This sort of certification is known as ‘Chain of Custody’ certification. This is now widespread among timber suppliers, including major builder’s merchants and timber importers.

• Homebase garden furniture for example is 100% FSC certified using the FOC certification

Made from acacia