development of sanitary landfills and waste-to-energy from landfill

DEVELOPMENT OF SANITARY LANDFILLS AND

WASTE-TO-ENERGY FROM LANDFILL GAS IN

TURKEY

NL EVD Internationaal | DEVELOPMENT OF SANITARY LANDFILLS AND WASTE-TO-ENERGY FROM LANDFILL GAS IN

TURKEY

Pagina 2 van 54

Colofon

Naam marktscan Development of Sanitary landfills and waste-to-energy

form landfill gas in Turkey

Opgesteld door Müge Yazgan

Handelsafdeling van de Nederlandse Ambassade in Ankara

Contactgegevens Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Turan Gunes Bulvari,

Hollanda Caddesi

No.5,06550 Yildiz-Ankara

T: +903124091872

F: +903124091896

Email: [email protected]

Datum 28 | 1 | 2013

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Inhoud

Colofon—2

Executive summary and conclusions—4

1 Institutional and regulatory framework for solid waste management in

Turkey—6 1.1 Relevant institutions and their duties in relation to solid waste management—6 1.2 EU - relevance of solid waste management policies—8 1.3 The administrative structure of Turkey - an overview of municipalities—10 1.4 Financing sources of municipal landfill - solid waste management investments—12

2 Background on landfill development policies—15

3 Waste composition of Turkey—20

4 General overview of landfills—22

5 Energy recovery from landfill gas—23 5.1 Relevant laws and regulations concerning energy recovery from landfill gas—23 5.2 Companies that obtained biomass licences for energy generation purposes—27 5.3 Information on companies—29

6 Relevant Contacts—36

7 Trade Fairs—38

8 Points of Contact—39

Bijlage 1 Annex - I—40

Bijlage 2 Annex - II—42

Bijlage 3 Annex - III—45

Bijlage 4 ANNEX - IV—50

Bijlage 5 Annex V - Revised Implementation Schedule for Regions at Waste Master

Plan—53


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Executive summary and conclusions

Developments taking place in the landfill development sector in Turkey is worth

attention because this might mean business opportunities for Dutch companies.

Turkey has a population of 74.7 million, which is expected to increase to 94.6 million

people in 2050. Around 25 million tonnes per year are collected. In the past, waste

management was not handled in a proper way and the problem has increased because

of rapid growth of the population and industrialisation. A considerable amount of waste

has ended up at wild dumpsites. It is estimated that there are 50 big and around 2,000

smaller wild dumpsite areas.

The start of the EU accession talks in 2005 and the opening of the Environment

Chapter in 2009 are important pillars that help Turkey to shape its waste management

regulations and policies towards harmonisation with the EU’s standards.

A considerable amount of investment is required for harmonisation and waste

management projects; 58.5 billion Euro in total, a minimum 9.5 billion Euro in the solid

waste management where 7.5 billion Euro is for the landfill sector. Turkey is ambitious

to meet these goals and targets before the 100 year celebrations of the Republic of

Turkey in 2023. Around 1.9 billion Euro per year is said to be invested in environment

sector for the last four years.

It is the responsibility of the municipalities to handle the waste issues. However, their

financing and technical capabilities are limited. Metropolitan municipalities have a

higher budget and better access to funds than smaller municipalities. According to the

new Municipal Law, which will enter into force in March 2014, 13 municipalities of

which the population has exceeded 750,000, will be given metropolitan municipality

status. New investments are expected to come from these municipalities.

The interest of the private sector in waste projects is increasing, because of the

incentives available to the sector. Collection of waste and operation of landfills by

private sector is possible on basis of a concession given by the municipality and

approved by the Minister of Interior. Some companies are focusing on the rehabilitation

of old dumpsites due to their potential for energy recovery from landfill gas.

The amount of electricity generated and sold to the grid is a major source of income

and the projects’ cash flow. There is also growing interest in establishing new sanitary

landfills in an integrated waste management format, where recycling, composting,

energy recovery are all possible. Companies active in this field are interested in

developing of - and investing in - new technologies to increase the efficiency of the

plants.

Establishment of sanitary landfills was given preference due to its comparatively low

level of investment requirement. 120 sanitary landfills are planned to be established

until 2017. 69 sanitary landfills are already in operation. However, many of them

consist of storage cells where garbage is collected, but where there is no treatment,

such as recycling, composting and incineration. Municipalities and private companies


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operating sanitary landfills are expected to invest in such technologies. A National

Recycling Strategy will be introduced in 2013.

Introduction

This report aims to provide information about the developments in Turkey in the field

of solid waste management, with an emphasis on landfills and energy recovery from

landfill gas (LFG).

These developments might present business opportunities for Dutch companies.

9.5 billion Euro worth of solid waste investments is foreseen in Turkey to harmonise its

level to the EU. 7.5 billion Euro of this will be to landfill investments. Turkey is

ambitious to realise these investments before the 100 year celebrations of the Republic

of Turkey in 2023.

Investments have started with the establishment of sanitary landfills. 69 of these

landfills are in operation and about 50 more are planned to be established before 2017.

However, most of these landfills are based on garbage collection in storage cells. More

investments are expected to introduce composting, recycling and incineration at these

sites.

In the first section of this report, the institutional and regulatory framework in relation

to the solid waste management in Turkey is provided. Relevant institutions and their

duties are explained. The accession process to the EU plays an important role for

setting up Turkey’s environmental road map. The country has adopted the targets and

goals set for EU harmonisation. Municipalities require special attention, because of their

responsibility in handling waste. Therefore, a detailed analysis of municipalities and

their financial resources, including the EU funded landfill projects are mentioned in this

section.

The second section presents a picture on how and which landfill development policies

are established to enable the municipalities to make the correct choice in their solid

waste management investments.

The third section depicts the general waste composition situation, followed by a fourth

section which provides information about the number and the location of the landfills

established so far.

Turkey’s energy consumption is increasing every year. To decrease its dependency on

imported petroleum and natural gas, the country encourages electricity generation

from renewable sources, which includes landfill gas and biogas. Section five focuses on

energy recovery from landfill gas.

Biogas production from waste water treatment activities has been excluded from this

analysis.

Relevant regulations that make it attractive for the private sector to enter this sector

have been summarised in section five. This part also lists companies active in the

business.

Relevant contacts and information on potentially interesting trade fairs can be found at

the end of the report.


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1 Institutional and regulatory framework for solid waste management in Turkey

1.1 Relevant institutions and their duties in relation to solid waste management

Ministry of Development: It is the former State Planning Organisation (SPO). It

consolidates the macro policy documents for different sectors with the contribution of

relevant ministries, municipalities and other stakeholders. Long term development

plans and medium-term programmes from this ministry, set the overall targets.

Development plans contain all infrastructure investments. The Ministry of Development

approves projects in need of public financing and foreign credits.

Seventh Five Year Development Plan (1996 - 2000) recognized that environmental

issues have not been adequately incorporated into economic and social decisions and

called for development of a national environmental strategy. National Environment

Strategy and Action Plan (NEAP) was prepared in 1998 under the supervision of the

SPO, Ministry of Environment and Worldbank, which financially contributed to the

preparation of NEAP.

The Ministry of Development’s ninth development plan for 2007 - 2013 and the

medium term programme for 2013 - 2016 are the present-day relevant macro policy

documents.

The ninth development plan states that:

• Technical and financial assessment of separation at source, collection, transport,

recycling and disposal stages of domestic solid waste will be done in an integrated

way in domes. Landfills, as a solid waste disposal technology, that have low

investment and operation cost and are most suitable for the conditions of the

country, will be preferred.

• Production of non-domestic wastes will be reduced and collection, transport,

recycling and disposal systems that are suitable for the type of waste and conditions

of the country will be established.

2013 - 2016 Medium Term Programme mentions that:

For solid waste management, decomposition at the source, collection, transport,

recycling and disposal stages will be assessed technically and financially.

The Ministry of Development used to have an explicit preference for sanitary landfills,

because of the available space for landfills in Turkey. Cost of other treatment methods

was perceived to be higher and there was no capacity to operate alternative treatment

methods. However, the medium term programme 2013 - 2016 now states that the

whole chain will be assessed as a whole, technically and financially and does not re-

iterate on the preference of landfills.

Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation (MoE&U): Since the 1990’s, it is the

responsibility of the Ministry of Environment to develop national policies concerning

waste management. Policy-making, strategy development, planning, specifying the

standards, issuing licences, auditing, monitoring, taking measures, co-ordination and

training at national level in the field of waste management are under the mandate of


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this ministry. Through its provincial directorates, the ministry inspects and supervises

the institutions and establishments involved in waste disposal activities.

All duties and tasks of the “Environmental Protection Agency for Special Areas – EPASA

(Ozel Cevre Koruma Kurulu)” have been transferred to the Natural Resources

Protection General Directorate of the MoE&U in August 2011. EPASA was established in

1989, after Turkey signed the Geneva Protocol regarding the Special Environmental

Protection Areas. It was responsible for undertaking all kinds of actions for the

protection of the environment in the designated special environment areas with high

ecological value.

The special areas are:

Aksaray - Ihlara, Aksaray - Salt Lake, Ankara - Salt Lake, Konya - Salt Lake, Antalya -

Belek, Antalya - Patara, Denizli - Pamukkale, Izmir - Foca, Mersin - Goksu Delta, Mugla

- Datca - Bozburun, Mugla - Fethiye - Gocek, Mugla - Gokova, Mugla – Koycegiz -

Dalyan, Trabzon - Uzungol and Saros.

Issues about landfills are subject to the following legislations of MoE&U:

• Regulation on general principles of waste management - 2008

• Solid waste control regulation - 1991

• Regulation on sanitary landfilling - 2010

Ministry of Health: Until the establishment of the Ministry of Environment and

Urbanisation, solid waste management activities used to be coordinated through the

Ministry of Health. This ministry is still responsible for monitoring and auditing the

effects on public health and is authorised to issue licences for waste disposal areas.

Municipalities: Metropolitan municipalities and provincial municipalities are assigned

with the responsibility for the implementation of waste management duties.

According to articles 14 and 15 of the “Municipality Law No. 5393”, municipalities are

responsible to provide all services regarding collection, transport, separation, recycling,

disposal and storage of solid wastes, or to appoint others to provide these services.

According to article 7 of the “Metropolitan Municipality Law Nr. 5216”, metropolitan

municipalities are responsible for drawing up, or commissioning the metropolitan area’s

solid waste management plan; except for the collection at source of solid waste and

the transport of such waste to the processing plant, provide services for the recycling,

storage and disposal of solid waste and excavated soil, establish or

commission the establishment of facilities for the purpose and operate, or contract out

the operation of such facilities;

Municipalities are encouraged to create solid waste unions for establishing joint solid

waste treatment facilities.

Ministry of Interior: Ministry of Interior is responsible for the administrative structure of

the local administrations and any rules and regulations concerning municipalities.

Due to the lack of finance, capacity and resources, municipalities started to open the

waste market to the private sector. PPP’s are also suitable for collection of municipal

waste and operating landfills.


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The Ministry of Interior has to approve the PPP contracts and concession contracts of

the municipalities. The Council of State advises on these issues and the Minister of

Interior takes the final decision.

The maximum concession period is 49 years.

In November 2012, an important amendment has been introduced in the “metropolitan

municipality law”, which will enter into effect with the next local elections in March

2014. Accordingly, the total number of municipalities will decrease from 2,941 to

1,384. These administrative changes will likely to have an impact on solid waste

management handling of the municipalities. A detailed analysis on municipalities can

be found under section II-c.

Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology (MoSIT): MoSIT has been assigned in

August 2011 by the Economic Coordination Council of Turkey to prepare the “National

Recycling Strategy of Turkey”. Accordingly, such a strategy for the period 2013 - 2016

is under preparation, in co-ordination with the MoE&U and the Ministry of

Development. This recycling strategy mainly covers packaging waste, used

batteries and accumulators, electronic waste, end of life tyres, end of life vehicles,

metal scrap, waste oil, vegetable oil and industrial waste. It will highlight the existing

situation in Turkey and set an action plan for the studies to be conducted to realise the

targets. Basic integrated waste management methods for waste prevention and waste

treatment will not be covered by this strategy.

IlBank AS: Ilbank is a development and investment bank. Ilbank provides financing for

municipal investment schemes; e.g. drinking water, waste water treatment and solid

waste.

Ministry of EU Affairs: Ministry of EU Affairs is responsible for the coordination between

different governmental units of the harmonisation activities within the National

Programme for the Adoption of the EU Acquis during the accession process of Turkey to

the European Union.

A general overview of the national legislation regarding waste management is

attached. (Annex - I).

1.2 EU - relevance of solid waste management policies

It is beyond doubt that the efforts of Turkey towards the accession to the European

Union (EU) play an important role in Turkey setting up its environmental road map.

Turkey had been granted candidate country status at the Helsinki European Council of

December 1999. The Accession Partnership was established in 2001 to assist the

Turkish authorities in their efforts to meet the accession criteria. By the date of

accession, candidate countries must be in a position to effectively apply all EU

legislation and policy.

