41
ة السعوديةكة العربيممل اللعاليتعليم ا وزارة البد العزيزملك عمعة ال جالبناتوم لعلية ال كل قسمحياء ام الحيوانبة عل شعKingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of High Education King Abdu Aziz University Sciences Faculty For girls Biology section -Zoology Department Done By Ahlam Abbas Harasani Under supervision Dr. Fayza Abdulrhman Bawazeer 2013 Ichthyology

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Page 1: Department Ichthyologyaharasani.kau.edu.sa/...Lng=AR&fn=Ichthyology.pdf · Ichthyology – BIO 454 By: Ahlam Harasani 3 Lab 1 Ichthyology Introduction - Ichthyology is simply the

المملكة العربية السعودية

وزارة التعليم العالي

جامعة الملك عبد العزيز

كلية العلوم للبنات

شعبة علم الحيوان –األحياء قسم

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Ministry of High Education

King Abdu Aziz University

Sciences Faculty For girls

Biology section -Zoology

Department

Done By

Ahlam Abbas Harasani

Under supervision

Dr. Fayza Abdulrhman Bawazeer

2013

Ichthyology

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 1

Syllabus of Ichthyology Lab

Week # Topics

Week 1 Introduction - General Characters of fishes

Week 2

1- Super class : Agnatha (Petromyzon)

Classification - General Characters.

Week 3 Histological study of some cross sections of Petromyzon

Week 4

2- Super class : Gnathostomata

Class : 1- Chrondrichthyes (Dogfish)

Classification - General Characters - Dissections

Week 5 Histological study of some cross sections of Dogfish

Week 6

2- Super class : Gnathostomata

Class : 2- Osteichthyes (Lethrinus fish)

Classification - General Characters - Dissections

Week 7 Identify the Cross sections of gonads in fish at different stages of

sexual maturation

Week 8 Aquatic ecosystems

Week 9 Common Fishes of the Red Sea and Arabian Gulf

Week 10 osmoregulation in Fish

Week 11 Revision

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 2

LAB

1

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 3

Lab 1

Ichthyology

Introduction - Ichthyology is simply the science of studying fishes includes general

characteristic of fish, their habitat requirements, classification, dissection, and

external and internal anatomy .

- All the species of the fish found in the world are classified into the following

two groups. They are:

1- Super class :Agnatha - jawless fish

2- Super class :Gnathostomata – jaw fish

A-Class : Chrondrichthyes - cartilaginous fish

B-Class : Osteichthyes - bony fish

A- Ray finned group

B- Lobe finned group

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 4

General characteristic of fish:

1- Fish are aquatic vertebrates , cold-blooded, and have fins.

2- Most fish have scales and breathe with gills.

3- Most of the fishes are spindle shaped , some are laterally compressed, some are

snake like, and some are globe like .

4- The body of the fish is divided into head, trunk, and tail.

A- Head (containing a brain and sensory organs).

B- Trunk (with a muscular wall surrounding a cavity with the internal organs ) .

C- Tail (is useful for changing the direction during swimming and it consists of fin

known as caudal fin ).

5- Fins are appendages used by the fish to maintain its position, move, steer and stop.

They are either single fins alone centerline of the fish, such as the dorsal (back) fins,

caudal (tail) fin and anal fin, or paired fins, which include the pectoral (chest) and

pelvic (hip) fins.

6- Caudal fin is of different types : (forked) or (round) or (Pointed).

7- The gills are the breathing apparatus of fish and are highly vascularized giving

them their bright red cover. Some of gills covered with an operculum (gill cover) that

is a flexible bony plate protects the sensitive gills while others do not.

Ext ernal

Fish anat omy

Caudal (Tail) Fin

Shapes

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 5

8- Fish see through their rounded eyes and can detect color.

9- Paired nostrils, or nares, in fish are used to detect odors in water and can be quite

sensitive.

10- The mouth shape is a good clue to what fish eat.

11- The lateral line is a sensory organ consisting of fluid filled sacs with sensory cells.

It primarily senses water currents and pressure, and movement in the water.

