Designing Participatory

GIS/SDSS

Piotr JankowskiDepartment of GeographySan Diego State University

http://geography.sdsu.edu/People/Faculty/jankowski.html

Lecture Outline

Public participation as organized activity Design framework Example of PPGIS designs guided by the

framework

Public Participation = Structured Activity

Deliberative-Analytic Processes

The deliberative component: provides an opportunity to interactively give

voice to choices about values, alternatives, and recommendations.

The analytic component: provides technical information that ensures

broad-based, competent perspectives are treated .

Structured Participation Procedures

Nominal group technique

(NGT)

Delphi process(DP)

Citizen panel / citizen jury

(CPJ)

Technology of participation

(ToP)1. Goal

statement2. Brainstorm

ideas3. Clarify/

negotiate ideas

4. Vote on idea priority

1. Goal statement

2. Generate ideas

3. Collect ideas4. Synthesize

ideas5. Playback

ideas6. Request for

further change

1. Listen to evidence

2. Discuss evidence

3. Negotiate positions

4. Vote5. Repeat until

reach consensus

1. Goal statement

2. Generate ideas

3. Collect ideas4. Cluster ideas5. Synthesize

ideas6. Label ideas7. Negotiate

idea priority

Approaches to Structured ParticipationStep-wise Procedures for Four Methods of Structured Participation

Nominal group technique

(NGT)

Delphi process(DP)

Citizen panel / citizen jury

(CPJ)

Technology of participation

(ToP)1. Goal

statement2. Brainstorm

ideas3. Clarify/

negotiate ideas

4. Vote on idea priority

1. Goal statement

2. Generate ideas

3. Collect ideas4. Synthesize

ideas5. Playback

ideas6. Request for

further change

1. Listen to evidence

2. Discuss evidence

3. Negotiate positions

4. Vote5. Repeat until

reach consensus

1. Goal statement

2. Generate ideas

3. Collect ideas4. Cluster ideas5. Synthesize

ideas6. Label ideas7. Negotiate

idea priority

Comparing Methods

NGT DP CPJ ToP Participatory Activities

X X X Goal statement (context setting)

X X X Brainstorm items

X X X Negotiate (clarify) items

X X Synthesize clusters and label items

X Refine clusters

X X X Vote/poll

X Survey

X X Review/evaluation

Which Participatory Activities?Participatory Activities

Goal statement (context setting)

Brainstorm items

Negotiate (clarify) items

Synthesize clusters and label itemsRefine clusters

Vote/poll

Review/evaluation

Other activities?

More QuestionsWho participates?

What Social-Institutional Influences?What Process?What Data?What Tools?What Outcomes?

Assessment Framework for PPGIS

Convening Constructs Process Constructs Outcome Constructs

Social-Institutional Influence

Group Participant Influence

Data and Tool Influence

Task Outcomes

Social Outcomes

Appropriation Group Process

Emergent Influence

Public Participation as Social Interaction using Participatory GIS

Tools

(Nyerges & Jankowski, 1997, 2001)

Assessing Convening Constructs

Social-institutional influence Power and control Convening influence Rules and norms

Assessing Convening Constructs

Group participant Influence Participant values Knowledge of subject domain Attitudes towards technology

Assessing Convening Constructs

Data and Tool Influence Availability of relevant data Availability of information aids

Public participation as social interaction using GIS tools

Appropriation Group process Emergent influence

Summary of assessment framework

Assess:Problem contextParticipatory process Expected outcomes

Design Considerations

Setting

Syn

chro

nous | A

synch

ronous

Group Size Small | Large

Tec

hnol

ogy

Sim

ple

| Com

plex

Eliciting participant information needs

In-depth interviews with a diverse sample of participants

Personas – fictional composites that adequately represent the spectrum of diversity in backgrounds and perspectives among the stakeholders

Identifying data and tools

Data and tools as function of participant information needs and process requirements

Process requirements guide the selection of tools supporting information flow

Integrating data and tools

Process requirements Technological arrangements

Design example: community-based water protection zoning

Design example: community-based water protection zoning

Design example: Participatory Geographic Information System for Transportation (PGIST)

Step 1 Discuss [Transportation] Concerns

1a: Brainstorm Concerns

1b: Review Summaries

Step 2 Review Planning Factors

2a: Review Planning Factors

2b: Weigh Planning Factors

Step 3 Create Packages

3a: Review Projects

3b: Review Funding options

3c: Create your own package

Step 4 Evaluate Candidate Packages

4a: Review Candidate Packages

4b: Vote

Step 5 Prepare Group Report

Participatory Process:

Step 1 Discuss [Transportation] Concerns

1a: Brainstorm Concerns

1b: Review Summaries

Step 2 Review Planning Factors

2a: Review Planning Factors

2b: Weigh Planning Factors

Step 3 Create Packages

3a: Review Projects

3b: Review Funding options

3c: Create your own package

Step 4 Evaluate Candidate Packages

4a: Review Candidate Packages

4b: Vote

Step 5 Prepare Group Report

Agenda Builder

Value Organizer

Alternative Generator

Choice Modeler

Summary Generator

Future Challenges

Research QuestionsWhat are effective ways of eliciting public

values and perspectives in different problem settings?

How to combine formal knowledge with informal knowledge?

How to assess costs and benefits of technology in order to make good design choices?

Acknowledgements

Timothy Nyerges and the entire PGIST research team from University of Washington, University of Wyoming and San Diego State University

Amy Owen, Delta State University

NSF Information Technology Research Program

References

Jankowski, P., T. Nyerges, S. Robischon, K. Ramsey and D. Tuthill, 2006. Design Consideration and Evaluation of a Collaborative, Spatio-Temporal Decision Support System, Transactions in GIS, 10(3): 335-354

Nyerges, T., P. Jankowski, K. Ramsey and D. Tuthill, 2006. Collaborative Water Resource Decision Support: Results of a Field Experiment, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 96(4): 699-725

Jankowski, P., and T. Nyerges. 2001. GIS for Group Decision Making. Taylor & Francis, London

Nyerges, T. and P. Jankowski, 1997. Enhanced Adoptive Structuration Theory: A theory of GIS-supported Collaborative Decision Making, Geographical Systems, 4:3, pp. 225-257