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D e v e l o p m e n t p l a n a n n a ’ s t u i ni n t e g r a t i n g c o m m u n i t y a n D n a t u r e

c o l o f o n

c o m m i s s i o n e D b y : t h e m u n i c i p a l i t y o f a m s t e r D a m M a r i a n n e G r i f f i o e n & T i m B l o k k e r

p a r t o f t e s l a m i n o r i n s t i t u t i o n f o r i n t e r D i s c i p l i n a r y s t u D i e s ( i i s ) u n i v e r s i t y o f a m s t e r D a m , 2 3 j u l i 2 0 1 4

W r i t t e n a n D e D i t t e D b y : M i l a n Te u n i s s e n v a n M a n e n , J e r o e n S c h ü t t & M y r t e M i j n d e r s

s u p e r v i s o r s : G e r a r d v a n O o s t e r m e i j e r & H a r m v a n d e r G e e s t

p r e f a c eAs part of the Tesla Minor we, Milan, Jeroen and Myrte, were asked by the municipality of Amsterdam to write an advice report about the nature development on Science Park Amsterdam for a small natural area. We have been working on this project for five months. We enjoyed working on this project because it combined our visions about sustainability, our creativity, and our biology background. This document is part of the Nature Development Plan for Amsterdam Science Park. In this document you will read about the design of Anna’s Tuin.

First of all we would like to thank Tayfun Yalcin for helping us with the actual design of Anna’s Tuin and sharing his knowledge on permaculture design principles. We would also like to thank him for his dedication and believe in the project of Anna’s Tuin. It has been a very nice experience for the entire team to collaborate with Tayfun Yalcin on the project of Anna’s Tuin.

Further more we would like to thank Joris Buis, Bertus Tulleners, Harm van der Geest and Gerard Oostermeijer for providing us the opportunity to developed the plan of Anna’s Tuin and for their valuable feedback during the process. We would also like to thank Marianne Griffioen and Tim Blokker, our client, for the suc-cessful collaboration.

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c h 0 0 0 s u m m a r yAnna’s Tuin is an initiative of team Green Science Park to create an ecological garden based on a permaculture design system. Anna’s Tuin will be a place for students, residents, business people and scientists to meet, share ideas and learn about ecology and permaculture. Anna’s Tuin will organise events and produce food for the Amsterdam Science Park community.

Part of the food can be locally produced and part of the green waste can locally be composted, in this way Anna’s Tuin will contribute to the sustain-ability of Amsterdam Science Park. An important part of Anna’s Tuin will focus on education, organising tours in the garden or small courses and talks on permaculture principles. People in and around Amsterdam Science Park are allowed to come and join, do committee work, organise activities or just help in the maintenance. In this way Anna’s Tuin will integrate Amsterdam Science Park with the surrounding parts of Amsterdam, making it more interesting for just students and scientists.

This development plan of Anna’s Tuin describes how Anna’s Tuin can be re-alised. First a general introduction is given on Anna’s Tuin and the specific location. Secondly the design of Anna’s Tuin is explained based on the per-maculture design system. Thirdly, the design elements that are part of the complete design will be discussed from a scientific point of view. Fourthly, the management of Anna’s Tuin is presented along with a four years plan of the construction. Lastly the finance of Anna’s Tuin is discussed with an estimation of the total costs and the possible partners willing to contribute in the imple-mentation of Anna’s Tuin at Amsterdam Science Park.

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C H 0 0 1 i n t r o D u c t i o nAnna’s Tuin is named after Anna van den Broeke, who inherited Anna’s Hoeve, an old farm located at Amsterdam Science Park in 1850. Today Anna’s Hoeve is located between modern buildings and top science facilities. The old farm is a kind reminder of the history of the polder. Until the previous century, this farm, along with other farms located in Watergraafsmeer, provided food for the city of Amsterdam (stadsarchief Amsterdam). This local production of food was one of the main inspirations for the initiative of Anna’s Tuin.

Anna’s Tuin will be an ecological garden at Amsterdam Science Park providing food for the local community. In addition, Anna’s Tuin will serve as a meeting place for students, residents, business people and scientists. The Amsterdam Science Park community will work together to maintain Anna’s Tuin. In this way Anna’s Tuin will create more social cohesion for the Science Park commu-nity and will allow students to share their knowledge of ecology, biology and alternative ways of agriculture with the rest of Amsterdam.