12- Some of fish have spiral valve like cartilaginous fish while others do not.

Internal Fish Anatomy

BRAIN: The control center of the fish.

It divided into 3 parts :

1- Forebrain : thalamus +Olfactory lobes

2- Midbrain: Optic lobes.

3-Hindbrain: cerebellum + spinal cord

SPINAL CORD: Connects the brain to the rest of the body and relays sensory

information from the body to the brain, as well as instructions from the brain to the

rest of the body.

SPINE: The primary structural framework upon which the fish’s body is built;

connects to the skull at the front of the fish and to the tail at the rear. The spine is

made up of numerous vertebrae, which are hollow and house and protect the delicate

spinal cord.

SWIM (or AIR) BLADDER: A hollow, gas-filled balance organ that allows a fish to

conserve energy by maintaining neutral buoyancy (suspending) in water.

KIDNEY: Filters liquid waste materials from the blood;

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 6

STOMACH AND INTESTINES: digest food and absorb nutrients. or do both.

LIVER: This important organ has a number of functions. It assists in digestion by

secreting enzymes that digest fats, and also serves as a storage area for fats and

carbohydrates. The liver also is important in the destruction of old blood cells and in

maintaining proper blood chemistry, as well as playing a role in nitrogen (waste)

excretion.

HEART: Circulates blood throughout the body. Oxygen and digested nutrients are

delivered to the cells of various organs through the blood, and the blood transports

waste products from the cells to the kidneys and liver for elimination.

GONADS (REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS): In adults, the bright orange mass of

eggs (yellow) or sperm (white) is unmistakable during the spawning season, but is

still usually identifiable at other times of the year.

MUSCLES: Provide movement and locomotion. This is the part of the fish that is

usually eaten.

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 7

LAB

2

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 8

Lab 2

1- Super Class : Agnatha

Petromyzon

Kingdom: Animalia المملكة : الحيوانية

Subkingdom: Metazoa تحت مملكة : البعديات

Phylum: Chordata شعبة : الحبليات

Subphylum: Vertebrata تحت شعبة الفقاريات

Super class: Agnatha فوق طائفة : الالفكيات

Class: Cephalospidomorphi

Order : Cyclostomata رتبة : دائريات الفم

Sub order: Petromyzontia رتبة : الجلكياتتحت

Ex: Petromyzon (Lamprey) )مثال : البترومايزون )الجلكي

Classification of Petromyzon

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 9

General Characters of Agnatha :

*No jaws.

* No paired fins.

* One nostril on the top of the head.

General Characters of Petromyzon :

* A lamprey (sometimes also called lamprey eels).

* Primitive.

* Lampreys live mostly in coastal and fresh water.

* Cartilaginous skeleton .

*Buccal funnel or sucking mouth with horny teeth.

* A parasitic marine animal which bore into the flesh of other fish to suck their blood.

* Lampreys have large eyes.

*Adult lamprey can range anywhere from 13 to 100 cm(5 to 40 inches) long.

* Lampreys have seven gills on each side separately and no operculum.

*The Intestine undivided, there is spiral valve.

*Single – sex.

*There is larval stage called "Ammocoetes".

Mout h in

Pet romyzon

External features of

Petromyzon

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 10

* Their larvae have a low tolerance for high water temperatures, which is probably

why they are not found in the tropics.

*The Intestine undivided, there is spiral valve.

Cycle life of larva :

*sea lamprey are " diadromous ".They spend the early stages of their life in streams

and rivers .

*The middle stage of their life is spent in the saltwater of the ocean or in a large

freshwater lake.

*Then they return as breeding adults to spawn in the freshwater streams and rivers ,

and die shortly after spawning.

