Department AR&fn= آ  Ichthyology – BIO 454 By: Ahlam Harasani 3 Lab 1 Ichthyology Introduction

المملكة العربية السعودية

وزارة التعليم العالي

جامعة الملك عبد العزيز

كلية العلوم للبنات

شعبة علم الحيوان –األحياء قسم

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Ministry of High Education

King Abdu Aziz University

Sciences Faculty For girls

Biology section -Zoology

Department

Done By

Ahlam Abbas Harasani

Under supervision

Dr. Fayza Abdulrhman Bawazeer

2013

Ichthyology

Ichthyology – BIO 454

By: Ahlam Harasani 1

Syllabus of Ichthyology Lab

Week # Topics

Week 1 Introduction - General Characters of fishes

Week 2

1- Super class : Agnatha (Petromyzon)

Classification - General Characters.

Week 3 Histological study of some cross sections of Petromyzon

Week 4

2- Super class : Gnathostomata

Class : 1- Chrondrichthyes (Dogfish)

Classification - General Characters - Dissections

Week 5 Histological study of some cross sections of Dogfish

Week 6

2- Super class : Gnathostomata

Class : 2- Osteichthyes (Lethrinus fish)

Classification - General Characters - Dissections

Week 7 Identify the Cross sections of gonads in fish at different stages of

sexual maturation

Week 8 Aquatic ecosystems

Week 9 Common Fishes of the Red Sea and Arabian Gulf

Week 10 osmoregulation in Fish

Week 11 Revision

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LAB

1

Ichthyology – BIO 454

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Lab 1

Ichthyology

Introduction - Ichthyology is simply the science of studying fishes includes general

characteristic of fish, their habitat requirements, classification, dissection, and

external and internal anatomy .

- All the species of the fish found in the world are classified into the following

two groups. They are:

1- Super class :Agnatha - jawless fish

2- Super class :Gnathostomata – jaw fish

A-Class : Chrondrichthyes - cartilaginous fish

B-Class : Osteichthyes - bony fish

A- Ray finned group

B- Lobe finned group

Ichthyology – BIO 454

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General characteristic of fish:

1- Fish are aquatic vertebrates , cold-blooded, and have fins.

2- Most fish have scales and breathe with gills.

3- Most of the fishes are spindle shaped , some are laterally compressed, some are

snake like, and some are globe like .

4- The body of the fish is divided into head, trunk, and tail.

A- Head (containing a brain and sensory organs).

B- Trunk (with a muscular wall surrounding a cavity with the internal organs ) .

C- Tail (is useful for changing the direction during swimming and it consists of fin

known as caudal fin ).

5- Fins are appendages used by the fish to maintain its position, move, steer and stop.

They are either single fins alone centerline of the fish, such as the dorsal (back) fins,

caudal (tail) fin and anal fin, or paired fins, which include the pectoral (chest) and

pelvic (hip) fins.

6- Caudal fin is of different types : (forked) or (round) or (Pointed).

7- The gills are the breathing apparatus of fish and are highly vascularized giving

them their bright red cover. Some of gills covered with an operculum (gill cover) that

is a flexible bony plate protects the sensitive gills while others do not.

Ext ernal

Fish anat omy

Caudal (Tail) Fin

Shapes

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8- Fish see through their rounded eyes and can detect color.

9- Paired nostrils, or nares, in fish are used to detect odors in water and can be quite

sensitive.

10- The mouth shape is a good clue to what fish eat.

11- The lateral line is a sensory organ consisting of fluid filled sacs with sensory cells.

It primarily senses water currents and pressure, and movement in the water.

12- Some of fish have spiral valve like cartilaginous fish while others do not.

Internal Fish Anatomy

BRAIN: The control center of the fish.

It divided into 3 parts :

1- Forebrain : thalamus +Olfactory lobes

2- Midbrain: Optic lobes.

3-Hindbrain: cerebellum + spinal cord

SPINAL CORD: Connects the brain to the rest of the body and relays sensory

information from the body to the brain, as well as instructions from the brain to the

rest of the body.

SPINE: The primary structural framework upon which the fish’s body is built;

connects to the skull at the front of the fish and to the tail at the rear. The spine is

made up of numerous vertebrae, which are hollow and house and protect the delicate

spinal cord.

SWIM (or AIR) BLADDER: A hollow, gas-filled balance organ that allows a fish to

conserve energy by maintaining neutral buoyancy (suspending) in water.

KIDNEY: Filters liquid waste materials from the blood;

Ichthyology – BIO 454

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STOMACH AND INTESTINES: digest food and absorb nutrients. or do both.

LIVER: This important organ has a number of functions. It assists in digestion by

secreting enzymes that digest fats, and also serves as a storage area for fats and

carbohydrates. The liver also is important in the destruction of old blood cells and in

maintaining proper blood chemistry, as well as playing a role in nitrogen (waste)

excretion.

HEART: Circulates blood throughout the body. Oxygen and digested nutrients are

delivered to the cells of various organs through the blood, and the blood transports

waste products from the cells to the kidneys and liver for elimination.

GONADS (REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS): In adults, the bright orange mass of

eggs (yellow) or sperm (white) is unmistakable during the spawning season, but is

still usually identifiable at other times of the year.

MUSCLES: Provide movement and locomotion. This is the part of the fish that is

usually eaten.

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LAB

2

Ichthyology – BIO 454

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Lab 2

1- Super Class : Agnatha

Petromyzon

Kingdom: Animalia المملكة : الحيوانية

Subkingdom: Metazoa تحت مملكة : البعديات

Phylum: Chordata شعبة : الحبليات

Subphylum: Vertebrata تحت شعبة الفقاريات

Super class: Agnatha فوق طائفة : الالفكيات

Class: Cephalospidomorphi

Order : Cyclostomata رتبة : دائريات الفم

Sub order: Petromyzontia رتبة : الجلكياتتحت

Ex: Petromyzon (Lamprey) )مثال : البترومايزون )الجلكي

Classification of Petromyzon

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General Characters of Agnatha :

*No jaws.

* No paired fins.

* One nostril on the top of the head.

General Characters of Petromyzon :

* A lamprey (sometimes also called lamprey eels).

* Primitive.

* Lampreys live mostly in coastal and fresh water.

* Cartilaginous skeleton .

*Buccal funnel or sucking mouth with horny teeth.

* A parasitic marine animal which bore into the flesh of other fish to suck their blood.

* Lampreys have large eyes.

*Adult lamprey can range anywhere from 13 to 100 cm(5 to 40 inches) long.

* Lampreys have seven gills on each side separately and no operculum.

*The Intestine undivided, there is spiral valve.

*Single – sex.

*There is larval stage called "Ammocoetes".

Mout h in

Pet romyzon

External features of

Petromyzon

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* Their larvae have a low tolerance for high water temperatures, which is probably

why they are not found in the tropics.

*The Intestine undiv