Development of Statistics on Climate Change in India

Mohan Singh CSO, India

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Strong correlation between energy use and human development.

India needs to substantially increase its per capita energy consumption to provide a minimal acceptable level of well being to its people.

India being a developing country is facing a major challenge to maintain its high growth rate and impacts of climate change.

India is one of the low per capita greenhouse gas emission countries

India is determined that its per capita greenhouse gas emissions will at no point of time exceed the that of developed countries while pursuing its developmental goals.

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Climate Changes in India

Increase in surface temperature by 0.4 degree C over the past century.

Warming trend along the west coast, in central India, the interior peninsula, and northeastern India.

Cooling trend in northwest India and parts of South India.

Regional monsoon variations: increased monsoon seasonal rainfall along the west coast, northern Andhra Pradesh and North-western India, decreased monsoon seasonal rainfall over eastern Madhya Pradesh, North-eastern India, and parts of Gujrat and Kerala. 3

Climate Changes in India

Observed trends of multi-decadal periods of more frequent droughts, followed by less severe droughts.

Studies have shown a rising trend in the frequency of heavy rain events and decrease in frequency of moderate events over central India from 1951 to 2000.

Records of coastal tide gauges in the north Indian ocean for the last 40 years has revealed an estimated sea level rise between 1.06-1.75 mm per year.

The available monitoring data on Himalayan glaciers indicates recession of some glaciers.

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Impacts of Climate Changes water resources agriculture and food production health forests coastal areas vulnerability to extreme events

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National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC)

Protecting the poor and vulnerable sections of society through sustainable development sensitive to climate change

Achieving national growth objectives through a qualitative change in direction, ecological sustainability, mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions.

Efficient and cost effective strategies for end use Demand side Management.

Technologies for adaptation and mitigation of greenhouse gases emissions.

Promote sustainable development - Regulatory and voluntary mechanisms 6

Core of NAPCC - National Missions

(i) National Solar Mission (ii) National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (iii) National Mission on Sustainable Habitat (iv) National Water Mission (v) National Mission for Sustaining the Himalyan

Ecosystem (vi) National Mission for a Green India (vii) National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture and(viii) National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for

Climate Change. These National Missions are being institutionalized by the respective Ministries/ Departments.

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Different Ministries/Organisations/institutions collect and compile the data relating to different indicators of climate changes

Indian Metrological Departments (IMD) is the nodal agency for cyclone warning and monitoring

IMD has a list of all depressions and cyclonic storms formed in Arabian Sea as well as Bay of Bengal for more than 50 years.

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This data is useful in identifying the areas prone to cyclones, storms, and land slides

The daily report of the data is available in the website of IMD (www.imd.ernet.in)

Centre Pollution Control Board (www.cpcb.nic.in) and State Pollution Control Board collects the data on different air pollutants like SO2, NOx, SPM, RSPM at all the important locations through out the country

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CPCB also collects the data on green houses gases GHG) for a few important locations

Ministry of Home Affairs (www.mha.nic.in) is monitoring the data on damages due to heavy rains, flood and cyclone during South-West monsoon at State and district level

The month-wise data is also available10

Geological Survey of India (www.gsi.gov.in) is having a wide net-work of field level offices but presently there does not exists any dedicated network for land slide data collection

GSI are studying only the incidents reported by the district administration

Central Water Commission (www.cwc.nic.in) has 147 flood forecasting sites in all the major river basins of the country

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No uniform format is available with CWC indicting the location of the centre and the district, and the moderate, high and unprecedented flood level for dissemination of flood data at district level

CWC is also monitoring the water availability in the major reservoirs located in different parts of the country particularly in the summer season.

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Central Bureau of Health Intelligence (www.cbhidghs.nic.in) publishes the data on health in their publication ‘Health Information of India’ every third year

Integrated Disease Surveillance Project is currently in progress and is expected to be completed by 2009 which would provide the health database

Hospital level data is available on morbidity and mortality

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Department of Agriculture and Cooperation in Ministry of Agriculture (www.agricrop.nic.in) maintains the data on land use as per nine fold classification

It also maintains the data on area sown under different crops for different seasons.