Lamprey Life Cycle

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 11

LAB

3

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 12

Lab 3

Histological Study of some cross sections of Petromyzon

____________________________________________

Horny Layer طبقة قرنية

Mucous cell

Club cell

Malpighian layer

Connective tissue

Blood vessel

Meianophores

خلية مخاطية

خلية صولجانية

طبقة ملبيجي

نسيج ضام

وعاء دموي

بوصيات سوداء

Granular cell خلية محببة

Epidermis

Dermis

Idipose tissue

البشرة

األدمة

نسيج دهني

V.S. of Skin

T.S. of Branchial Region

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 13

T.S. of Posterior Trunk Region

T.S. of Tail Region

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 14

Drawing

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 15

LAB

4

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 16

Lab 4

2-Super Class : Gnathostomata

Class : 1- Chrondrichthyes

The Dogfish

Kingdom: Animalia المملكة : الحيوانية

Subkingdom: Metazoa تحت مملكة : البعديات

Phylum: Chordata شعبة : الحبليات

Subphylum: Vertebrata تحت شعبة الفقاريات

Super class: Gnathostomata : الفكياتفوق طائفة

Class: Chrondrichthyes : االسماك الغضروفيةطائفة

Subclass: Elasmobranchii : الخياشيم عاريةتحت طائفة

Order : Selachii.( squalijorms ) رتبة : السالخيات

Ex: The Dogfish : كلب البحرمثال

Classification of Dogfish

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 17

General Characters of Chrondrichthyes:

*Cartilaginous skeleton.

*Skin covered with denticles scales.

*The body is spindle-shaped.

*single & double fin.

*Two dorsal fin.

*The caudal fin has asymmetrical lobes, forming a heterocercal tail.

* There is one spiracle per side.

*Mouth opining is crescent-shaped in the ventral side of the head .

*Cartilaginous jaws, loosely attached lower jaws.

*Five to seven gill slits per side separately and no operculum.

*The stomach is divided into two parts (cadioesophageal & pyloric ).

*Spiral valve intestines.

*Rectal gland.

*The heart consists 4 rooms ( sinus venous –auricle –ventricle – conus arteriosus ).

*No swim bladder.

External features of

Dogfish

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 18

*Single-sex.

*Internal fertilization.

* Males are identified by a pair of sperm-transfer organs named " claspers ".

*There is no larval stage.

*Mating takes place winter months, with gestation lasting 22-24 months ( the longest

of any vertebrate) .

*Males mature at around 11 years of age, females mature in 18-21 years and are

slightly large than males.

Female

Urinogenital

system

Digestive Organs

Male

Urinogenital

system

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 19

LAB

5

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 20

Lab 5

Histological Study of some cross sections of Dogfish

____________________________________________

C.S. of Skin

Dermis

Anamel

Spine

Dentine Pulp cavity

Basal plate Epidermis

المينا

شوكة

تجويف اللب العاج

بشرة صفيحة قاعدية

أدمة

Surface view of denticles scales

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 21

T.S. of pharyngeal region

T.S. of trunk region

T.S. of tail region

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 22

Drawing

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 23

LAB

6

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 24

Lab 6

2-Super Class : Gnathostomata

Class : 2- Osteichthyes

Lethrinus fish

Kingdom: Animalia المملكة : الحيوانية

Subkingdom: Metazoa تحت مملكة : البعديات

Phylum: Chordata شعبة : الحبليات

Subphylum: Vertebrata تحت شعبة الفقاريات

Super class: Gnathostomata : الفكياتفوق طائفة

Class: Osteichthyes : العظميةاالسماك طائفة

Subclass: Actinopterygii : شعاعيات الزعانف تحت طائفة

Order : Teleostei رتبة : كاملة التعظم

Ex: Lethrinus fish مثال : سمك الشعور

لب البحركمثال :

Classification of Lethrinus fish

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 25

General Characters of Osteichthyes:

* bone skeleton.

*Skin covered with bone scales (cycloid scales, ctenoid scales).

*Some of its have two dorsal fin.

* Single & double fin.

*The caudal fin has a convex shape.

* There is one spiracle per side.

*Four gill slits per side.

*They have one external gill opining and covered with operculum.

*Mouth opining in the extremity side of the head .

* They have bony jaws.

*The stomach is divided into two part (cardioesophageal & pyloric ).

*Stomach have multiple forms(S-Y-V).