For the environment sector, this means challenges in legal, administrative and financial

aspects: over 300 pieces of EU environmental legislation have to be transposed into

national legislation; often weak and under-resourced administrations have to be

significantly strengthened to be able to apply the environmental acquis; substantial

investment in infrastructure and technology is needed to overcome years of insufficient

funding and inadequate attention to environmental priorities.


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With a view to achieving the objectives identified in the Accession Partnership, Turkey

adopted its “National Programme for the Adoption of the EU Acquis (NPAA)” in 2001,

2003 and 2008. The NPAA contains procedures and a programme for implementing

action in the priority areas, including environment and waste management issues.

In 2006, MoE&U prepared an “EU Integrated Environmental Approximation Strategy for

Turkey (UCES)” for the period between 2007 and 2023, by using the outputs of the

National Environment Strategy and Action Plan (NEAP - 1998) and “environmental

heavy-cost investment planning in Turkey (2005)”.

The strategy outlines technical and institutional infrastructure required for the full

harmonisation by means of adopting EU environmental acquis and effective

implementation of the legislation.

Eventually, the Chapter on Environment has been opened on 21 December 2009.

Before the chapter can be closed, Turkey needs to have integrated waste management

plans, achieve waste collection at source and recycling, reduce organic waste to be

stored at the landfill sites, rehabilitate all wild dumpsites and establish an efficient

“waste management system”, including a well-functioning “hazardous and dangerous

waste management” system as far as solid waste issues are concerned.

This UCES Strategy consists of the cost, objectives, targets, policies and strategies that

need heavy investments (landfills, hazardous waste, packaging waste and waste

incineration directives). Probable cost calculations for the investments to be made by

the private sector are not included in this study, since they fall under a different set of

directives (directives on waste shipment, waste oil, PCB/PCT, batteries and

accumulators, end-of-life vehicles, waste electrical and electronical equipment and

restriction of hazardous substances).

According to the UCES Strategy, 58.5 billion Euro worth of infrastructural investment is

foreseen to adjust the environmental standards to the EU:

Amount of investment needed (billion Euros)

% share

Water 33.9 58%

Solid Waste 9.5 16%

Air 0.037 0%

Noise 0 0%

Chemicals 0 0%

IPPC Sector 14.7 25%

Nature protection 0.264 0%

General TOTAL 58.5 100%

Source: EU integrated approximation strategy for Turkey (2007 - 2023)

9.5 billion Euro worth of investment for the solid waste sector is the minimum amount

required for the solid waste sector is the minimum amount required for the:

• closure of old dump sites

• construction of new landfills (for the disposal of hazardous and domestic solid

waste),

• establishment of separate collection systems for dual collection and recyclable

wastes,

• construction of compost facilities,


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• construction of incineration facilities (for hazardous waste and domestic wastes in

metropolitan municipalities, if necessary and where land area is limited),

• recovery of construction and demolition wastes,

• recovery of mixed waste,

• recovery of separately collected waste,

• establishment of transfer station and the transport system for hazardous waste.

It does not include the investment cost for technological adaptation.

A more specific investment forecast for the waste sector under UCES Strategy suggests

that landfill investment needs will be around 7.5 billion Euros between 2007 and 2023.

A detailed overview is as follows: (in million Euros)

Year Landfill Packaging Incineration Hazardous Waste TOTAL

2007 200 - - -

2008 245 41 - -

2009 345 41 - -

2010 345 41 89 4

2011 345 41 89 4

2012 400 41 89 4

2013 425 41 90 5

2014 475 41 90 5

2015 500 41 90 5

2016 500 41 90 5

2017 500 41 90 6

2018 500 41 90 6

2019 550 41 90 6

2020 550 41 90 6

2021 550 41 90 6

2022 550 41 90 6

2023 594 41 90 6

TOTAL 7,574 655 1,257 74 9,560

Source: EU integrated approximation strategy for Turkey (2007 - 2023)

1.3 The administrative structure of Turkey - an overview of municipalities

It is the responsibility of the municipalities to establish landfills and integrated solid

waste management facilities. Therefore, some more detailed information is provided

about the administrative structure of Turkey.

There are currently 81 provinces (il). Every province has a governor, appointed by the

central government, responsible for security, public health, education, tourism etc.


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Provinces of Turkey

Total population in 2012 is 74.7 million. 76.8% of the total population (57.3 million

people) live in provinces and district centres, whereas 23.2% (17.3 million people)

lives in smaller towns and villages. It is forecasted that the population of Turkey will

increase to 94.6 million people by 2050.

81 provinces of Turkey are sub-divided into 918 districts (ilçe). Within these districts,

there are municipalities, other towns and villages. Municipalities are headed by elected

mayors.

Municipalities can be established in areas were the population is 5,000 and above.

Every province has its municipality, the provincial municipality and every district has

a district municipality.

When the total population of a municipality exceeds 750,000 according to the latest

population census, that municipality may, depending also on its spatial settlement

pattern and level of economic development, be transformed into a metropolitan

municipality (Law Nr. 5216 on metropolitan municipalities). A metropolitan municipality

must comprise at least three districts. Metropolitan municipalities enjoy administrative

and financial autonomy.

There are 16 metropolitan municipalities and 65 provincial municipalities. 143 district

municipalities are located within the borders of metropolitan municipalities and 751 are

located within provincial municipalities. There are 1,966 smaller municipalities. In total,

there are 2,941 municipalities as of 2013.

A new Municipal Law has been adopted in November 2012. Accordingly, the total

number of municipalities will decrease to 1,384 as of March 2014. This means a 42.5%

decrease in the number of municipalities compared to year 2000.


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Number of municipalities

2000 2013 2014

Provinces 81 81 81

Districts 850 918 N/A

Metropolitan Municipalities (with a population more than 700.000 people)

16 16 29

Provincial municipalities 65 65 52

Villages 35,145 34,339 18,900

Total number of municipalities 3,228 2,941 1,384

Source: Ministry of Interior, General Directorate of Provincial Administration

According to the new law, the number of metropolitan municipalities is increased from

16 to 29.

13 municipalities are given metropolitan municipality status: Aydin, Balikesir, Denizli,

Hatay, Malatya, Manisa, Kahramanmaras, Mardin, Mugla, Tekirdag, Trabzon, Sanliurfa

and Van.

The metropolitan municipalities’ borders have been expanded to cover the political

territorial borders of the province, which implies that they have to provide municipal

services to the population living within the borders of their province. In addition,

villages/towns with a population of less than 2,000 people are abolished, which

corresponds to 1,591 municipalities.

A breakdown of the population for each province is in Annex - II of this report.

The current 16 metropolitan municipalities are highlighted in green and the upcoming

new 13 ones are highlighted in yellow in the annex.

1.4 Financing sources of municipal landfill - solid waste management investments

Municipalities depend on the following finance resources:

• Central administrative budget: Article 2 of Law Nr. 5779 regulates the

apportionments from general budget tax revenues to special provincial

administrations and municipalities.

Accordingly, 2.85% of general tax revenues are allocated to provincial

municipalities, 2.50% to district municipalities within metropolitan municipalities and

1.15% to the administration of the provinces. 5% of the total amount of tax revenue

under the general budget collected within the metropolitan municipality boundaries

is allocated back to that metropolitan municipality.

In addition, 30% of the apportionment made from the general budget tax revenues

to district municipalities within metropolitan municipalities also goes to the

metropolitan municipalities.

In 2014, 6% of the total amount of tax revenue under the general budget collected

within the boundaries of the metropolitan municipality will be apportioned to that

metropolitan municipality. Likewise, district municipalities within metropolitan

municipalities will receive 4.5%.

• Municipal revenues: municipal taxes, fees, rents, contributions, e.g. taxes on all

notices and advertisement, entertainment tax, fire insurance tax, environmental

cleaning tax, electricity and gas consumption tax, communications tax etc. Service

revenues, such as on water and waste water. Actually, environmental cleaning tax is

the only financial source for solid waste management services of the municipality

and these fees are calculated based on water consumption.


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• Ilbank: Ilbank provides loans with low interest rates for municipalities’ infrastructure

projects.

External Credits: International Finance Institutions (IFI’s) provide loans to local

administrations; e.g. World Bank, European Investment Bank etc.

• EU Funds (IPA funds): Turkey receives financial assistance under the Instrument for

Preaccession Assistance (IPA) from the EU. Grants are provided up to around 85% of

the total eligible cost of the project. The rest of the project is financed by the Turkish

government. The government often allocates up to maximum 6% of the project cost

and the rest needs to be financed by the municipalities themselves with the aid of

Ilbank or others.

• Public - Private Co-operation: Private sector involvement in solid waste projects is

increasing.

Due to the lack of finance, capacity and resources, municipalities started to open this

market to the private sector. Rehabilitation of wild dumpsites, operation of landfills,

energy recovery from landfill gas, separate collection of waste at source are the type

of activities suitable for a PPP contract. Such contracts have to be approved by the

Minister of Interior.

According to the ‘EU Integrated Environmental Approximation Strategy (2007 - 2023)’,

environmental investments depend on the following financial sources:

Rate of support for financing needed for environmental investments:

Amount of investment (million Euro)

% Share

Central administration 7,738 13%

Local administrations - Municipal sources - Ilbank - Foreign credit - PPP

21,814

13,023

6,980

994

817

37%

22%

12%

2%

1%

Private sector 15,138 26%

Public economic enterprises 1,187 2%

Funds (EU+ Other + funds) 12,708 22%

General total 58,585 100%

Source: EU integrated environmental approximation strategy (2007 - 2023)

A breakdown of financial sources for solid waste investments is as follows:

Central Administration 12%

Municipal sources Ilbank (Bank of Provinces) Foreign credit

30% 15%

4%

Funds (EU+ other + funds) 39%

General total 100%

Source: EU integrated environmental approximation strategy (2007 - 2023)

Solid waste investments are heavy cost investments and it seems that without the

support of the EU and other IFIs, Turkey will not be in a position to realise all the

required investments to reach its 2023 objectives.


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IPA Projects

The following solid waste projects are financed by EU funds under the 2005 - 2006

programme.

1) Canakkale Solid Waste Facility ( 2005)

2) Kusadasi Solid Waste Facility (2005)

3) Kutahya Solid Waste Facility (2006)

4) Amasya Solid Waste Facility (2006)

5) Bitlis Solid Waste Facility (2006)

10 solid waste projects are listed in the 2007 - 2013 programme.

1) Balikesir Solid Waste Facility: Tender awarded to Goksin Insaat in 2012.

Construction started.

2) Konya Solid Waste Facility: Tendered. Result of the tender is awaited.

3) Corum Solid Waste Facility: Tendered. Result of the tender is awaited.

4) Van Solid Waste Facility: Project preparation is continuing. Tender is expected

in 2013.

5) Batman Solid Waste Facility: Tender preparations are continuing.

6) Malatya Solid Waste Facility: Tender preparations are continuing.

7) Mersin Solid Waste Facility: Mersin metropolitan municipality established its

own sanitary landfill in 2008 with its own resources.

8) Artvin - Rize Solid Waste Facility: Removed from the list. Will not be created.

9) Kayseri Solid Waste Facility: Tender has been cancelled. Kayseri will most likely

do it with its own resources.

10) Izmir Solid Waste Facility: Cancelled. Izmir Metropolitan Municipality will do it

with its own resources. Tender will be announced within 2013.

The EU started a new technical assistance project in March 2012 for the preparation of

17 integrated solid waste management projects. This project aims to have these

projects ready for financing and implementation with IPA funds. 150 municipalities are

covered by these 17 projects.

The provinces whose municipalities will primarily benefit from the solid waste

management projects are:

Tekirdağ, Diyarbakır, Muğla, Balıkesir, Kastamonu, Balıkesir, Kırklareli, Manisa, Adana,

Artvin, Erzurum, Şanlıurfa, Ordu, Hakkâri and Kahramanmaraş

In June 2012 the European Investment Bank (EIB) has provided 150 million Euros to

Ilbank in the form of a line of credit for financing municipal investment schemes in the

water and solid waste sector throughout Turkey. This is the EIB’s first operation with

Ilbank. Over the last few years, the EIB has already financed a number of large-scale

water and urban transport projects of metropolitan municipalities. However, in order

to scale up its intervention in the water and solid waste sector and reach smaller

municipalities too, the EIB is teaming up with Ilbank to widen its reach in favour of a

broader range of local authorities.


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2 Background on landfill development policies

The municipal waste management policies of the MoE&U are based on three pillars,

while producer responsibility and polluter pay principles have also been adopted.

a) Waste management hierarchy,

b) Integrated waste management and

c) Waste union model.

Waste management hierarchy suggests the following order of priorities: waste

prevention in the production phase, waste reduction of quantity and the degree of

hazard of the waste materials, reusing, recycling, and recovering by generating energy,

incineration of the non-recyclable wastes without harming the environment and finally

landfilling.

Integrated waste management refers to the necessity of handling solid waste

management methods, such as waste minimization, prevention at source, recycling,

reuse, composting, energy recovery, etc. within a unified approach that is to reflect

minimum effect on the environment and human health and with a view to ensuring

effectiveness and security in waste management.

Waste Union Model (municipal associations): this model has been created by the

MoE&U in 2003. It foresees neighbouring municipalities with similar characteristics to

come together to jointly perform their waste management duties; e.g. establishing

landfills and the rehabilitation of old dumpsites.

