Development of rapid Development of rapid bioassessmentbioassessment approaches approaches using benthic using benthic macroinvertebratesmacroinvertebrates for streams, for streams, northeast, northeast, ThailandThailand

NarumonNarumon SangpradubSangpradubChutimaChutima HanjavanitHanjavanitBoonsatienBoonsatien BoonsoongBoonsoongPaiboonPaiboon GetwongsaGetwongsaPornchaiPornchai UttarakUttarakNisaratNisarat TungpairojwongTungpairojwong

• Introduction

• Objective

• Research Methodology

• Results and Discussion

• Conclusions

OutlinesOutlines

Bioassessment is the process of evaluating the condition of a water body, using biological surveys and other direct measurements of the resident biota (fish, benticmacroinvertebrates, algae, etc.) in freshwater

Rapid Bioassessment Protocols

•Integrated assessment of habitat (physical structure), water quality, and biological condition

•Habitat Quality + Water quality =

Biological Condition of the Community

When physical habitat quality at two sites is equal, differences in biological condition are the result of water quality stress

Source: http://www.pcd.go.thmain parameters

Source: http://www.pcd.go.thbiological indicators

Mayflies Stonefly Caddisflies Truefly

Water Bug Water Penny Dragonfly Shrimp Snail

Source: http://www.greenworld.or.th

Modified from Denmark’s Blue RiverSource: Sangpradub et al. (1998)

Very good

Good

Fair

Poor

Very poor

• Rapid Bioassessment Protocol (Barbour et al. 1999)

• Develop Biotic Index for streams, Northeast, Thailand

ObjectivesObjectives

Rapid Bioassessment Protocol (Barbour et al. 1999)Sampling method, reference condition and multimetric approaches

Morphological adaptation for maintaining position and moving in the aquatic environment (Clinger taxa, Climber taxa, Swimmer taxa)

Habit measures

Information on the balance of feeding strategies in the benthic assemblages(% Shredders, % Filterers, % Grazers)

Feeding measures

Pollution stressors(Tolerant/Intolerant organisms%Intolerant organism, no. tolerant taxa)

Tolerance/ Intolerancemeasures

Information on structure of assemblages(diversity index, %Ephemeroptera, %Plecoptera, %Chironomids)

Composition measures

The diversity of the aquatic assemblages(number of total individual and combined taxa)Richness measures

category

Study areas and site selectionsStudy areas and site selections

• Field Sampling-Physico-chemical sampling-Habitat assessment-Macroinvertebrates sampling

• Data Analysis-Site classification-Reference condition

Research MethodologyResearch Methodology

ParametersParameters UnitUnit MethodMethod

Width m Tape measureDepth cm RulerVelocity m/sec. Flow meterAir Temperature ºC ThermometerDO mg/L MeterWater Temperature ºC MeterpH MeterConductivity µs/cm MeterTDS mg/L MeterNitrate (NO3

--N) mg/L Cadmium reductionOrthophosphate (PO4

3-) mg/L Ascorbic acidSuspended Solids mg/L Photometric methodTurbidity FAU Attenuated radiation method

BOD5 mg/L Incubation at 20 ºC for 5 days

Chlorophyll a µg/L Extracted-methanol method

Field SamplingField Sampling

Physico-chemical sampling

HabitatHabitat ParametersParameters1. Epifaunal Substrate/Available Cover2. Embeddedness3. Velocity/Depth Regime4. Sediment Deposition5. Channel Flow Status6. Channel Alteration7. Frequency of Riffles (or bends)

8.1 Bank Stability (Left Bank)

8.2 Bank Stability (Right Bank)9.1 Vegetative Protection (Left Bank)9.2 Vegetative Protection (Right Bank)10.1 Riparian Vegetative Zone Width (Left Bank)

10.2 Riparian Vegetative Zone Width (Right Bank)

Habitat Score Range: 0-20 Source: Barbour et al. (1999)

Visual-based Habitat Assessment (High Gradient Stream)

Habitat assessmentHabitat assessment

MacroinvertebratesMacroinvertebrates SamplingSampling

Subsampling IdentificationGenera level

Multihabitatapproach

Year 2004-2005

• Sub sample: 300 ± 20 organisms

• Taxonomic level: Family/

genera-level• 9 core

metrics• Methods

CAU & DRQ1 scoring

Year 2005-2007

• Data Preparation• Database development: EDAS v. 3.3

• Site Classification• Univariate analysis: SPSS v. 11.5• Multivariate analysis: PC-ORD v. 5.14

