Deng XiaopingDeng Xiaoping“Deng the Small and Plain”

Kevin R. Sacerdote (except where noted)

Mandarin HS Jacksonville, FL USA

SourcesSources

Deng: A Political Biography

Benjamin Yang, M.E. Sharpe

Publishers (1998)

China and the Legacy of

Deng Xiaoping

Micheal E. Marti,Brassey’s, Inc.

(2002)

Whether a cat is black or white

makes no difference. As

long as it catches mice, it

is a good cat

Deng Xiaoping

But he also backsFree Trade, Not Free People

Deng XiaopingDeng Xiaoping

Born: 1904 Died: 1997 (92) ◦Barley 5’ Tall, 120 Lbs.◦Joined the Communist Revolution in the 1920’s

◦Became the Dominant Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) He dismantled Maoism (Yang)

1976 The Year of the 1976 The Year of the DragonDragon

January 8th Zhou Enlai Died◦Deng was chosen to give the funeral eulogy◦Mao did not attend Physical and Political Reasons Sent Pine Wreath: “In Memory of Comrade

Zhou Enlai” Mao reduces the role of Deng (semi-purge)

Angry at comments about the Cultural Revolution

Mao promotes Hua Guofeng (Yang, pp. 189-213)

1976 The Year of the 1976 The Year of the DragonDragonApril 7th Politburo announces two directives of Mao◦Removal of Deng from all leadership

(in and out of the CCP)◦BUT: Deng lost his leadership, not

his party membership◦Why is Mao lenient?◦Appoints Hua Guofeng as Premier,

Mao’s heir apparent (Yang, pp. 189-213)

1976 The Year of the 1976 The Year of the DragonDragonSeptember 9th Mao DiesHua Guofeng heads the PolitburoThe Gang of Four Attempt to seize

power◦ Includes Mao’s Wife Jiang Qing (Madame

Mao)◦Arrested Oct. 20th, ◦1 Million March to Cheer ◦Put on trial, guilty, jailed

“Nobody respected Hua as an individual politician, but everybody had to respect him as a legitimate authority” ( Yang, p. 196)

The Gang of Four on TrialThe Gang of Four on Trial

Gang of Four On TrialGang of Four On Trial

The most celebrated defendant is Jiang Qing, 67, the widow of Mao Tse-tung

The Gang of Four, led Mao's reckless and violent Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976

They were arrested four years ago, shortly after Mao's death in 1976

Deng had been critical of the Cultural Rev. & the Gang of Four

20,000-word indictment

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924552,00.html#ixzz1MR7HFRkm

Gang of Four Out of the Gang of Four Out of the WayWay

They were sentence to death, Later commuted to long-term

imprisonmentAfter a period of political

indoctrination Jian Qing was released in 1991 and died soon after ◦some reports say she committed

suicide

Prior to Mao’s Death: Prior to Mao’s Death: Deng Falls Out of his Favor Deng Falls Out of his Favor TwiceTwice Deng Xiaoping & Liu Shaoqi (Died in Deng Xiaoping & Liu Shaoqi (Died in Prison)Prison)

Dengs’ “Re-educationDengs’ “Re-education(s)(s)” ” (Labeled a “Capitalist Roader”)(Labeled a “Capitalist Roader”)

First time: Oct.. 20, 1969 – Feb. 20, 1973◦Sent to Jiangxi Province, allowed to stay in

CCP◦Lived in a two story building◦Half an hour’s walk from the tractor-repair

facility Both he and his wife worked mornings there

Deng Wrote Mao Several Times for Forgiveness◦Deng Pufang (His Eldest Son allowed back

to a Hospital) (Yang, 167-173)

Deng’s Second Deng’s Second Banishment Banishment

April 1976 until July 1977Allowed to stay in BeijingFully “REHABILITATED” by the

Party’s 11th Congress ◦Dec. 18-22, 1978◦Cultural Revolution was denounced◦Party turns on Hua Guofeng’s powers

are reduced◦Turning Point for Deng: “Democracy

Wall” (Yang, p. 200-205)

◦Hu Yaobang made Party Secretary

China: China: Mao Mao

& Deng & Deng

•Mao Zedong VS Deng Xiaoping?•Is the China that emerged in the 1990s the type of China that Mao Zedong had envisioned and worked toward?

•To what extent did Deng Xiaoping’s policies and crackdowns change China?

•How are communism and capitalism existing side by side in China today?

www.sanjuan.edu/.../files/china%20under%20deng%20-%20economic.ppt

Background to Deng Background to Deng XiaopingXiaoping

Participated in the Long March with MaoRose to power in the CCP as the general secretaryViews on economics differed from Mao

◦ Mao = egalitarian, Deng = focused on economic development

During the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Deng suggested allowing privatization of farms to increase food production (Lenin’s NEP?)

Survives all of Mao’s purges ◦ Deng utilized free market to revive the economy from GLF◦ Back to politics in 1973 with the help of Zhou Enlai

1978 becomes the Chairman of the PLA (People’s Liberation Army) – key to controlling China◦ He is 74 years old at the time!!!