MoE&U is aware that the municipalities used to make the wrong investments due to a

lack of knowledge.

Many municipalities lack the knowledge and infrastructure to deal with their waste

problems. Many differ in characteristics. Therefore, it has been made compulsory that

municipalities obtain prior approval of MoE&U for establishing solid waste management

facilities. In case a municipality is not a member of a Waste Union, the ministry does

not approve its solid waste project. The Ministry encourages the municipalities within a

service area of 30-60 km transport distances to establish municipal associations (waste

unions) with a professional management. To be feasible, waste unions are expected to

serve a population of not less than 300,000 people. In case the municipalities form

waste unions, they can benefit from technical support of MoE&U.

In 2005, a technical assistance study, supported by the EU, on “environmental heavy-

cost investment planning in Turkey” has been conducted by an international

consortium to determine the existing situation of solid waste management in Turkey. It

was realised that it is difficult to develop and implement a waste management model

that fits all municipalities. There are many differently sized municipalities with also

different characteristics. To bring a solution to this problem and taking into account the

demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the regions and provinces, a

grouping was done. For solid waste management studies purposes, Turkey is divided in

three regions and 11 sub-regions:


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Regions, Sub - Regions and Municipality Groups

No Region Sub - region

1a İstanbul, İzmir (Metropolitan Municipalities)

1b Other Metropolitan Municipalities

1c

Marmara / Aegean Region

Other Municipalities (medium / small)

2a Ankara (Metropolitan)

2b Antalya / İçel (Tourism cities)

2c Other metropolitan Municipalities

2d Other Municipalities Black Sea (medium / small)

2e

Mediterranean / Black Sea /

Central Anatolia Region

Other Municipalities, Mediterranean / Central Anatolia

(medium / small)

3a Gaziantep (Metropolitan Municipality)

3b Other Metropolitan Municipalities

3c

Eastern Anatolia / Southeastern

Anatolia Region Other Municipalities (medium / small)

Source: Solid waste master plan draft report, 2006

The map shows these three regions more clearly:

The first region (in yellow) covers the Marmara and Aegean regions in the western part

of the country.

The second region (in green) covers the Mediterranean, Black Sea and Central Anatolian

regions in the central part of Turkey. The third region (in pink) covers Eastern Anatolia

and the Southeast Anatolia regions in the eastern part of Turkey. The metropolitan

municipalities which have a special importance as far as solid waste management is

concerned are shown with a red square.

Based on this study, a “Solid Waste Master Plan” has been drafted in 2006. This plan foresees the establishment of waste unions, development of sanitary landfills and


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integrated waste management treatment facilities. Various plans have been prepared for

the reduction of waste, ensuring re-use,

recycling, reducing the cost of solid waste transport and establishment of transfer

stations where necessary. 16 Type Projects have been developed to guide the

municipalities.

Type Projects are developed for six population groups in three different regions:

Population group

Population interval Model region

100,000 50,000 - 100,000 Turkey general

200,000 100,000 - 300,000 First, second and third regions



800,000 700,000 - 900,000 Third region

1,000,000 700,000 - 1,200,000 Turkey general

The following table shows which type projects are recommended for which provinces:

Provinces Region Code

2010 Population interval

Type project number

(TPN)

Afyon, Aydin, Balikesir, Bilecik,

Canakkale, Denizli, Edirne,

Kirklareli, Kutahya, Manisa, Mugla,

Tekirdag, Usak, Yalova

1c 50,000 - 100,000

100,000 - 300,000

300,000 - 500,000

500,000 - 700,000

700,000 -

1,200,000

TPN-15

TPN-1

TPN-2

TPN3

TPN-16

Amsya, Artvin, Bartin, Bayburt,

Bolu, Corum, Duzce, Giresun,

Gumushane, Karabuk, Kastamonu,

Ordu, Rize, Sinop, Tokat, Trabzon,

Zonguldak

2d 50,000 - 100,000

100,000 - 300,000

300,000 - 500,000

500,000 - 700,000

700,000 - 1,200,000

TPN-15

TPN-4

TPN-5

TPN-6

TPN-16

Aksaray, Burdur, Cankiri, Hatay, Isparta, Kahramanmaras,

Karaman, Kirikkale, Kirsehir,

Malatya, Nevsehir, Nigde,

Osmaniye, Sivas, Yozgat

2e 50,000 - 100,000 100,000 - 300,000

300,000 - 500,000

500,000 - 700,000

700,000 -

1,200,000

TPN-15 TPN-7

TPN-8

TPN-9

TPN-16

Adiyaman, Agri, Ardahan, Batman,

Bingol, Bitlis, Erzincan, Hakkari,

Kars, Mardin, Mus, Siirt, Sanliurfa,

Sirnak, Tunceli

3c 50,000 - 100,000

100,000 - 300,000

300,000 - 500,000

500,000 - 700,000

700,000 -

TPN-15

TPN-10

TPN-11

TPN-13

TPN-16


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1,200,000

Elazig, Igdir, Malatya, Van 3c 50,000 - 200,000

200,000 - 600,000

600,000 - 900,000

900,000 -

1,200,000

TPN-15

TPN-12

TPN-14

TPN-16

The Solid Waste Master Plan and the type projects were developed as a guide for the

municipalities.

They are not meant for the metropolitan municipalities.

In 2006, an amendment was made to the Environment Law. Accordingly, municipalities

that do not have any solid waste treatment facility are required to submit their business

plans to the governorships within one year. Eventually, the municipalities with a

population of over 100,000 were given three years, the ones with a population between 100,000 and 50,000 were given 5 years, with a population of between 50,000 and 10,000

were given 7 years and the ones with a population between 10,000 and 2,000 were given

10 years to establish their landfills - solid waste treatment facilities.

In 2008, a Waste Management Action Plan (2008 - 2012) has been prepared by the

MoE&U that adopts the separate collection of waste at source and re-use/recycling as its

main policy. The action plan gives a detailed list of the proposed Waste Unions for 65

provinces. (Annex - III).

Map of the solid waste unions in Turkey

Source: Waste management action plan (2008 - 2012)


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The Solid Waste Master Plan (2006) and Waste Management Action Plan (2008 - 2012) together set the solid waste management strategies to be used by provincial

municipalities, excluding metropolitan municipalities, between 2010 and 2030.

The section II-c gives an overview about the municipalities in Turkey and the changes

that are going to take place in the number and the structure of the municipalities in

2014.


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3 Waste composition of Turkey

According to the Turkish Statistical Institute’s (TURKSAT) data for the year 2010, the

quantity of solid waste collected by municipalities amounts to 25.28 million tonnes. The

daily amount of solid waste is 1.14 kg per person.

The Solid Waste Master Plan Study (2006) gives the following solid waste composition:

Type of waste % share

Kitchen waste 34%

Other non-combustible 22%

Other combustible 19%

Paper 11%

Glass 6%

Plastics 2%

Cardboard 1%

Metal 1%

Source: Solid waste master plan study (2006)

There are some other studies on waste composition on a provincial, regional or

municipal basis.

The waste management action plan’s (2008-2012) general estimates and forecasts are:

Forecasts 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Population (million people)

67.4 68.3 69.2 70.1 71 71.8

Waste (Million tonnes/year)

26.37 26.73 27.09 27.47 27.79 28.12

Biodegradable waste (Million tonnes/year)

14.45 14.65 14.85 15.06 15.23 15.41

Packaging waste (Million tonnes/year)

4.05 4.12 4.18 4.24 4.29 4.34

Source: Waste management action plan (2008 - 2012)

The waste management action plan contains a list of all provinces with their waste

composition and provincial action plans. For the purpose of this report, the total waste

projection and biodegradable waste projection of the provinces in 2007 and in 2012 are

listed in Annex-IV. This projection shows that organic/biodegradable waste content in

many provinces is over 50%.

TURKSTAT’s 2010 statistics also give a breakdown of the disposal methods of the 25.28

million tonnes of solid waste in 2010. 43.5% of waste has been sent to municipal dumpsites, 54.4% to sanitary landfills, 0.8% to compost facilities and 1.3% was subject to


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other methods. Compared to 2008, waste to dumpsites decreased by 13.2%, whereas

waste to sanitary landfills increased by 25.6%.

Breakdown of waste amounts as per disposal methods (million tonnes)

Disposal methods 2006 2008 2010 % share

Sanitary landfills 9.43 10.95 13.75 54.4%

Municipal dumpsites 14.94 12.68 11.00 43.5%

Compost facilities 0.25 0.27 0.20 0.8%

Others 0.65 0.46 0.33 1.3%

TOTAL 25.28 24.36 25.28 100%

Source: TURKSTAT - State Institute of Statistics (2010)

The Regulation for sanitary landfilling of March 2010 brings some extra responsibilities to

municipalities. It takes the 2005 amount as a base year and suggests that the amount of

biodegradable waste going to landfills has to be decreased to 75% in 5 years, 50% in 8

years and 35% in 15 years. It regulates the waste acceptance to the landfill areas;

unprocessed/untreated waste will not be accepted in the sanitary landfill areas anymore.


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4 General overview of landfills

Establishment of solid waste management treatment facilities (landfills) increased after

2003. There were only 15 landfill sites in 2003. Only 34% of the waste was brought to

these sanitary landfills, whereas the rest (66%) used to be dumped in forests, lakes,

rivers, seas and open areas. Currently, there are 69 landfills and 21 landfills are under

construction as of end 2012. Existing facilities serve 44 million people, corresponding to approximately 60% of the population. Old wild dumpsites are being rehabilitated and

new modern landfills are being created. 120 landfills are planned to be established up to

2017.

Number of landfills

Until 2003

2008 2009 2010 2012

Number of landfills 15 38 41 46 69

Number of municipalities 150 450 581 616 903

Population served (million) 23 29 32 37 44

% of population served 33 43 46 49 60

Source: MoE&U

It is estimated that there are approximately 2,000 smaller sized and 50 bigger sized

old/wild dumpsites. Although the exact location and co-ordinates of the wild dumpsites

are not known, Turkey sets a target of rehabilitating all wild dumpsites and establishing

sanitary landfills to serve all the population by 2023.

Present-day landfills are located in the following areas: Afyonkarahisar, Aksaray (EPASA), Ankara (2), Şereflikoçhisar (EPASA), Antalya, Patara

(EPASA), Manavgat, Kumluca (EPASA), Aydın, Didim, Kuşadası (EU), Bayburt, Bursa, Bolu,

Çanakkale (EU), Gelibolu, Denizli, Elazığ, Erzurum, Gaziantep, Hatay, Isparta, İstanbul (2),

İzmir, Karaman, Kocaeli, Dilovası, Cihanbeyli (EPASA), Kütahya (EU), Mersin, Silifke

(EPASA), Datça (EPASA), Göcek (EPASA), Marmaris, Ortaca (EPASA), Fethiye (EPASA),

Sakarya, Samsun, Çarşamba, Sinop, Şanlıurfa, Tekirdağ, Trabzon-Rize, Yalova, Yozgat,

Adana, Amasya (EU), Bitlis (EU), Bergama, Kırıkkale, Kırklareli, Kırşehir, Kilis, Akşehir,

Eskişehir, Iğdır, Zonguldak, Uşak (official opening has been done but still waiting for the

license), Niğde, Çankırı, Tokat - Erbaa, Siirt, Mardin, Kahramanmaraş, Sivas, Bursa - İnegöl

(opened by the mayors but waiting for licencces), Tokat - Turhal (official opening was done but waiting for license)

There are only eight composting facilities in operation as follows: Izmir (Menemen),

Istanbul, Antalya (Kemer), Kutahya, Denizli, Kusadasi, Canakkale, Amasya.


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5 Energy recovery from landfill gas

Turkey’s energy consumption is increasing every year. To decrease its dependency

on imported petroleum and natural gas, the country encourages electricity

generation from renewable sources, which includes landfill gas and biogas.

Incentives given to private sector make it attractive for private sector to enter this

sector. This section provides information about these regulations and a list of companies active in this sector. Biogas production from waste water treatment

activities has been excluded from this analysis.

5.1 Relevant laws and regulations concerning energy recovery from landfill gas

Energy generation from landfill gas is regulated by the following laws and regulations:

- Electricity Market Law (Law Nr. 4628): The purpose of this law is to ensure the

development of a financially sound and transparent electricity market operating

in a competitive environment under provisions of civil law; the delivery of

sufficient, good quality, low cost and environment-friendly electricity to consumers and to ensure the autonomous regulation and supervision of this

market. The law covers the generation of electricity. There is a new draft

electricity market law currently being debated in the Parliament. It is expected to

replace Law Nr. 4628 within 2013.

- Law on Utilisation of Renewable Energy Resources for the Purpose of Generating

Electrical Energy (Law No. 5346) (also referred to as the ‘Renewables Law’) was

enacted in 2005. Renewable energy resources within the scope of this law are

defined as wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, biogas, wave, current and tidal energy resources, and river-type hydraulic generation plants with a reservoir

area of less than 15 km2. In 2007, an incentive for electricity production through

renewable sources was announced. The law guaranteed a tariff range of 5 - 5.5

Euro cents per kWh for 10 years. On 29.12.2010 the law has been revised and

the guaranteed tariff has been amended to 13.3 US$cent/kWh for electricity

production based on biogas. See below table.