• Multimetric approach*Reference condition (Selection and Calibration of metrics, and index development)

*Assessment of biological condition

Data analysisData analysis

Results and DiscussionResults and Discussion

Results andResults and DiscussionDiscussion

• Benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages

• Biotic Index development

*Site Classification and reference condition

• Stream assessment

203173237297Total genus

10499133141Total family22,81718,24742,750Total individual

48965355101425521Trichoptera

731454689104Plecoptera

20104533Orthroptera

6057346801414Odonata

31815232Megaloptera

107333651Lepidoptera

38734118324815Hemiptera

55724659110654815Ephemeroptera

75413216121723919Diptera

322411Collembola

1190169635422619ColeopteraInsects

35435511Oligochaeta

2910715321Veneroida

10221Unionoida

00211Neogastropoda

001311Nematomorpha

10111Nematoda

06011Mytioida

4076691212177Mesogastropoda

51911Isopoda

00221Hirudinidae

11311Rhynchobdellida

26515865375Decapoda

9867073553Basematophora

103121Arcoida

313011AmphipodaNon-insects

MunChiMekong II

number of individualnumber of genusnumber of family

BenthicBenthicmacroinvertebratemacroinvertebrateassemblagesassemblages

All Mk Chi Mun

F 141 133 99 104

G 297 237 173 203

Trichoptera

Ephemeroptera

Hemiptera

• Site classification

• Reference condition

Biotic Index developmentBiotic Index development

Site ClassificationSite Classification

139 samplings site (National Park and Wildlife Santuary)

136 reference sites

14 criteria

reference sites

Brey-Curtis Clustering based on benthic macroinvertebratedata

DO ≥6 mg/lpH ≥5 and ≤ 9EC <200 µs/cmNitrate <5 mg/l% landuse of catchment area ≤ 20score of epifauna substrate ≥11score of channel alteration ≥11score of sediment deposition ≥11score of bank disturbance ≥11score of riparian vegetative zone width ≥6% of habitat assessment score (from 200) ≥ 65Upstream effluent discharge noneNon Point Source Pollution none50th percentile of Total taxa (30)

CriteriaCriteria

Site ClassificationSite Classification

139 samplings site (National Park and Wildlife Santuary)

136 reference sites

14 criteria

reference sites

Brey-Curtis Clustering based on benthic macroinvertebrateassemblages

DendrogramDendrogram of of BreyBrey--Curtis Curtis Clustering of Clustering of reference sites reference sites based on based on macroinvertebratesmacroinvertebratesfaunafauna

Loei (Mk)

Mekong II

Chi

Mun

Multivariate analysis

Reference ConditionReference Condition

•Selection of metrics

•Metrics calibration

•Index development

Category Metric Metric TitlePredicted response to

increasing perturbation

Richnessmeasures

TotalTax Total no. Taxa Decrease

EPTTax Ephemeroptera+Plecoptera+Trichoptera Taxa Decrease

EphemTax Ephemeroptera Taxa Decrease

PlecTax Plecoptera Taxa Decrease

TrichTax Trichoptera Taxa Decrease

Compositionmeasures

% EPT Percent Ephemeroptera+Plecoptera+Trichoptera Decrease

% Ephem Percent Ephemeroptera Decrease

Tolerance/IntoleranceMeasures

IntolTax Intolerant Taxa Decrease

% Toler Percent Tolerant Individuals Increase

% Dom01 Percent Dominant Taxa Increase

FeedingMeasures

% Filtr Percent Filterer Variable

% GrScr Percent Scraper Decrease

HabitMeasures

% Cling Percent Clinger Decrease

ClingrTax Clinger Taxa Decrease

Some example of metrics Some example of metrics

SettingSetting benchmarksbenchmarks forfor ReferenceReference ConditionCondition

D = DiscreteR = Reference sites

used to set expectations

Q1 = 25th percentile of reference sites used for expectations

Source: Barbour et al (1996)

C = ContinuousA = All sites used to

set expectations U = Upper expectation set

DE = 100*(a/b)

a = the number of degraded samples scoring below the 25th or 75th percentile of the reference distribution

b = the total number of degraded samples

Discrete scoring method:DQR1Discrete scoring method:DQR1

Score = [x/x95-xmin]*100x = the metric valuex95 = the 95th percentile valuexmin = the minimum possible value, usually 0

