PsychoanalysisAranzaso, Catiil, Fernandez, Jao

LIFE BACKGROUND

Sigmund Freud(1856 - 1959)

Freud

Born: May 06, 1856 at Czech RepublicDied: September 23, 1939 in London, EnglandPARENTSMother: Amalia FreudFather: Jacob Freud

Photo link: http://tinyurl.com/SFreud1

Freud

Spouse: Martha Bernays

Children: Anna Freud, Ernst L. Freud, Oliver Freud, Mathilde Freud, Jean Martin Freud, Sophie Freud

Photo link: http://tinyurl.com/SFreud2

Freud

Background:- Was home-schooled before entering him in Spurling Gymnasium

● Graduated Summa Cum Laude

Photo link: http://tinyurl.com/SFreud3

Freud

Background:- Austrian neurologist- Received his medical degree in 1881 at the University of Vienna

Photo link: http://tinyurl.com/SFreud4

Freud

Background:- Youngest daughter (Anna) also became a psychoanalyst and helped him formulate the defense mechanisms

Photo link: http://tinyurl.com/SFreud5

Freud

Background:- Freud: Scientist rather than a doctor- Freud (together with Breuer) published Studies in Hysteria in 1895

Photo link: http://tinyurl.com/SFreud6

Freud

List of Books published:● The Interpretation of Dreams

(1990)● The Psychopathology of

Everyday Life (1901)● Three essays on the theories of

Sexuality (1905)● Five lectures on Psycho-

analysis (1916)Photo link: http://tinyurl.com/SFreud7

Erik Erikson(1902 - 1994)

Erikson

Born: June 15, 1902 in Frankfurt, GermanyDied: May 12, 1994

PARENTSMother: Karla AbrahamsenFather: UnknownStepfather: Dr. Theodore Hoomburger

Photo link: http://tinyurl.com/EErikson1

Erikson

Background:- Studied psychoanalysis and earned a certificate from the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society

Photo link: http://tinyurl.com/EErikson2

Erikson

Background:- At age 18, he completed school and that was the last academic graduation of his life.

Photo link: http://tinyurl.com/EErikson3

Erikson

Background:- Married Joan Serson (Candian) in 1930 and had three children

Photo link: http://tinyurl.com/EErikson4

Erikson

List of Books published:● Childhood and Society● The Life Cycle

Completed● Gandhi’s Truth

○ Pulitzer Award○ National Book Award

Photo link: http://tinyurl.com/EErikson5

James Marcia

Marcia

Background:- A clinical and developmental psychologist

● Held professorships in US and Canada

● Currently the Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, Canada

Marcia

Background:- Also active in:

● Clinical Private Practice● Clinical Psychology

Supervision● Community Consultation● International Clinical-

Development Research ● Teaching

CONTRIBUTIONS

FREUD

Freud was inspired by Josef Breuer.

He and Dr. Josef Breuer was introduced to the case study of a patient known as Anna O.

His work supported the belief that not all mental illnesses have physiological causes and he also offered evidence that cultural differences have an impact on psychology and behavior.

FREUD

The Conscious- Includes everything that is inside of our awareness

Conscious vs. Unconscious MindThe Unconscious

- A reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges and memories that outside of our conscious awareness.

FREUD• The Id - The personality component made up of unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic urges, needs and desires.

• The Ego - The ego is the part of personality that mediates the demands of the id, the superego and reality.

• The Superego - The superego works to suppress the urges of the id and tries to make the ego behave morally rather than realistically.

FREUD AND

Life Instincts (Eros) Deals with basic survival, pleasure, and reproduction. These instincts are important for sustaining the life of the individual as well as the continuation of the species. While they are often called sexual instincts, these drives also include such things as thirst, hunger, and pain avoidance. The energy created by the life instincts is known as libido.

Death Instincts (Thanatos) Initially described in his book Beyond the Pleasure Principle, Freud proposed that “the goal of all life is death” (1920). He noted that after people experience a traumatic event (such as war), they often reenact the experience. He concluded that people hold an unconscious desire to die, but that this wish is largely tempered by the life instincts.