Renewable Energy Source US$ cents/kWh

Hydropower 7.3

Wind power 7.3

Geothermal 10.5

Biomass (incl. landfill gas) 13.3

Solar 13.3

Source: Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources


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The law applies for 10 years to power generators completed until the end of 2015.

Renewable producers will also benefit from an 85% discount on transmission cost for a

period of 10 years.

- “Regulation for Production of Electricity without a License” of December 2010

(Official Gazette no. 27774), eliminates the requirement for a licence from EMRA

(Energy Market Regulatory Authority) for the production of electricity through

renewable sources at facilities with less than 500 kW of installed capacity and at

micro-cogeneration facilities with installed capacity of less than 50 kW. These producers will be able to sell their excess production to the grid. The price will be

set as the feed-in tariff if the electricity is produced through renewable sources,

while the price will be the average wholesale price for micro-cogeneration

facilities.

Additional incentives for using local (Turkish) equipment may add 0.4 cents to 2.4 cents

per kWh to the price for five years.

The following table depicts the details of these additional incentives for local components:

Source Locally produced parts Additional incentives (US$

cents/kWh)

Turbines 1.3 Hydropower

Generator and power electronics 1.0

Wings 0.8


Turbine tower 0.6

Wind power

Rotor and nasal group mechanical parts 1.3

PV panel integration and solar structural mechanics 0.8

PV modules 1.3

PV cells 3.5

Inverter 0.6

Photovoltaic

Solar

Solar focusing parts 0.5

Radiation collection tube 2.4

Reflecting surface 0.6

Solar trailing system 0.6

Heat energy storage system 1.3

Steam generation unit 2.4

Stirling engine 1.3

Concentrated

Solar

Panel integration and solar panel structural mechanics 0.6

Fluid based steam boiler 0.8

Fluid or gas fired steam boiler 0.4

Gassing and gas cleaning group 0.6

Steam or gas turbine 2.0

Biomass

Engine 0.9


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Cogeneration system 0.4

Steam of gas turbine 1.3


Geothermal

Steam injector or vacuum compressor 0.7

Source: Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources

Voluntary Carbon Emission Trading Market in Turkey: Turkey is a party to Annex-I of the

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change (UNFCCC) since May 2004.

Turkey has also ratified the Kyoto Protocol on 29 August 2009 but is not included in

Annex-B. Therefore, Turkey does not have any international commitments to reduce

greenhouse emissions (GHG), but also cannot benefit from the clean development

mechanisms (CDM) to access finance through emission trading. However, there exists a

Voluntary Carbon Market. Companies, municipalities, NGOs and individuals can trade

‘Voluntary Emission Reduction - VER’ certificates at this market and can gain additional

financial benefits for their GHG emission reductions.

Turkish companies mostly use the Gold Standard’s VERs. According to the Gold Standard,

the Turkish voluntary carbon market is valued at 424 million USD and the standard has

an 80% market share. Price per tonne C02 equivalent at the voluntary carbon market

in Turkey varies between 4-5 USD.

Since 2010, MoE&U registers all voluntary carbon projects.

An overview of the relevant projects listed in the voluntary carbon market is shown below (May 2012):

Project type Number of projects

Annual reduction in GHG (tonnes C02 equivalent)

Hydro-electric 119 5,367,035

Wind 59 5,267,055

Biogas 2 100,884

Geothermal 5 285,309

Energy efficiency 3 96,246

Waste to energy (landfill gas)

13 2,741,890

TOTAL 201 13,858,419

Source: MoE&U, Climate Change Department


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There are 13 waste to energy based on landfill gas projects included in that list. All

landfill gas projects developed in Turkey are included in the voluntary carbon market

system.

According to 2010 data, total GHG emissions - as an equivalent to C02 - has been

estimated to be 401.9 million tonnes in Turkey. GHG emissions have increased by 115%

compared to 1990. In 1990, C02 equivalent emissions were 3.39 tonnes per person

which has increased to 5.51 tons per person in 2010.

Sector breakdown of Turkey’s 2010 GHG emissions

Amount (million tonnes)

% Share

Waste 35.8 9%

Agriculture 27.1 7%

Industrial process 53.9 13%

Energy 285.1 71%

TOTAL 401.9 100%

Source: MoE&U, Climate Change Department

71% of GHG emissions are caused by energy generation activities, followed by industrial processes 13%, waste 9% and agriculture 7%. 75.6% of waste emissions are attributed to

solid waste. 19.5% is caused by waste water and 3.1% by incineration facilities.

MoE&U has identified the necessary objectives and strategic targets regarding

preparation for the coming post-2012 climate regime. The objectives are; fulfilling

UNFCCC’s obligations, taking control of GHG emissions, developing clean technologies,

increasing green innovation capacities and green corporate capacities. The strategic

targets are developing a national mitigation action plan, strengthening the governmental

structure regarding climate change and engaging in international negotiations as policy

makers. In the long term, Turkey aims at establishing its national emission registry and trading scheme in order to promote low carbon economy.

In April 2012, Turkey has adopted a new regulatory mechanism on ‘Mandatory

Monitoring, reporting and verification of emission data (MRV)’. The first year of

monitoring will be 2015, followed by the reporting in 2016.


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5.2 Companies that obtained biomass licences for energy generation purposes

Below is a list of the companies that obtained a licence for energy generation based on

landfill gas and biogas. Further information is provided about the companies extracting

and utilising landfill gas for energy generation.

Companies that obtained a biomass licence for energy generation based on landfill gas

Company Name

License Type

Location Licence Date/ Duration

Installed Capacity (Mwe)

1 ISTAÇ Auto

producer

İstanbul 28.08.2003

10 years

4.02

2 Bel-ka Ankara Auto

producer

Ankara - Sincan 01.05.2003

15 years

3.2

3 Ortadoğu Enerji

Generation İstanbul - Eyüp 26.10.2007 24 yr-2 month

28.3

4 Ortadoğu Enerji

Generation İstanbul - Şile 25.10.2007 23 yr- 2 month

7.56

5 ITC-KA Enerji Generation Ankara - Mamak Biogas Power Plant

08.04.2006 49 years

36

6 Ekolojik Enerji Generation Istanbul -

Kemerburgaz

05.10.2004

49 years

5.826

7 Ekolojik Enerji Generation Tekirdağ - Çorlu 24.09.2008

49 years

0.8

8 ITC-KA Enerji Generation Ankara - Sincan 20.11.2008

until

17.09.2051

5.66

9 ÇEV Enerji Generation Gaziantep -

Şahinbey

27.08.2009

until

28.10.2037

5.655

10 ITC Adana Generation Adana - Yüreğir

Solid waste area

energy production

cen.

04.02.2010

30 years

11.32

11 ÇEV Marmara Generation Bolu - Center 17.06.2010

until

09.02.2038

1.131

12 Bereket Enerji Generation Denizli - Center

LFG plant

27.10.2010

until

29.10.2020

0.635

13 ITC-KA Enerji Generation Konya - Karatay Solid Waste Area -

Energy Generation

P.

24.03.2011 10 years

5.66

14 Körfez Enerji Generation Kocaeli

Landfill Biogas

Facility project

10.06.2011

until

20.10.2039

2.4


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15 ITC Bursa Enerji

Generation Bursa - Osmangazi

Solid Waste Area

12.01.2011

until

14.01.2040

9.8

TOTAL 127.967

Source: Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA)

Companies which obtained a biomass licence based on biogas

Company Name Licence Type Location Licence Date/ Duration

Installed Capacity (MwE)

1 Cargill Tarim Auto producer Bursa 20.09.2007

30 years

0.12

2 Yeni Adana Auto producer Adana 25.05.2007

49 years

0.8

3 Yeni Adana Auto producer Adana 30.03.2004

15 years

0.8

4 GASKI Enerji Generation Gaziantep 22.03.2007

49 years

1.66

5 ESES Eskisehir Auto producer Eskisehir - Ordupazari 17.06.2010

49 years

2.042

6 Konbeltas Konya

Generation Konya - Karatay Waste

Water Treatment Facility

13.04.2010

Until 04.06.2085

2.436

7 Mersin Metropolitan

Generation Mersin 05.04.2011

Until 20.05.2040

1.9

8 Samsun Avdan Generation Samsun

Biogas facility

18.05.2011

Until 15.07.2039

2.472

9 Pamukova Renewable Energy

Generation Sakarya - Pamukova

Biogas facility

12.05.2011

Until 26.02.2039

1.4

10 IZAYDAS Generation Kocaeli Biogas Facility 12.01.2012

Until 12.01.2022

0.7 MW

11 Sigma Elektrik Generation Amasya - Suluova

Biogas Facility

26.10.2011

Until 03.12.2059

2

12 Derin Enerji Generation Ankara - Beypazari

Biogas Facility

11.11.2011

20 years

0.576

13 Her Enerji Generation Kayseri - Kocasinan Solid

Waste dumpsite biogas

facility

11.08.2011

10.09.2020

1.56

TOTAL 19.766

Source: Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA)


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5.3 Information on companies

Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality - Environmental Protection and Waste Materials Valuation Industry and Trade Co (ISTAC) www.istac.com.tr

ISTAC was established in 1994 as an economic enterprise of Istanbul Metropolitan

Municipality for appropriate disposal of solid waste. There used to be many wild dump

site areas in Istanbul: Habibler, Umraniye - Hekimbasi, Yakacik, Aydinli, Halkali, Sisli -

Ferikoy and Kemerburgaz - Hasdal and these areas were posing a threat to human

health. In 1995, ISTAC started to close down these wild dumpsites and replace them with

new modern sanitary landfills.

There are three main areas under the responsibility of ISTAC:

- Hasdal - Kemerburgaz wild dumpsite: It is the biggest wild dumpsite area in

Istanbul. It received garbage as from 1950s until it was closed down in 1995. It

covers an area of 57 hectares. Amount of accumulated waste is estimated to

be 5 million cubic meters. ISTAC generates energy from this area by using 4 gas

engines. ISTAC will apply to EMRA to renew its licence this year.

ISTAC has opened two new landfills in 1995, operating on the garbage cell storage

method. Both landfill sites are projected to receive and store garbage for 25 years. ISTAC has transferred the operation of some parts of these landfills for energy generation to

Ortadogu Enerji in 2007.

- Kemerburgaz - Odayeri landfill site on the European side: It has a daily capacity

of 6,100 tonnes of receiving garbage from the Baruthane, Yenibosna, Halkali

transfer stations. Total amount of waste accumulated is around 40 - 45 million

tonnes. The area which cannot receive any garbage anymore, containing 32

million tonnes of waste and an area of 52 hectares has been transferred to

Ortadogu Enerji for a period of 24 years.

- Sile - Komurcuoda landfill site on the Asian side: It has a daily garbage receiving

capacity of 2,650 tonnes from the Hekimbasi and Aydinli transfer stations. The

part of the landfill containing 15 million tonnes of waste was transferred to

Ortadogu Enerji for energy generation.

ISTAC expects to operate these two landfills for another 15 years and transfer the areas

for energy generation purposes in due time.


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Ekolojik Enerji www.ekolojikenerji.com.tr

Ekolojik Enerji has been established in 2003 by Omer Salman. The company promotes

itself as the first private company in Turkey in the field of energy recovery from waste by

gasification process after PETKIM and IZAYDAS. Omer Salman’s previous company,

Yapisal Construction, was involved in the development of the two modern landfill sites of

ISTAC, as well as the rehabilitation of the Hasdal wild dumpsite area. The company’s

affinity with this sector helped it to further improve itself in this field.

Ekolojik Enerji’s main area of interest is “integrated waste management facilities”.

Ekolojik Energy has so far two licences from EMRA:

- Istanbul – Kemerburgaz (HASDAL area): This area is very close to the ISTAC’s

Hasdal - Kemerburgaz wild dumpsite. Ekolojik Enerji has conducted a R&D

project with the support of Scientific and Technological Research Council of

Turkey (TUBITAK) to recover energy from municipal solid waste in 2007.

Afterwards, Ekolojik Enerji shifted its focus to industrial waste treatment,

receiving waste from some 700 industrial companies. It utilised a gasification

process for hazardous waste. Because of environmental reasons, this facility was closed down by a decision of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality in May 2012.

Ekolojik Energy intends to shift the activities of this plant to the Tekirdag - Corlu

area.

- Tekirdag - Corlu: Ekolojik Enerji has received a licence to establish an “integrated

waste treatment and energy production facility” in Tekirdag - Corlu. The

company expects to receive up to 800,000 tonnes of waste from 1,000 industrial

companies. The company aims to treat 300,000 tonnes of industrial waste,

120,000 tonnes of hazardous waste, 25,000 tonnes of waste cable, 5,000 tonnes

of electrical and electronical waste, 100,000 tonnes of sewage sludge, 5,000 tonnes of medical waste 20,000 tonnes of mining waste, 5,000 tonnes of

vegetable oil, 250,000 tonnes of end-of-life tyres, 1,000 tonnes of batteries and

accumulators and 30,000 tonnes of construction waste. The company intends to

start with a 15 MW installed capacity of energy generation that will most likely

be gradually increased to 60 MW. Ekolojik Enerji needs to make separate

agreements with the municipalities to receive their municipal waste. The

Tekirdag - Corlu facility is planned to enter into operation in 2013. However,

there is currently strong protest from local inhabitants against this facility.