Score = [(xmax–x)/ (xmax – x5)]*100x = the metric valuex = the 5th percentile valuexmax = the maximum possible value

Continuous scoring Continuous scoring method:CAUmethod:CAU

96.3098.15194.569422TolerPct

56.2457.73054.840321PlecoPct

63.7967.33560.344532IntolTax

67.1080.84253.439422IntolPct

77.40100.05254.840422HBI

68.8669.23668.550211EPTTax

56.1051.92760.344523EPTCTax

31.9846.22417.813110Diptax

65.5765.43465.848422D_mg

7.4213.571.41312d

62.6859.63165.848422Clngtax

63.5165.43461.645532Beck BI

79.0073.13884.962633Totaltaxa

DETest belowDETest belowTotal

scoreHotCold Mean

Hot (R=37, T=52)Cold (R=44, T=73)Score

Metrics

Score / DE test

1.000-0.342**-0.191*-0.426**0.859**-0.307**-0.146-0.227*-0.207*TOLERPCT

-0.342**1.0000.526**0.656**-0.528**0.240*0.376**0.407**0.543**PLECOPCT

-0.191*0.526**1.0000.670**-0.392**0.612**0.701**0.746**0.948**INTOLTAX

-0.426**0.656**0.670**1.000-0.685**0.332**0.509**0.521**0.653**INTOLPCT

0.859**-0.528**-0.392**-0.685**1.000-0.323**-0.281**-0.346**-0.420**HBI

-0.307**0.240*0.612**0.332**-0.323**1.0000.543**0.623**0.637**EPTCTAX

-0.1460.376*0.701**0.509**-0.281**0.543**1.0000.719**0.662**D_MG

-0.227*0.407**0.746**0.521**-0.346**0.623**0.719**1.0000.783**CLNGRTAX

-0.2070.543**0.948**0.653**-0.420**0.637**0.662**0.783**1.000BECKBI

-0.0780.1020.416**0.151-0.1170.738**0.503**0.362**0.468**TOTALTAX

TOLERPCT

PLECOPCT

INTOLTAX

INTOLPCTHBI

EPTCTAXD_MG

CLNGRTAXBECKBI

Redundancy test

Selection of metricsSelection of metrics

136 reference sites, 300 subsampling size

75 metrics

10 candidate metrics(redundancy test, r>0.85)

8 core metrics

Core metricsCore metrics

Clinger taxaHabitFeeding

% Tolerant% IntolerantIntoleranceIntolerant taxaTolerance/% PlecopteraMargalef IndexCompositionEPCT taxaTotal taxaRichnessCore metricsCategory

≥178.5-16<7252219174Clinger taxaHabit

≤23.05

23.06-46.1>46.254.4823.0513.926.641.82%Tolerant

≥4.52.25-4.4<2.2411974.50Intolerant taxa

≥9.254.62-9.24<4.6231.2919.0614.499.250% IntolerantTolerant/Intolerant

>1<153210% Plecoptera

≥5.702.85-5.69<2.848.356.836.235.702.29Margalef IndexComposition

≥2110.5-20<10.43326242115EPCT taxa

≥3417-33<164940363434No. of Total taxaRichnessmeasure

531max75th50th25thmin

Categorical scoring rangeDescriptive Statistics

MetricsCategory

example: cold season

<8.6<10<8<8-Very Poor

8.7-1711-218-168-16-Poor

17-3421-4217-3317-33<25thFair

35-69.842-6733.5-3734-37≥25thGood

69.8-10068-1003838≥75thVery Good

HotColdHotCold

CAU index scoreDRQ1 index scorePercentile ofreference indexvalue

Narrativeassessment

Index Score ValueIndex Score Value

2.003.004.005.00

gradedrq17.68%n=29

65.24%n=107

9.76%n=16

7.32%n=12 2.00

3.004.005.00

gradedrq15.18%n=17

53.57%n=60

19.64%n=22

11.61%n=13

2.003.004.005.00

qualityc1.22%n=2

23.78%n=39

50.00%n=82

25.00%n=41

3.004.005.00

qualityc14.29%n=16

60.71%n=68

25.00%n=28

DRQ1

CAU

Cold Hot

Stream Stream BioassessmentBioassessment

Conclusions

•8 core metrics

•DRQ1 and CAU methods

•Multimetric approach

•More approaches for reference site selection

Thank you very much for your attention