FREUDPsychosexual Development

The process during which personality and sexual behavior mature through a series of stages: first oral stage and then anal stage and then phallic stage and then latency stage and finally genital stage

Defense Mechanisms A tactic developed by the ego to protect against anxiety. Defense mechanisms are thought to safeguard the mind against feelings and thoughts that are too difficult for the conscious mind to cope with. In some instances, defense mechanisms are thought to keep inappropriate or unwanted thoughts and impulses from entering the conscious mind.

The Interpretation of DreamsPart of psychoanalysis at the end of the 19th century; the perceived, manifest content of a dream is analyzed to reveal its latent meaning to the psyche of the dreamer.

FREUD• The Future is an Illusion - A book written in the year 1927. Freud defines religion as an illusion, consisting of "certain dogmas, assertions about facts and conditions of external and internal reality which tell one something that one has not oneself discovered, and which claim that one should give them credence." Religious concepts are transmitted in three ways and thereby claim our belief.• Psychoanalysis - a method of studying the mind and treating mental and emotional disorders based on revealing and investigating the role of the unconscious mind.

ERIKSON

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT-Erikson’s theory is one of the most popular theories in the field of Psychology

Much like Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. Unlike Freud's theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson's theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan.

ERIKSON

ERIKSONEgo identity

The conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. According to Erikson, our ego identity is constantly changing due to new experiences and information we acquire in our daily interactions with others.

CrisisA turning point in development. In Erikson's view, these conflicts are centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential for failure.

MARCIAMarcia expanded on Erikson's work and divided the identity crisis into four states. These are not stages, but rather processes that adolescents go through. All adolescents will occupy one or more of these states, at least temporarily. But, because these are not stages, people do not progress from one step to the next in a fixed sequence, nor must everyone go through each and every state.

Each state is determined by two factors: 1. Is the adolescent committed to an identity, and 2. Is the individual searching for their true identity?

MARCIAIdentity Moratorium

Adolescent has acquired vague ideological and occupational commitments; he/she is still undergoing the identity search (crisis). They are beginning to commit to an identity but are still developing it.

Identity ForeclosureMeans that the adolescent blindly accepts the identity and values that were given in childhood by families and significant others.

The adolescent's identity is foreclosed until they determine for themselves their true identity. The adolescent in this state is committed to an identity but not as a result of their own searching or crisis.

MARCIA

Identity Achievement The state of having developed well-defined personal values and self-concepts. Their identities may be expanded and further defined in adulthood, but the basics are there. They are committed to an ideology and have a strong sense of ego identity.

Diffusion The state of having no clear idea of one's identity and making no attempt to find that identity. These adolescents may have struggled to find their identity, but they never resolved it, and they seem to have stopped trying. There is no commitment and no searching.

SIGNIFICANT LEARNINGS TO DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

FREUD- Freud formulated the psychosexual development wherein it describes how personality develops during childhood. - He believed that personality develops through a series of childhood stages in which the pleasure-seeking energies of the id become focused on certain erogenous areas. - He said that the libido or the psychosexual energy is the driving force behind a behavior. - He also suggested that the personality is mostly established by the age of five; early experiences play a large role in personality development. - He also suggested that when a child does not successfully complete a stage in his theory, s/he will develop a fixation that would influence his/her personality and behavior when s/he reaches adulthood.

ERIKSON

- Proposed a stage theory of development, but it encompasses human growth throughout the entire lifespan.- He believed that each stage of development is focused on overcoming a conflict.- With his theory, he believed that failure to develop or overcome a stage may result to confusion and thus, a fault in developing one’s personality.

MARCIAMarcia believed that certain situations and events (often called "crises") serves

as causes that suggest movement along this continuum and through the various

identity statuses.

These crises create internal conflict and emotional turmoil, thereby causing

adolescents to examine and question their values, beliefs, and goals. As they explore

new possibilities, they may form new beliefs, adopt different values, and make

different choices.

These developmental crises greatly cause adolescents to develop a greater

commitment to an individual due to the process of identity exploration.

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