Additional Note: The Waste Management Action Plan (2008 - 2012) foresees the

establishment of 5 industrial integrated waste treatment facilities in five different

regions of Turkey and Tekirdag- Corlu is among these five regions.


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Ortadogu Enerji www.ortadoguenerji.com.tr

Ortadoğu Enerji, which is part of Ortadogu Group of companies, has been established in

2007 for the purpose of energy generation from landfill gas.

Ortadogu Enerji generates energy from landfill gas at the two landfill sites of ISTAC. Each

gas engine used has a capacity of 1,451 MW.

- Kemerburgaz - Odayeri Landfill site: The area which has been transferred to

Ortadogu Enerji consists of 32 million tonnes of accumulated waste from 1995

till 2008. It covers a surface area of 52 hectares. With an installed capacity of 25 -

30 MWh, ISTAC projects the energy generation from this area to be 2.203 GwH

between 2007 and 2030. Around 13 - 15 gas engines are being used at this site.

- Sile - Komurcuoda Landfill site: It covers a surface area of 44 hectares and

contains 15 million tonnes of waste. Waste accepted at this site between 1995

and 2008 have been transferred to Ortadogu Enerji for energy recovery

purposes. Körfez Enerji Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. (no web-site available)

Korfez Enerji has been established under Ortadogu Enerji for the special purpose of

operating the two landfills of IZAYDAS in 2010. IZAYDAS, Izmit Waste and Residue

Treatment Incineration and Recycling Co. Inc., is an enterprise of Kocaeli Metropolitan

Municipality. IZAYDAS has transferred the operation rights of two landfill areas, namely

“Solaklar” and “Dilovasi” to Ortadogu Enerji in 2010.

Solaklar Sanitary Landfill area has been built in 1997 by IZAYDAS. It is so far the biggest

and the only landfill area of Kocaeli Municipality. It has an area of 3 million square

meters. It receives approximately 1,500 tonnes of waste daily from Kocaeli and Gebze.

Waste from Gebze will be transferred to Dilovasi landfill as of May 2013. Then Solaklar

landfill will receive around 1,000 – 1,100 tonnes of waste daily.

Korfez Enerji started energy generation from landfill gas from Solaklar area in March

2012, by using two gas engines. It has 2.4 MWe of installed capacity.

Bereket Enerji www.bereketenerji.com.tr

Bereket Enerji has been established in 1995 to produce energy in Denizli, by two

businessmen from Denizli, Ceyhan Saldanli and Ali Yagli. Bereket Enerji is mainly active in

hydroelectric power plant projects.

Denizli municipality started a new sanitary landfill area in 2003. In 2008, the amount of

accumulated waste reached 1 million tonnes and is 20 - 25 meter high. Denizli is a sister


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city of Almelo and the energy recovery from landfill gas concept has become known to

the municipality during their visit to the Netherlands. Eventually, Denizli Municipality has

made an agreement with Bereket Enerji for energy recovery purposes from this landfill.

Bereket Enerji has made an investment of 1 million USD, using Austrian and German

technology. The facility was put into operation in February 2011. 640 kWh of energy is

currently being produced by using only one gas engine. Composition of waste decreases

the quality and the efficiency of the energy obtained. There is no separate collection at

source system, nor any recycling activity. The facility was originally planned to use 4 gas engines, but currently the only one gas engine is being operated temporarily.

CEV Enerji / CEV MARMARA www.cev-tr.com

CEV Enerji is originally a South- Korean company. It has been established in Turkey in

2009. It co-operates with Bolu municipalities and Gaziantep Metropolitan Municipality

concerning landfill gas.

- Bolu Landfill: Receives waste since 1994. Nowadays 200 tonnes of waste per day

is being received. There is an accumulated waste of 2 million tonnes. Height of

waste at each storage cell varies between 20 and 40 mt. Energy generation

license is obtained for an installed capacity of 1.1 MW. The Bolu Waste

treatment facility has been active for 1.5 years. Only one gas engine with a

capacity of 1,131 kWh is being used. It operates at a 50% capacity.

- Gaziantep - Sahinbey: Has an installed capacity of 5.65 MW. A contract with

Gaziantep Municipality was signed in October 2008. This facility is in operation

for almost three years. It accepts waste on a free of charge basis. It utilizes five gas engines each with a capacity of 1,131 kWh. It operates at 10% capacity.

The capacity utilisation rate of both facilities is quite low. Cev Enerji needs to complete

the rehabilitation works. Approximately 2.3 million USD worth of investment is needed.

The South Korean company’s main area of expertise is Compressed Natural Gas (CNG).

Currently, a R&D study is being carried out concerning the conversion of landfill gas to

CNG. The company has already converted 18 old busses of IETT (Istanbul Municipality) running on diesel to CNG which resulted in 50% of savings.


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BEL-KA Ankara www.belkaas.com.tr

BEL-KA is the economic enterprise of Ankara Metropolitan Municipality. BEL-KA obtains

energy from the sewage sludge of the Tatlar Waste Water Treatment plant of Ankara.

Energy obtained is used to meet the electricity need of the waste water treatment plant.

It is not given to the grid. There is an installed capacity of 3.6 MWe.

The Mamak Wild dumpsite of Ankara is being operated by the company ITC. The operation of the new sanitary landfill of Ankara at Cadirtepe has recently been given to

ITC for a period of 50 years, as well.

ITC www.itcturkiye.com

ITC is the first company in Turkey that started to operate a landfill (solid waste treatment

facility) on a concession contract basis at Ankara. At the Mamak Landfill area, ITC has a

methane recovery facility with gas engines for electricity production, a separation plant

(high/low calorific fraction), a sorting plant for recyclables, greenhouses (with heating and CO2 from exhaust fumes from the gas motors). A gassification plant for the high

calorific fraction is being developed, as well as a large digesting plant for the organic

fraction of household waste. ITC has constant research and development studies for the

application of innovative technologies for energy production from waste.

Sites operated by ITC:

- Mamak - Ankara: It was taken into operation in 2006. Installed capacity reached

to 25.4 MWe. It receives approximately 3,000 tonnes of waste per day. It has

around 16 gas engines.

- Sincan - Ankara (Cadirtepe): This is the new sanitary landfill area of Ankara.

There was already some accumulated waste there. Since last two years, it

receives approximately 1,500 tonnes of waste per day. Installed capacity has

reached 14.6 MWe. There are 4 gas engines.

- Adana - Yuregir: It receives 1,500 tonnes of waste per day. Installed capacity is

15.5 MWe.

- Konya - Karatay: It receives 1,200 tonnes of waste per day. Installed capacity is

5.6 MWe. There are 3 gas engines.

- Bursa - Osmangazi: It receives 2,000 tonnes of waste per day. Installed capacity is

9.8 MWe. There are 9 gas engines.


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Ankara - Mamak and Adana - Yuregir landfill sites include the rehabilitation of the old

wild dumpsites and the establishment of an integrated waste treatment facility. Bursa

and Konya municipalities asked for energy recovery from landfills and do not include any

recycling component.

ITC has recently been awarded the Antalya solid waste management project by Antalya

Municipality (on 18 January 2013). Annual waste amount of Antalya is around 500,000

tonnes. ITC will rehabilitate the old landfill site, establish an integrated waste

management facility in Antalya with recycling facility for paper, plastic and glass and realise energy generation from landfill gas in Antalya. ITC announced that it has so far

made 150 million USD worth of investments in the landfill sector and intends to make an

additional investment of 200 million USD until 2015.

Pamukova Renewable Energy Inc - BIOSUN - Hexagon Solid Waste Management Co. www.hexagonkatiatik.com

Hexagon Solid Waste Management has been established in 2008 through the co-

operation of Kiraca Holding and Heksagon. This group also sees solid waste management

sector as a developing market because of the incentives and concessions given to the sector and the legislation introduced that require the municipalities to treat their waste

in an environmentally friendly way. Hexagon has started the construction of the

“Pamukova Integrated Solid Waste Management Plant” in 2010 and commissioned it in

the beginning of 2012. Process units are waste sorting, bio-gas plant, gas treatment

systems, composting plant, fertilizer production and packaging plant, carbon credit

evaluation, tri-generation plant. It has 1.4 MW of energy generation and 60 - 100 tons of

daily fertilizer production capacity. It is said to be the first solid waste management plant

where organic fertilizer production in addition to energy production and waste

treatment and recycling are done. 200 people are employed in this facility. The

plant is in Sakarya some 180 km from Istanbul.

Hexagon has been awarded another solid waste management project in Odemis - Soke

(Aegean Region) in May 2012 which will be completed within 24 months. This integrated

facility will consist of waste sorting, recycling, biogas, 2 MW energy generation facility,

bio-drying, composting etc.

Hexagon intends to establish a similar facility in Bilecik (Marmara Region).

Samsun Avdan Energy Generation Inc. (no web-site available)

Samsun AVDAN Energy Generation Inc has been established in 2010 by ARIER

Investment Consultancy Inc. for the special purpose of operating the Samsun Solid

Waste Management Facility. It has 2.4 Mwe of installed capacity, utilising 2 gas engines.

Samsun AVDAN intends to increase energy generation capacity to 3.6 Mwe by installing

another gas engine by mid-2013. In addition to energy recovery, the company is also

investing in the establishment of recycling and composting facilities.


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Her Enerji A.S. http://herenerji.com/ (under construction)

Her Enerji has been established in 2009. It is responsible for operating the Kayseri -

Kocasinan Solid Waste dumpsite until 2010. 4 million tonnes of waste had been accumulated at this dumpsite until 2010. It keeps on receiving 1,000 tonnes of waste per

day. Current installed capacity is 2.87 MWe (two gas engines). Her Enerji intends to

increase it to 3.5 MW by installing another gas engine in 2013.

Her Enerji has signed a new contact with Usak Waste union in 2012 to install and operate

a new integrated solid waste treatment facility. This facility will have packaging waste

sorting, composting, use battery storing units as well as an energy generation facility.

Sigma Elektrik Mühendislik Ltd. Şti. www.nejatozer.com Sigma has signed a contract with the animal husbandry and poultry organised zone of

Amasya – Suluova and started to establish a biogas facility in September 2012. Sigma

will generate 2 MWe of energy from chicken and cattle manure. This facility is expected

to enter into operation in June 2013.

IZAYDAS www.izaydas.com.tr

IZAYDAS is an enterprise of Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality. It is the first (hazardous

waste) incineration facility of Turkey – also generating electricity from incineration.

IZAYDAS has conducted a research project in 2007, in co-operation with The Scientific

and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), focusing on “Biogas Generation from vegetal and animal wastes and usage in integrated energy generation facilities”.

Eventually, IZAYDAS started its biogas facility in 2012 with an installed capacity of 0.35

MWe. IZAYDAS intends to increase the capacity to 0.7 MWe in the near future.

Mersin Metropolitan Municipality Mersin metropolitan municipality rehabilitates its old wild dumpsite and established a

sanitary landfill in 2008 with its own resources. The composition of waste of the old

dumpsite was not found feasible to generate electricity. Therefore, Mersin just

incinerates it without any energy recovery. New sanitary landfill was initially designed to receive 460 tonnes of waste a day, but it

currently receives 950 tonnes of waste per day. Mersin feels the necessity to initiate an

integrated waste management system.


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6 Relevant Contacts

Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation Waste Management Department - www.atikyonetimi.cevreorman.gov.tr Head of Waste Management Department: Mr. Zeki Terzioglu

� Municipal and Packaging Waste Management Section: Mr. Salih Eminoglu � Industrial Waste Management Section: Mrs. Betul Dogru

� Mining Waste Management Section: Mr. Ayhan Seref

� Special Waste Management Section: Ms. Sule Yetkin

� Medical Waste management Section: Mrs. Emine Ercan Cubukcu

� Waste management Decision Support Section: Mrs. Arzu Nuray

Climate Change Department - www.iklim.cob.gov.tr Head of Climate Change Department: Mr. Kadir Demirbolat

� Greenhouse gas emissions monitoring and emissions section: Mr. Mehrali

Ecer European Union Investments Department - www.ipa.gov.tr

Head of European Union Investments Department: Mr. Ercan Tortop

Union of Municipalities of Turkey (TBB) - www.tbb.gov.tr

Address: Tunus Cad. No.12, Kavaklıdere - Ankara

Tel: +90 312 419 21 00; Fax: +90 312 419 21 30

E-mail: [email protected]

Head of TBB: Dr. Kadir Topbas

All Waste and Environment Management Association (TAYSED) - www.tayced.org

Address: Buyukdere Cad. Maya Akar Center 100-102 C Blok No.4/24, 34394

Esentepe – Sisli – Istanbul

Tel: +90 212 318 90 09; Fax+90 212 211 98 24

E-mail: [email protected]

Note: Leading waste management companies have established the “Waste

Management Association” in September 2012. Main objectives are to improve waste management sector and to conduct studies for expanding the effective

use of waste management applications for sustainability. It concerns the

companies dealing with industrial waste and other licensed companies which

manage waste for the purpose of electricity generation.