The impact of extreme temperature on production and productivity is also monitored by the agriculture department

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Department of Agriculture and Cooperation does the coordination of relief measures necessitated by drought

It maintains the data on drought through out the country

Central Statistical Organisation (www.mospi.gov.in) publish ‘compendium of Environment Statistics’ which covers many indicators relating to climate change

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A New Initiative in India…

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While some of the hazards and disasters are manmade but most of them occurs due to change in climate

At present no database on hazards and disaster statistics exists in India

A database of disaster and hazards can help researchers and policy makers to analyse the impact of climate more fruitfully

It will also help in identifying the disaster prone areas

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Realizing the need to develop a National database on hazards and disasters, the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) of India has taken an initiative for developing a framework for compilation of hazards and disaster statistics on regular basis

Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) and National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) is currently working on this database

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In India few scientific organizations like IMD, CWC, GSI are collecting hazard/disaster data

Different organizations are using different formats and different geographical levels

India is currently developing a uniform framework for compilation of Hazard and Disaster Statistics to get an overall picture of hazard/disaster profile of States and Districts on annual basis

The District has been selected as primary unit for collection of data.

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There will be two sets of broad dataset Hazard Statistics Disaster Statistics Hazard Statistics will include: Rainfall:- District-wise data on heavy and

scant rainfall and comparison table with normal rainfall

Tropical Depressions:-District-wise tropical depressions in all coastal districts

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Seismic Hazards:- Seismic data of all earthquakes with magnitude of 5 and above for districts in India and neighboring countries

Landslides:- Data on all reported landslides Floods:- District-wise moderate, high and

unprecedented floods, Data on reservoir levels of all major reservoirs in the country

Drought, Hailstorms, Pest Attacts :- District-wise data on drought, hailstorm and pest attacks

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Industrial Hazards:- Industrial/chemical accidents

Railway hazards and Accidents:- Data on railway deaths, injuries and damages to railway infrastructure

Aviation Accidents:- Aviation accidents involving deaths, injuries and danger to infrastructure

Health Hazards: Important Public health hazards

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Disaster Statistics will contain three parts: Damage, Relief and Reconstruction

Damage data has been classified into eight categories:

1. Lives (deaths & injuries)2. Livestock (deaths)3. Agriculture (Sown area affected and

production loss)4. Housing (full or partial damage)

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5. Infrastructure (damage to roads, bridges, water supply, sewerage system, irrigation, electric supply, shops/commercial buildings, other utilities)

6. Environmental Damage7. Damage at macro-economic level8. Health (occurrence of epidemic due to

water borne and vector borne disease)

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Relief and Rehabilitation will contain Gratuitous relief Supplementary Nutrition Assistance to small and marginal farmers Input subsidy to farmers other than small

and marginal farmers Employment Generation Assistance to small and marginal farmers/

agricultural labourers

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Assistance to fisherman Assistance to Artisans in handicrafts/handloom

sectors by way of subsidy for repair/replacement of damaged equipments

Assistance for repair/restoration of damaged houses

Provision of emergency supply of drinking water in rural and urban areas

Provision of medicines, disinfectants, insecticides for prevention of outbreak of epidemics

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Medical care of cattle and poultry against epidemics as a sequel to a notified natural calamity

Evacuation of people affected/likely to be affected

Hiring of boats for carrying immediate relief and saving life

Provision of temporary accommodation, flood, clothing, medical care etc.

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Air dropping of essential supplies Repair / restoration of immediate nature

of the damaged infrastructure Replacement of damaged medical

equipment and lost medicines of government hospitals/ health centres Operational cost of relief

measure/services Cost of clearance of debris

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Draining off flood water in affected areas Disposal of dead bodies/care cases Procurement of essential search, rescue

and evacuation equipments Reconstruction will contain Information on reconstruction measures

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Name of indicators/variables

Type

Rainfall, Tropical depression, Aviation accidents, Health hazards

Climate related environmental variables

Seismic hazards, landslides, Floods, Drought, Hailstorms, Pest attacks, Aviation accidents, Health hazards

Outcome of climate changes

Industrial hazards, Railway hazards

Neither climate related environmental variables nor an outcome of climate change

Linking these climate related variables and outcomes of climate changes to the data on damages, one can perform a detailed level analysis at the district level

The effect on climate change on economic development, ecosystem and human lives can be analysed for different environmental zones using the detailed level data at district level

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Thank you