““De-Maoization”De-Maoization”Against the Cultural Revolution – 1979 declared a major setback

Four Modernizations :industry, agriculture, science and technology, and national defence

Deng’s policies more practical and responsive to the economic times

Willing to alter communist ideologies for what’s best for the country

Deng Xiao Ping’s Deng Xiao Ping’s SuccessesSuccessesEducation:Tries to reverse the “un-education” of

the Cultural Revolution ◦ encourages studying abroad◦ intellectuals sent to the farms during the

Cultural Revolution, Hundred Flowers and Great Leap Forward were allowed to reunite with their families

Promotes learning in universities and scientific research

*He studied in France in his 20s

Deng Xiao Ping’s Deng Xiao Ping’s SuccessesSuccessesEconomicsFarmers were allowed to produce

more food on their own initiativePrivate ownership is allowedBorrowed from foreign states to boost

infrastructure (failure?)1979 Special Economic Zones

instead of borrowing money◦ First four cities Shenzen, Zhuhai, Shantou,

Xiamen near HK and Taiwan were given administrative independence and legal freedom to conduct foreign trade

An “open door policy” announced 1979◦Four “Special Economic Zones” were created to open regions to foreign investment and partnerships Markets rather than central direction

SEZs LocationsSEZs Locations

Guangdong Province Fujian Province Hainan Province Hunchun Pudong Development Zone (Shanghai)

Southeast China

Special Economic ZonesSpecial Economic ZonesSpecial tax incentive for foreign

investment in the SEZs Greater independence is provided

for International trade activities Products are primarily export

oriented Market driven economic activity Attracts and utilizes foreign capital Means to China’s booming

manufacturing industry flowing through these zones

DENG WAS THE FIRST DENG WAS THE FIRST COMMUNIST LEADER COMMUNIST LEADER TO VISIT THE USA TO VISIT THE USA (1979)(1979)

Deng Xiaoping’s SuccessesDeng Xiaoping’s Successes

1984 successful negotiation to return Hong Kong to the Chinese

Agreed that HK would be returned to China in assurance that it would keep its economic and social systems

Leads to mass emigration (a lot to Richmond) in fears of the changeover – 80’s and 90’s

HK acts like a SEZ Instead of China bringing down HK, it seems that the

success in HK has become a model for China to follow

Deng Xiao Ping’s Deng Xiao Ping’s SuccessesSuccessesTenure was abolished and many

made way for more qualified people to take government positions

1984 revives China to a point that it is self sufficient on food

1984 successful negotiation to return Hong Kong to the Chinese

Mao re-unified China, Deng pushed its economy forward

Success or Failure?Success or Failure?One Child Policy 19791980 China has 1 billion peopleBegan as a temporary measure but

lasts to today and will continue (reassessment in 2010)

Has been limited to urban populations

Fines, pressures to abort a pregnancy, and forced sterilization accompanied second or subsequent pregnancies

Effects of One Child PolicyEffects of One Child PolicyCaused a disdain for female babies

◦ abortion, neglect, abandonment, and even infanticide

114 males for every 100 females (world average is 105:100)

“Little Emperor Syndrome” of spoiled only children

Estimated to have lowered the population by 300 million

80’s generation now of childbearing age and are allowed to have two per couple (if you don’t have siblings)

Deng Xiao Ping’s failuresDeng Xiao Ping’s failuresContinued to purge any threats to the

CCP – 1978 and 1986 puts down democratic demonstrations

No protests (Tiananmen Square)1979 border war with Vietnam1979 failure to revive a relationship

with RussiaDidn’t want years of revolution to go

to waste – therefore continued to push for dictatorship, not democracy

Tiananmen Square Tiananmen Square Massacre 1989Massacre 1989Leaders of the 1986

demonstration were painted as hooligans and were misleading other students

Hu Yaobing (General Secretary) had been tolerant of student demonstrations and dies in 1989

Students gather to mourn Hu’s death

““To Get Rich is Glorious”To Get Rich is Glorious”—attributed to Deng—attributed to Deng

Economic Reforms◦“Socialism and a market economy are

not incompatible”◦Opening to international trade and

investment◦Export-led growth◦Introduction of profit motive◦Special Economic Zones

“Socialism with Chinese Characteristics” or Capitalism in a Globalized Era?

Billboard in Shenzhen Billboard in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (SEZ)Special Economic Zone (SEZ)

An Economic MiracleAn Economic MiracleChina’s economy has grown at about 8%

yearly per person for the last 30 years—about a tenfold increase in output per person.

By some measures, China now has the second-largest economy in the world.

When Deng became leader, over half China’s population was poor by global standard. Now the figure stands at 10% or less.

At the same time, there are about 28 Chinese billionaires as of 2010

The Reforms of Deng The Reforms of Deng XiaopingXiaopingHow Will History Judge His Reforms?

Toward a Consumer Toward a Consumer SocietySociety

1925 Pond’s Cream Ad

1991 Ad—same Product

Deng XiaopingDeng Xiaoping“Deng the Small and Plain”

Kevin R. Sacerdote (except where noted)

Mandarin HS Jacksonville, FL USA