Founding members are:

- IZAYDAS - www.izaydas.com.tr,

- ISTAC - www.istac.com.tr - an enterprise of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality,


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- RECYDIA AS - www.recydia.com - Cementir Holding’s (Cimentas - cement

sector) Turkish subsidiary about waste management and renewable energy,

- PETKIM - www.petkim.com.tr - petrochemical industry - a licensed waste

incinerator,

- ANEL DOGA Integrated Recycling Inc. - www.aneldoga.com - specialized in the

recycling of electronic equipment, end of life vehicles, aircrafts, waste cables,

interim storage of hazardous waste, waste batteries etc.,

- CHIMIREC AVRASYA - www.chimirec.com - Turkish company EKASAN was bought by the French Groupe Chimirec - deals with industrial waste, PCB, waste

oil etc.,

- REMONDIS - www.remondis.com.tr - water, waste water, solid waste

management company - originally German - active in Turkey mainly in waste

water treatment facilities,

- MSG ENERGY - www.msgenerji.com - initiative of Turkish Union of Metal

Industries (MESS),

- KIPLASMA Integrated Industrial Waste Treatment Co. - www.kiplasma.com - a

joint venture of ANELMAK - www.anelmak.com - and Gebkim - Gebze V

Chemistry Organized Industrial Zone and Chemical, Oil, Rubber and Plastic Industry Employers Association (KIPLAS).


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7 Trade Fairs

Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water and Wastewater Congress 2013 Date: 22 - 24 May 2013

Location: Halic Congress Center – Istanbul

Note: This congress is organised by Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, ISTAC Co., Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation, Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs,

Istanbul Water and Sewage Administration (ISKI), State Hydraulic Works (DSI) and United

Cities and Local Governments (UCLG - MEWA) in co-operation with the universities and

the institutions. The Congress will mainly focus on three topics: solid waste, water and

waste water.

REW Istanbul 9th international Recycling, Environmental Technologies and Waste Management Trade Fair Date: 13 - 16 June 2013 Organizer: IFO – www.ifo.com.tr

www.rewistanbul.com

Note: It is known to be the biggest recycling and environmental technologies fair in

Turkey

IWES 2013 - 5th Waste Technologies Symposium and Exhibition Date: 21 - 22 November 2013

Organizer: Sektorel Fuarcilik - www.sektorelfuarcilik.com

www.iwes.com.tr


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8 Points of Contact

Those interested in obtaining further information are invited to contact the economic

and commercial department of the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in

Ankara. Companies that are interested in obtaining further information about the

instruments for supporting Dutch industry in doing business in foreign markets are advised to approach NL Agency in the Netherlands.

In Turkey: Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Economic and Commercial Department

Muge Yazgan Van Herk

Turan Gunes Bulvari, Hollanda Caddesi No.5,

06550, Yildiz

Ankara, Turkey

T +90-312-4091872 F +90-212-4091896

www.mfa.nl/ank


In the Netherlands: NL Agency

Jeannette de Lannoy, marktadviseur Turkije

Tel: +31 88 602 88 60



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Bijlage 1 Annex - I

A general overview of the national legislation regarding waste management

Framework Law - The Environment Law (1993)

- Metropolitan Municipality Law (2004) - Municipality Law (2005)

- Turkish Criminal Code and Law on Minor Offences

- Regulation on General Principles of Waste Management (2008)

- Basel Convention

Legislations Waste Management as per waste type

- Solid Waste Control Regulation (1991)

- Regulation on Hazardous Waste Control (2005)

- Regulation for Control of Medical Waste (2007)

- Regulation for Packaging Waste Control (2007) - Regulation for Control of Waste Oils (2008)

- Regulation on the Control of used batteries and accumulators (2004)

- Regulation on the Control of Organic Waste Oils (2005)

- Regulation on Control of Construction and Demolition Waste

- Regulation on Control of Polychlorinated Biphenyl’s (PCBs) and Polychlorinated

Terphenyls (PCTs) - (2007)

- Regulation for Control of the end-of-life tyres (2006)

- Regulation for Control of end-of-life vehicles

- Regulation on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in

electrical and electronic equipment (2008) - Regulation on the Control of waste electric and electronic goods ( 2012)

- Regulation on the Control of Mining Waste (2013)

Regarding Operation and Treatment

- Regulation for the waste storage (sanitary landfills) – 2010

- Regulation for waste incineration

- Regulation for principles and procedures regarding the determination of tariffs

on wastewater infrastructure and domestic solid waste facilities.

Waste Transport - Draft regulation for the transport of waste

Communiques - Regarding Tanker Cleaning Facilities (2009)

- Foreign Trade Standardization Communique concerning import of waste which

are under control for environmental protection (2012/3)

- Foreign Trade Standardization Communique concerning import of metal scrap


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which are under control for environmental protection (2012/23)

- Foreign Trade Standardization Communique concerning the import inspections

for batteries and accumulators (2012/15)

- Communique for Recycling of some non-hazardous waste (2011)

Circulars - Treatment of medical waste (2010/7) - Regulation for waste storage (sanitary landfills) (2010/16) - Storage or Usage of inert mining waste for filling or restoration purposes and

rehabilitation of the mining area (2010/13) - Licenses to be given to solid waste treatment facilities at forestry areas (2010/2) - Integrated Waste Management Plan (2010/9) - Transfer of authority in construction and demolition waste (2008/6) - Safe treatment of medical waste (2008/9) - Solid Waste Characterization and Information Update on Solid Waste Treatment

Facilities (2007/10) - Medical Waste Year End Reports (2006/25) - Sterilization of Medical Waste (2006/7) - Work Termination Plans of Solid Waste Treatment Facilities (2006/14) - Solid Waste and Waste Water Management (2004/12) - Solid Waste (2004/7) - Construction and Demolition Waste Control (2004/5) - Solid Waste (2003/8) - Project Approval for pre-process and solid waste treatment facilities

Planned/on-going studies on legislations as of 2012 onwards Regulations

- Revision of Regulation on Hazardous Waste Control

- Revision of Solid Waste Control Regulation

- Revision of Regulation on Control of Construction and Demolition Waste

- Revision of Regulation for Control of Waste Oils

- Revision of Regulation on the Control of Organic Waste Oils - Regulation on the Control of Mining Waste (2013)

- Regulation on General Principles of Waste Management (2015)

Communiques

- Concerning the storage of waste at underground

- Rehabilitation of wild dumpsites

- Technical procedures of sanitary landfills

- Dual collection system

- Waste transport

Source: MoE&U


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Bijlage 2 Annex - II

Population statistics as of 31 December 2011, Turkey - provincial breakdown

Total Province and

district centers Smaller villages

Provinces 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011

Total 73 722

988 74 724

269 56 222

356 57 385

706 17 500

632 17 338

563

1 Adana 2 085 225 2 108 805 1 836 432 1 864 591 248 793 244 214

2 Adıyaman 590 935 593 931 347 236 356 595 243 699 237 336

3 Afyon 697 559 698 626 365 421 370 411 332 138 328 215

4 Ağrı 542 022 555 479 275 785 290 904 266 237 264 575

5 Amasya 334 786 323 079 219 541 210 947 115 245 112 132

6 Ankara 4 771 716 4 890 893 4 641 256 4 762 116 130 460 128 777

7 Antalya 1 978 333 2 043 482 1 392 974 1 450 209 585 359 593 273

8 Artvin 164 759 166 394 89 960 91 886 74 799 74 508

9 Aydın 989 862 999 163 588 552 599 973 401 310 399 190

10 Balıkesir 1 152 323 1 154 314 694 926 701 213 457 397 453 101

11 Bilecik 225 381 203 849 173 389 153 017 51 992 50 832

12 Bingöl 255 170 262 263 138 069 147 081 117 101 115 182

13 Bitlis 328 767 336 624 168 787 178 788 159 980 157 836

14 Bolu 271 208 276 506 169 962 175 553 101 246 100 953

15 Burdur 258 868 250 527 159 508 152 408 99 360 98 119

16 Bursa 2 605 495 2 652 126 2 308 574 2 359 804 296 921 292 322

17 Çanakkale 490 397 486 445 269 035 268 082 221 362 218 363

18 Çankırı 179 067 177 211 110 222 113 191 68 845 64 020

19 Çorum 535 405 534 578 355 015 361 244 180 390 173 334

20 Denizli 931 823 942 278 641 093 655 322 290 730 286 956

21 Diyarbakır 1 528 958 1 570 943 1 090 172 1 132 351 438 786 438 592

22 Edirne 390 428 399 316 261 920 272 294 128 508 127 022

23 Elazığ 552 646 558 556 400 675 410 625 151 971 147 931

24 Erzincan 224 949 215 277 134 028 125 324 90 921 89 953


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25 Erzurum 769 085 780 847 489 486 505 254 279 599 275 593

26 Eskişehir 764 584 781 247 681 854 700 355 82 730 80 892

27 Gaziantep 1 700 763 1 753 596 1 501 566 1 556 149 199 197 197 447

28 Giresun 419 256 419 498 245 381 248 547 173 875 170 951

29 Gümüşhane 129 618 132 374 61 162 64 082 68 456 68 292

30 Hakkari 251 302 272 165 136 050 153 860 115 252 118 305

31 Hatay 1 480 571 1 474 223 743 439 732 802 737 132 741 421

32 Isparta 448 298 411 245 311 064 277 327 137 234 133 918

33 Mersin 1 647 899 1 667 939 1 281 048 1 303 018 366 851 364 921

34 İstanbul

13 255

685

13 624

240

13 120

596

13 483

052 135 089 141 188

35 İzmir 3 948 848 3 965 232 3 606 326 3 623 540 342 522 341 692

36 Kars 301 766 305 755 123 452 129 047 178 314 176 708

37 Kastamonu 361 222 359 759 195 059 197 704 166 163 162 055

38 Kayseri 1 234 651 1 255 349 1 064 164 1 090 530 170 487 164 819

39 Kırklareli 332 791 340 199 219 333 229 000 113 458 111 199

40 Kırşehir 221 876 221 015 156 731 158 179 65 145 62 836

41 Kocaeli 1 560 138 1 601 720 1 459 772 1 499 958 100 366 101 762

42 Konya 2 013 845 2 038 555 1 486 653 1 527 937 527 192 510 618

43 Kütahya 590 496 564 264 383 572 362 274 206 924 201 990

44 Malatya 740 643 757 930 480 144 498 588 260 499 259 342

45 Manisa 1 379 484 1 340 074 924 267 891 084 455 217 448 990

46 Kahramanmaraş 1 044 816 1 054 210 636 828 656 783 407 988 397 427

47 Mardin 744 606 764 033 428 899 446 226 315 707 317 807

48 Muğla 817 503 838 324 350 050 362 513 467 453 475 811

49 Muş 406 886 414 706 143 624 152 064 263 262 262 642

50 Nevşehir 282 337 283 247 154 103 157 462 128 234 125 785

51 Niğde 337 931 337 553 163 237 168 596 174 694 168 957

52 Ordu 719 183 714 390 404 390 409 288 314 793 305 102

53 Rize 319 637 323 012 197 520 202 636 122 117 120 376

54 Sakarya 872 872 888 556 646 899 664 813 225 973 223 743

55 Samsun 1 252 693 1 251 729 816 576 827 796 436 117 423 933

56 Siirt 300 695 310 468 181 410 189 854 119 285 120 614

57 Sinop 202 740 203 027 107 275 109 807 95 465 93 220

58 Sivas 642 224 627 056 433 932 425 297 208 292 201 759

59 Tekirdağ 798 109 829 873 545 481 572 359 252 628 257 514


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60 Tokat 617 802 608 299 363 944 358 872 253 858 249 427

61 Trabzon 763 714 757 353 415 652 421 504 348 062 335 849

62 Tunceli 76 699 85 062 47 531 56 112 29 168 28 950

63 Şanlıurfa 1 663 371 1 716 254 922 539 951 925 740 832 764 329

64 Uşak 338 019 339 731 225 570 228 785 112 449 110 946

65 Van 1 035 418 1 022 532 539 619 526 725 495 799 495 807

66 Yozgat 476 096 465 696 268 349 269 439 207 747 196 257

67 Zonguldak 619 703 612 406 287 321 286 032 332 382 326 374

68 Aksaray 377 505 378 823 228 060 233 005 149 445 145 818

69 Bayburt 74 412 76 724 37 537 40 354 36 875 36 370

70 Karaman 232 633 234 005 159 834 162 487 72 799 71 518

71 Kırıkkale 276 647 274 992 233 073 233 768 43 574 41 224

72 Batman 510 200 524 499 373 388 388 523 136 812 135 976

73 Şırnak 430 109 457 997 269 494 290 307 160 615 167 690

74 Bartın 187 758 187 291 63 984 65 856 123 774 121 435

75 Ardahan 105 454 107 455 33 701 37 424 71 753 70 031

76 Iğdır 184 418 188 857 95 550 99 550 88 868 89 307

77 Yalova 203 741 206 535 139 388 142 881 64 353 63 654

78 Karabük 227 610 219 728 177 189 169 698 50 421 50 030

79 Kilis 123 135 124 452 85 923 87 939 37 212 36 513

80 Osmaniye 479 221 485 357 346 707 354 054 132 514 131 303

81 Düzce 338 188 342 146 194 128 198 756 144 060 143 390

Source: TURKSTAT - State Institute of Statistics

The current 16 metropolitan municipalities are highlighted in green and the upcoming

new 13 ones are highlighted in yellow.