*No spiral valve intestines.

*No rectal gland.

*The heart consists 3 rooms ( sinus venosus –auricle –ventricle ).

External features of

Telapia Nilotica

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 26

*They have swim bladder.

* Single-sex.

*External fertilization.

* They have larval stage .

_____________________________________________________________________

Internal Anatomy of

Telapia nilotica

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 27

Types of Scales in

Osteichthyes

A holobranch Gills

The Urinogenital

system of female

The Urinogenital

system of male

Photograph of bony fish scale showing

line of measurement and ages

F (Focus) ; S1,S2 (Scale radii to 1st &

2nd annulus) ; TS (Total Scale Radius)

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 28

Drawing

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 29

The difference between

Cyclostomata (Petromyzon) , Chrondrichthyes (Dogfish) and

Osteichthyes (Lethrinus fish)

Cyclostomata

(Petromyzon)

Chrondrichthyes

(Dogfish)

Osteichthyes

(Lethrinus fish)

skeleton Cartilaginous

skeleton Cartilaginous skeleton Bone skeleton

Scales No Denticles scales Bone scales

Mouth

Buccal funnel or

sucking mouth with

horny teeth

Crescent-shaped in the

ventral side of the head

In the extremity side of the

head

Spiracle No Have

Eyes No eyelids Surrounded by eyelids No eyelids

Gills (Seven gills) and no

operculum

(Five to seven gill slits)

and no operculum

(Four gill slits) & one

external gill opining and

covered with operculum

Stomach No Two part (cardioesophageal & pyloric ).

Spiral valve Have No

Rectal gland No Have No

Male & Female Via Internal anatomy Males are identified by

claspers Via Internal anatomy

Air swim No No Have

Sex Single

Fertilization External Internal External

Reproduction laying eggs

Ovoviviparity )بيوضة ولودة(

laying eggs

Viva )ولودة(

laying eggs

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

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LAB

7

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 31

Lab 7

Identify the Cross sections of gonads in fish at different stages of sexual

maturation

____________________________________________

Oocytes in different stage : uration stageMat

of yolk deposition.

PY (Primary yolk vesicle oocyte) ; SY (Late

secondary yolk vesicle oocyte)

secondary oocyte (SY) Maturation stage :

with lot of yolk vesicles (YV), lipid vacuoles

(LV), chromosome near nuclear membrane

(C) and ovum wall (W)

shows development of Maturation stage :

spermatocytes .

(SG) spermatogenia ; (PS) primary

spermatocyte ; (SS) secondary spermatocytes

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

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LAB

8

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

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Lab 8

Aquatic ecosystems

- Aquatic ecosystems include oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, estuaries, and wetlands.

- Within these aquatic ecosystems are living organs that depend on the water for

survival, such as fish, plants, and microorganisms.

- Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine ecosystems.

-Freshwater ecosystems include ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, and wetlands. Only 1

percent of the water on Earth is available to humans as freshwater.

- Marine ecosystems are located mainly in coastal areas and in the open ocean. Most

of the earth’s water exists in the oceans as salt water .

The sea is the interconnected system of all the Earth's oceanic waters, including the

five named "oceans", the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern and Arctic Oceans.

Oceans in The World

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Red Sea :

The Red Sea is a seawater inlet of the Indian

Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia.

Arabian Gulf:

The Arabian Gulf is located in Western Asia

between Iran (Persia) and the Arabian Peninsula.

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LAB

9

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Lab 9

Common Fishes of the Red Sea and Arabian Gulf

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LAB

10

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Lab 10

Osmoregulation in fish

Osmoregulation in a saltwater fish

Osmoregulation in a freshwater fish

Drink

Na+ , Cl- Mg++ ,

So4=

gills

H2O

Na+, Cl-

Mg++, So4=

(Kidneys)

Na+ , Cl-

(Chloride cells)

gills Na+ , Cl-

Na+,Cl-

Water

(Kidneys)

H2O

االمتصاص النشط للماء

Drink

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 39

Drawing

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Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 40

GOOD

LUCK