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Bijlage 3 Annex - III

Waste Unions

Region No

Nr Union Members (provincial municipalities)

Average Diameter for the Waste

Basin (km)

1 Istanbul

Anatolian side

Beykoz, Uskudar, Kadikoy, Maltepe, Kartal, Tuzla,

Sultanbeyli, Pendik, Umraniye, Sile, Adalar (A)

35

2 Istanbul

Europe – 1

Gaziosmanpasa, Buyukcekemece, Kucukcekmece, Avcilar,

Bagcilar, Fatih, Bakirkoy, Esenler, Eyup, Sariyer, Sisli,

Besiktas, Beyoglu, Eminonu, Gungoren, Kagithane,

Zeytinburnu, Bahcelievler, Bayrampasa

30

3 Istanbul

Europe-2

Silivri, Catalca (A), Cerkezkoy (Tekirdag), Saray ( Tekirdag) 30

4 Izmir South Menderes, KIraz, Beydag, Kemalpasa, Odemis, Tire, Selcuk,

Bayindir, Torbali, Cesme (A), Karaburun (A), Urla (A),

Seferihisar ( A)

50

1A

5 Izmir North Dikili, Bergama, Kinik, Menemen, Foca, Aliaga, Guzelbahce,

Balcova, Buca, Narlidere, Gaziemir, Bornova, Karsiyaka,

Konak, Cigli

50

6 Bursa Nilufer, Osmangazi, Yildirim, Buyukorhan, Gemlik, Gursu,

Keles, Kestel, Mudanya, Orhaneli, Inegol, Yenisehir (A)

50

7 Kocaeli Kocaeli M., Gebze, Golcuk, Kandira, karamursel, Korfez,

Derince

40

1B

8 Sakarya Sakarya M., Ferizli, Sogutlu, Akyazi, Geyve, Hendek,

Karapurcek, Karasu, Kaynarca, Kocaeli, Pamukova, Sapanca,

Tarakli

40

9 Afyon South Sincanli, Hocalar, sandikli, Kiziloren, Dazkiri, Basmakci,

Evciler, Dinar

50

10 Afyon North Ayfon M., Bolvadin, Iscehisar, Bayat, Emirdag, Cay,

Sultandagi, Ihsaniye, Suhut, Cobanlar

50

11 Aydin West Kusadasi, Soke, Didim, Germencik 30

12 Aydin East Aydin M., Bozdogan, Kuyucak, Nazilli, karacasu, Buharkent,

Yenipazar, Kocarli, Kosk, Cine, Sultanhisar, Karpuzlu,

Incirliova

50

13 Balikesir West Ayvalik, Edremit, Gomec, Burhaniye, Havran 40

14 Balikesir East Balikesir m., Balya, Bigadic, Dursunbey, Ivrindi, Kepsut,

Savastepe, Susurluk, Sindirgi

50

15 Balikesir North Erdek, Bandirma., Gonen, Manyas, Marmara Adasi (A),

Karacabey (Bursa), M. Kemalpasa (Bursa)

40

16 Bilecik Bilecik M. Bozuyuk, Golpazari, Inhisar, Osmaneli, Pazaryeri,

Sogut, Yenipazar

40

1C

17 Canakkale Canakkale M., Lapseki, Ezine, Ayvacik, Bayramic, Can, Biga,

Yenice, Gelibolu(A), Eceabat (A), Bozcaada (A), Gokceada(A)

50


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18 Denizli South Cameli, Beyagac, Kale, Acipayam, Tavas, Serinhisar 40

19 Denizli North Denizli M., Babadag, Honaz, Bozkurt, Cardak, Saraykoy,

Akkoy, Buldan, Guney, Bekilli, Civril, Cal, Balkan

50

20 Edirne South Kesan, Enez, Ipsala, Meric, Uzunkopru 40

21 Edirne North Edirne M., Lalapasa, Suleoglu, Havsa 40

22 Kirklareli Kirklareli M., Babaeski, Demirkoy, Kofcaz, Luleburgaz,

Pehlivankoy, Pinarhisar, Vize

40

23 Kutahya West Gediz, Hisarcik, Pazarlar, Cavdarhisar, Simav, Saphane 50

24 Kutahya East Kutahya M., Altintas, Aslanpasa, Tavsanli, Domanic (A),

Harmancik (Bursa) (A), Emet (A), Dumlupinar (A)

40

25 Manisa West Manisa M., Ahmetli, Akhisar, Golmarmara, Kirkagac,

Saruhanli, Soma, Turgutlu

50

26 Manisa East Alasehir, Sarigol, Selendi, Demirci, Koprubasi, Gordes, Kula,

Salihli

50

27 Mugla South Koycegiz, Ortaca, Dalaman, Fethiye 50

28 Mugla North Mugla M., Bodrum, Milas, Yatagan, Marmaris, Ula,

kavaklidere, Datca (A)

50

29 Tekirdag Tekirdag M., Sarkoy, Corlu, Hayrabolu, Malkara, M.Erglisi,

Muratli

45

30 Usak Usak M., banaz, Ulubey, Esme, Karahalli, Sivasli 40

31 Yalova Yalova M., Armutlu, Cinarcik, Ciftlikkoy, Termal, Altinova,

Iznik (Bursa), Orhangazi (Bursa)

40

32 Ankara South Polatli, Haymana, Bala, Golbasi, mamak, Kazan,

Yenimahalle, Elmadag, Cankaya, Kecioren, Altindag,

Etimesgut, Sincan, Ayas, Akyurt, Cubuk (A), Kalecik (A)

60 2A

33 Ankara North Kizilcahamam, Camluiderre, Beypazari, Gudul, Nallihan (A) 40

34 Antalya West Kas, Kale, Kumluca, Kemer, Elmali, Finike, Korkuteli (A) 50

35 Antalya East Gundogmus, Alanya, Gazipasa 50

36 Antalya Central Antalya M., Serik, Manavgat, Akseki, Ibradi 50

37 Icel West Anamurt, Bozyazi, Aydincik, Gulnar, Mut, Silifke 50

2B

38 Icel East Icel M., Camliyayla, Tarsus, Erdemli 40

39 Adana South Seyhan, Yuregir, Karatas, Yumurtalik, Ceyhan, Imamoglu,

Pozanti, Karaisali

60

40 Adana North Tufanbeyli, Saimbeyli, Fee, Aladag, Kozan 60

41 Eskisehir West Eskisehir M., Mihalgazi, Saricakaya, Seyitgazi, Inonu 50

42 Eskisehir East Mihalliccik, Gunyuzu, Sivrihisar, Beylikova, Alpu, Cifteler,

Mahmudiye, Han (A)

50

43 Kayseri South Incesu, Yesilhisar, Hacilar, Talas, Tomarza, Yahyali,

Kocasinan, Melikgazi, Develi

40

44 Kayseri North Felahiye, Ozvatan, Sarioglan, Bunyan, Akkisla, Pinarbasi,

Sariz

50

45 Konya East Emirgazi, Karapinar, Eregli, Halkapinar 50

46 Konya South Taskent, Hadim, Bozkir, Guneysinir, Ahirli, Yalihuyuk,

Seydisehir, Akoren, Derebucak (A)

50

47 Konya North Celtik, Yuinak, Kulu, Cihanbeyli, Aksehir (A), Tuzlukcu (A) 60

48 Konya Central Derbent, Selcuklu, Meram, Karatay, Ilgin, Kadinhani,

Sarayonu, Altinekin, Cumra, Doganhisar, Beysehir (A),

Huyuk (A)

60

49 Samsun South Vezirkopru, Havza, Ladik, Kavak, Asarcik 40

2C

50 Samsun North Samsun M., Bafra, Ondokuzmayis, Tekkekoy, Carsamba, 50


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Pagina 47 van 54

Terme, Salipazari, Ayvacik, Alacam (A), Yakakent (A)

51 Amasya Amasya M., Goynucek, Gumushacikoy, Hamamonu,

Merzifon Suluova, Tasova

55

52 Bartin Bartin M., Amasra, Kurucasile, Ulus 30

53 Bayburt Bayburt M., Aydintepe, Demirozu 30

54 Bolu Bolu M., Mengen, Gerede, Dortdivan, Kibriscik, Seben,

Yenicaga, Goynuk (A), Mudurnu (A)

40

55 Corum South Corum M., Mecitozu, Ortakoy, Alaca, Bogazkale, Sungurlu,

Ugurludag

50

56 Corum North Kargi, Osmancik, Iskilip, Bayat, Oguzlar, Lacin, Dodurga 40

57 Duzce Duzce M., Akcakoca, Cumayeri, Cilimli, Golyaka, Gumusova,

Kaynasli, Yigilca

30

58 Giresun South Sebinkarahisar, Alucra, Camoluk 30

59 Giresun North Giresun M., Bulancak, Kesap, Espiye, Tirebolu, Guce, Gorele,

Piraziz, Canakci, Yaglidere, Dereli, Dogankent, Eynesil

45

60 Gumushane Gumushane M., Kelkit, Kose, Kurtun, Siran, Torul 40

61 Karabuk Karabuk M., Eflani, Eskipazar, Ovacik, Safranbolu, Yenice 40

62 Kastamonu West Pinarbasi, Azdavay, Daday, Arac, Ihsangazi, Senpazar, Agli,

Cide (A), Doganyurt (A)

40

63 Kastamonu East Kastamonu M., Seydiler, Devrekani, Hanonu, Taskopru,

Tosya, Kure, Inebolu (A), Abana(A), Bozkurt (A), Catalzeytin

(A)

50

64 Ordu Ordu M., Akkus, Aynbasti, Camas, Catalpinar, Caybasi,

Fatsa, Golkoy, Gulyali, Gurgentepe, Ikizce, Kabaduz,

Kabatas, Korgan, Kumru, Mesudiye, Persembe, Ulubey,

Unye

50

65 Rize – Artvin Ardesen (A), Camlihemsin (A), Cayeli (A), Findikli, Hemsin

(A), Pazar (A), Artvin M., Ardanuc, Arhavi, Borcka, Hopa,

Murgul, Savsat, Yusufeli

50

66 Sinop Sinop M., Turkeli, Ayancik, Erfelek, Gerze, Dikmen, Boyabat

(A), Sarayduzu (A), Duragan (A)

50

67 Tokat Tokat M., Almus, Artova, Basciftlik, Erbaa, Niksar, Pazar,

Resadiye, Sulusaray, Turhal, Yesilyurt, Zile

60

68 Trabzon – Rize Trabzon M., arakli, Arsin, Caykara, Dernekpazari, Hayrat,

Koprubasi, Of, Surmene, Yomra, Akcaabat, Macka,

Besikduzu (A), Carsibasi (A), Duzkoy (A), Salpazari (A), Tonya

(A), Vakfikebir (A), Rize M., Derepazari, Guneysu, Ikizdere,

Iyidere, Kalkandere)

50

2D

69 Zonguldak Zonguldak M., Alapli, Devrek, Caycuma, Gokcebey,

Karadeniz Eregli

40

70 Aksaray Aksaray M., Agacoren, Eskil, Gulagac, Guzelyurt, Ortakoy,

Sariyahsi (A), Evren (Ankara)(A), S.kochisar (Ankara)(A)

50

71 Burdur Burdur M., Aglasun, Bucak, Cavdir, Celtikci, Golhisar,

Tefenni, Karamanli, Yesilova, Kemer, Altinyayla (A)

45

72 Cankiri South Cankiri M., Eldivan, Sabanozu, Kizilirmak, Korgun, Yaprakli 40

73 Cankiri North Atkaracalar, Cerkes, Bayramoren, Ilgaz, Kursunlu, Orta 40

74 Hatay West Iskenderun, Erzin, Dortyol, Belen 30

75 Hatay East Hatay M., Altinozu, Kirikhan, Kumlu, Reyhanli, Samandag,

Yayladagi, Hassa (A)

40

2E

76 Isparta Isparta M., Aksu, Egirdir, Gelendost, Yenisarbademli,

Atabey, Gonen, Keciborlu, Senirkent, Uluborlu, Yalvac,

50


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Pagina 48 van 54

Sarkikaraagac, Sutculer

77 K.Maras South Maras M., Turkoglu, Andirin, Pazarcik, Caglayancerit 50

78 K.Maras North Afsin, Elbistan, Ekinozu, Nurhak, Goksun 50

79 Karaman Karaman M., kazimkarabekir, Ayranci, Sariveliler (A),

Basyayla (A), Ermenek (A)

40

80 Kirikkale Kirikkale M. Bahsili, Baliseyh, Celebi, Delice, karakecili,

Keskin, Sulakyurt, Yahsihan

50

81 Kirsehir Kirsehir M., Akpinar, Akcakent, Boztepe, Cicekdagi, Kaman,

Mucur

50

82 Nevsehir Nevsehir M., Acigol, Avanos, Derinkuyu, Gulsehir,

Hacibektas, Kozakli, Urgup

50

83 Nigde Nigde M., Altunhisar, Bor, camardi, Ciftlik, Ulukisla 50

84 Osmaniye Osmaniye M., Bahce, Duzici, Hasanbeyl;I, Kadirli, Sumbas,

Toprakkale

40

85 Sivas – Malatya Gurun, Kangal, Divrigi, Arapgir (Malatya), Kuluncak

(Malatya), Hekimhan (Malatya), Arguvan (Malatya), Yazihan

(Malatya), Darende (Malatya)

60

86 Sivas North Koyulhisar, Golova, Susehri, Akincilar, Imranli, Dogansar,

Zara

50

87 Sivas Center Sivas M., Yildizeli, Ulas, Hafik, Altinyayla (A), Sarkisla9A),

Gmerek (A)

50

88 Yozgat Yozgat M.,Akmagdeni, Aydincik, Bogazliyan, Candir,

Cayiralan, Cekerek, Kadisehri, Saraykent, Sarikaya, Sorgun,

Sefaatli, Yenifakili, Yerkoy

60

89 Gaziantep West Sehitkamil, Sahinbey, Islahiye, Nurdagi, Oguzeli, (Kilis M.,

Musabeyli, Elbeyli, Polateli)

40 3A

90 Gaziantep East Araban, Yavuzeli, Nizip, Karkamis 40

91 Diyarbakir Diyarbakir M., Cinar, Hani, Kocakoy, Egil, Dicle, Lice, Kulp,

Hazro, Silvan, Bismil, Cungus (A), cermik (A), Ergani (A)

50

92 Erzurum West Erzurum M., Pazaryolu, Askale, Ilica, cat, Ispir 60

93 Erzurum

Southeast

Hinis, Karacoban, Tekman, Karayazi, Koprukoy, Horasan,

Pasinler

60

3B

94 Erzurum

Northeast

Olur, Senkaya, Oltu, Narman, Uzundere, Tortum 50

95 Adiyaman Adiyaman M., Besni, Celikhan, Golbasi, Kahta, Samsat,

Sincik, Tut, Gerger (A),

50

96 Agri West Agri M., Eleskirt, Hamur, Patnos, Tutak 40

97 Agri East Dogubeyazit, Diyadin, Taslicay 40

98 Ardahan Ardahan M., Cildir, Damal, Gole, Hanak, Posof 40

99 Batman Batman M., Besiri, Gercus, Hasankeyf, Kozluk, Sason 40

100 Bingol Bingol M., adakli, Genc, karliova, Kigi, Solhan, Yayladere,

Yedisu

50

101 Bitlis Bitlis M., Adilcevaz, Ahlat, Guroymak, Hizan, Mutki, Tatvan 50

102 Elazig West Elazig M., Baskil, Keban, Sivrice, Agin 40

103 Elazig East Maden, Alacakaya, Kovancilar, Palu, Aricak, Karakocan 40

104 Erzincan Erzincan M., Uzumlu, Cayirli, Otlukbeli, Tercan, Kemaliye

(A), Ilic (A), Refahiye (A), Kemah (A)

40

105 Hakkari Hakkari M., Cukurca, Semdinli, Yuksekova 50

106 Igdir Igdir M., Aralik, Karakoyunlu, Tuzluca 50

3C

107 Kars Kars M., Akyaka, Arpacay, Digor, Kagizman, Selim, Susuz, 60


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Pagina 49 van 54

Sarikamis

108 Malatya Malatya M., Dogansehir, Doganyol, Yesilyurt, Poturge, kale,

Akcadag, Battalgazi

50

109 Mardin Mardin M., dargecit, Derik, Kiziltepe, Mazidagi, Midyat,

Nusaybin, Omerli, Savur, Yesilli

65

110 Mus Mus M., Bulanik, Haskoy, Korkut, Malazgirt, Varto 60

111 Siirt Siirt M., Aydinlar, Baykan, Eruh, Kurtalna, Pervari, Sirvan 40

112 S.Urfa West Sanliurfa M., Halfeti, Birecik, Suruc, Bozova, Akcakale,

Harran, Hilvan

60

113 S.urfa East Ceylanpinar, Siverek, Viransehir 60

114 Sirnak Sirnak M., Beyyussebap, Cizre, Guclukonak, Idil, Silopi,

Uludere

60

115 Tunceli Tunceli M., Cemisgezek, Hozat, Mazgirt, Nazimiye, Ovacik,

Pertek, Pulumur

50

116 Van Van M., Bahcesaray, Gevas, Gurpinar, Baskale, catak,

Edremit, Caldiran, Muradiye, Ercis, Ozalp, Saray

80


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Pagina 50 van 54

Bijlage 4 ANNEX - IV

Waste projection by provinces Waste management action plan (2008- 2012) – waste projection by provinces

Total

Population projection Waste Projection

Tonne/year

Biodegradable waste

projection – tonne/year

Provinces 2007 2012 2007 2012 2007 2012

Total 67,460,496 71,821,203 26,374,736 28,127,633 14,459,679 15,418,424

1 Adana 1,947,342 2, 093,060 668,133 718,129 367,473 394,971

2 Adıyaman 544,707 571,694 159,054 166,935 92,252 96,822

3 Afyon 649,597 677,551 275,039 286,875 151,272 157,781

4 Ağrı 493,601 516,264 144,132 150,749 83,596 87,435

5 Amasya 309,573 326,531 101,695 107,265 55,932 58,996

6 Ankara 4,417,876 4,803,431 2,064,032 2,244,163 1,135,217 1,234,290

7 Antalya 1,690,046 1,785,855 616,867 651,837 345,445 365,029

8 Artvin 156,657 164,104 51,462 53,908 28,304 29,650

9 Aydın 885,439 929,518 374,895 393,558 206,192 216,457

10 Balıkesir 1,047,980 1,101,750 443,715 466,481 244,043 256,564

11 Bilecik 194,979 207, 735 82,554 87,955 45,405 48,375

12 Bingöl 235,075 246,686 68,642 72,032 39,812 41,779

13 Bitlis 305,592 320,127 89,233 93,477 51,755 54,217

14 Bolu 253,545 266,647 83,290 87,593 44,976 47,300

15 Burdur 235,822 248,222 77,468 81,541 43,382 45,663

16 Bursa 2,370,894 2,550,377 1,073,067 1,154,300 579,456 623,322

17 Çanakkale 441,825 461,511 187,069 195,404 102,888 107,472

18 Çankırı 163,823 172,746 53,816 56,747 30,137 31,778

19 Çorum 518,491 547,315 177,894 187,784 99,621 105,159

20 Denizli 840,338 876,661 355,799 371,178 195,690 204,148

21 Diyarbakır 1,369,915 1,440,936 500,019 525,942 270,010 284,008

22 Edirne 375,964 398,292 159,183 168,637 87,551 92,750

23 Elazığ 518,535 552,890 151,412 161,444 87,819 93,638

24 Erzincan 198,673 207,884 58,012 60,702 33,647 35,207


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Pagina 51 van 54

25 Erzurum 740,034 781,058 270,113 285,086 148,562 156,797

26 Eskişehir 709,940 767,371 243,580 263,285 131,533 142,174

27 Gaziantep 1,527,397 1,650,605 524,050 566,323 282,987 305,814

28 Giresun 390,934 410,778 128,422 134,941 69,348 72,868

29 Gümüşhane 120,318 124,932 39,525 41,040 21,343 22,162

30 Hakkari 229,917 240,995 67,136 70,370 38,939 40,815

31 Hatay 1,280,540 1,333,575 420,657 438,080 235,568 245,325

32 Isparta 397,999 421,541 130,743 138,476 73,216 77,547

33 Mersin (İcel) 1,514,997 1,606,034 552,974 586,202 298,606 316,549

34 İstanbul 12,363,899 13,395,987 5,776,414 6,258,605 3,119,263 3,379,647

35 İzmir 3,654,720 3,945,315 1,707,485 1,843,251 922,042 995,356

36 Kars 285,583 295,452 83,390 86,272 48,366 50,038

37 Kastamonu 334,014 348,627 109,724 114,524 59,251 61,843

38 Kayseri 1,124,613 1,204,773 385,855 413,358 208,362 223,213

39 Kırklareli 315,126 333,232 133,424 141,090 72,049 76,189

40 Kırşehir 211,755 224,415 69,562 73,720 38,955 41,283

41 Kocaeli 1,356,373 1,432,049 613,895 648,145 331,503 349,998

42 Konya 1,877,071 2,001,591 644,023 686,746 354,213 377,710

43 Kütahya 548,862 578,170 232,388 244,797 127,813 134,638

44 Malatya 683,141 722,634 199,477 211,009 111,707 118,165

45 Manisa 1,248,091 1,319,786 528,442 558,797 290,643 307,339

46 Kahramanmaraş 941,461 989,914 309,270 325,187 173,191 182,105

47 Mardin 698,203 733,567 203,875 214,202 118,248 124,237

48 Muğla 697,812 719,813 295,453 304,769 159,545 164,575

49 Muş 366,120 375,397 106,907 109,616 62,006 63,577

50 Nevşehir 259,805 271,328 85,346 89,131 47,794 49,913

51 Niğde 304,380 315,590 99,989 103,671 55,994 58,056

52 Ordu 667,390 699,562 219,238 229,806 118,388 124,095

53 Rize 298,389 315,087 98,021 103,506 53,911 56,928

54 Sakarya 799,056 851,258 361,653 385,279 195,292 208,051

55 Samsun 1,153,382 1,213,734 395,725 416,432 213,692 224,873

56 Siirt 273,864 288,375 79,968 84,206 46,382 48,839

57 Sinop 221,748 230,844 72,844 75,832 39,336 40,949

58 Sivas 605,089 640,776 198,772 210,495 111,312 117,877

59 Tekirdağ 693,288 736,187 293,538 311,702 158,511 168,319


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Pagina 52 van 54

60 Tokat 580,251 609,042 190,612 200,070 102,931 108,038

61 Trabzon 688,981 720,899 226,330 236,815 122,218 127,880

62 Tunceli 79,574 84,230 23,236 24,595 13,477 14,265

63 Şanlıurfa 1,432,609 1,509,744 418,322 440,845 242,627 255,690

64 Uşak 316,588 335,218 134,043 141,931 73,724 78,062

65 Van 909,472 950,258 265,566 277,475 154,028 160,936

66 Yozgat 458,138 479,564 150,498 157,537 84,279 88,221

67 Zonguldak 564,648 585,055 185,487 192,191 100,163 103,783

68 Aksaray 341,914 358,656 112,319 117,819 62,898 65,978

69 Bayburt 70,739 73,648 23,238 24,193 12,548 13,064

70 Karaman 214,223 226,852 70,372 74,521 39,408 41,732

71 Kırıkkale 272,727 293,648 89,591 96,463 50,171 54,020

72 Batman 452,982 483,215 132,271 141,099 76,717 81,837

73 Şırnak 392,054 413,687 114,480 120,796 66,398 70,062

74 Bartın 163,630 167,200 53,752 54,925 29,026 29,660

75 Ardahan 101,188 103,337 29,547 30,175 17,137 17,501

76 Iğdır 169,144 176,944 49,390 51,668 28,646 29,967

77 Yalova 172,806 183,369 73,166 77,638 40,241 42,701

78 Karabük 210,304 224,916 69,085 73,885 37,306 39,898

79 Kilis 113,051 120,252 37,137 39,503 20,054 21,331

80 Osmaniye 433,478 491,937 142,398 151,746 79,743 84,978

81 Düzce 298,513 310,762 98,061 102,085 52,953 55,126

Source: Waste Management Action Plan (2008 - 2012)


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Pagina 53 van 54

Bijlage 5 Annex V - Revised Implementation Schedule for Regions at Waste Master Plan

ATM - waste boxes

Region Description

Separate collection - Composting

(Urban)

MGT

Urban Rural

Incineration Landfill

İ & Y Recycling -

Biomethanization

1c

Marmara /

Aegean

Metropolitan

Municipalities

excluded)

2015 (100%) 2015

2010

/

2015

_ _ 2016 2014 / 2020

2d

Black Sea - with

incineration

(Metropolitan

Municipalities

excluded)

_ _

2010

/

2015

_ 2020 2016 2016 / 2020

2d

Black Sea -

without

incineration

(Metropolitan

Municipalities

excluded)

2015 (100%) 2015

2010

/

2015

_ _ 2016 2016 / 2020

2e

Mediterranean /

Central Anatolia

(Metropolitan Municipalities

excluded)

2015 (100%) 2015

2010

/

2015

2015

/

2020

_ 2011 2012 / 2016

3c

Eastern Anatolia / Southeastern

Anatolia

Dual collection

(Metropolitan

Municipalities

excluded)

2020 (100%) 2020

2015 /

2020 _ _ 2016 2017 / 2020

3c

Eastern Anatolia /

Southeastern

Anatolia

Without Dual

Collection

(Metropolitan

Municipalities excluded)

_ _

2015

/

2020

_ _ 2016 2017 / 2020

Source: European Environment Agency

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088 602 80 60

www.agentschapnl.nl

Documents

development of sanitary landfills and waste-to-energy from landfill