Besides the social and educational value, Anna’s Tuin contributes to the goals set by the University of Amsterdam (UvA) in terms of sustainability. The Fac-ulty of Science (FNWI) states that CO2 emission should be reduced by 40% in 2025 relative to 1990 and waste should be collected separately (FNWI bestu-ursconvenant 2011-2014). Anna’s Tuin contributes to these goals in the sense that the food consumed at Science Park can partly be produced locally. The local production of food will result in a lower carbon footprint by reducing the amount of food that needs to be transported to Science Park. Furthermore, the green waste collected separately at Science Park can be composted lo-cally and used in Anna’s Tuin, thereby reducing the waste that needs to be transported from the UvA.

Anna’s Tuin will make Amsterdam Science Park more interesting for residents, students, people working at ASP and the rest of Amsterdam. Anna’s Tuin will also connect Amsterdam Science Park to the city and the surrounding na-

ture. Anna’s Tuin will be a social, recreational, educational and sustainability initiative that will interest and inspire other schools and universities in the Netherlands and aboard to start similar initiatives. In this development plan for Anna’s Tuin the design, management and financial plan of Anna’s Tuin will be explained.

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c h 0 0 2 l o c a t i o nAnna’s Tuin will be located near the front of the main university building, Sci-ence Park 904 (Figure 1). Many people will pass Anna’s Tuin on their way to Amsterdam Science Park and the university. Anna’s Tuin will be the first thing people see when they walk from the train station to the university. In this way people immediately see in what way residents, business people and students of Amsterdam Science Park are connected with the nature and what they are doing in terms of sustainability and education.

In addition, Anna’s Tuin is surrounded by a natural green area providing eco-system services to the garden. This is important as, for instance the stability of pollinator richness, visitation rate and fruit sett decrease with the distance from a natural area (Garibaldi et al., 2011). Therefore the natural area will be important for fruit setting and maintaining Anna’s Tuin on an ecological and organic way. With the term organic is meant that, in Anna’s Tuin no insecti-cides, herbicides and artificial fertilisers will be used.

As shown in the ecological assessment (Nature development Science Park Amsterdam) the soil located at Anna’s Hoeve is classified as zone 2 (http://maps.amsterdam.nl/bodemkwaliteit/). This means that the soil is considered safe to function as a vegetable garden or allotment and safe for food produc-tion.

Figure 1. Location of Anna’s Tuin marked by the dotted yellow line. Common green area in front of the university building, Size: ± 0,2 ha.

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c h 0 0 3 D e s i g nThe design of Anna’s Tuin is based on permaculture principles. Permacul-ture is a design system which uses patterns and relationships observed in nature to create an agriculturally productive ecosystem, while main-taining the resilience and diversity of a natural ecosystem (Diver, 1998). Therefore, the main philosophy of permaculture design is to work with na-ture instead of against nature. The philosophy of permaculture is broader than just the production of food; it is also about social integration, com-munity, energy efficiency, recycling, and land stewardship in general. The creators of the permaculture design system, Bill Mollison and David Hol-mgern, see permaculture as a way to construct sustainable human set-tlements. This philosophy lies at the hearth of Anna’s Tuin, the design will use the permaculture principles to create a place for people to enjoy na-ture, produce food and share thoughts and ideas about permaculture design.

One of the design principles of permaculture is to observe and interact (Hol-mgern, n.d.). Therefore it is important to study the abiotic and biotic fac-tors shaping the site were the permaculture is planned. The topsoil in An-na’s Tuin consists of light to heavy clay, which was estimated to be weakly acidic and moderately nitrogen rich. Because of the impermeability of the clay layer, there is no effect of seepage in the topsoil. However, during pe-riods of heavy rain, stagnating water could lead to anaerobic conditions in the soil. At some places the groundwater levels reach the root system of plants (for more information see, Nature Development Science Park Amster-dam, integrating community and nature). This information is used to exam-ine which plants can be grown at certain places, which sites would be best for ponds or which sites must be incremented for the placement of trees.

The results from the study of the abiotic and biotic factors was then used to create a base map for Anna’s Tuin. The base map was created in collaboration with Tayfun Yalcin a permaculture designer and expert. This base-map was then used to align the different ideas and possibilities and to create the final design of Anna’s Tuin. The final design of Anna’s Tuin is presented in figure 2.

In this chapter we will present the elements incorporated in the design of An-na’s Tuin. The design elements of Anna’s Tuin are based on the permaculture design system. Each design element mimics the patterns and relationships observed in nature. The design elements will focus on habitat diversification and creating light and moisture gradients to support a large variety of plant species. For each design element the patterns and relationships it mimics will briefly be discussed, and explained from a scientific point of view. Additionally, the educational and recreational value of the design elements will be discussed.

Figure 2. Design of Anna’s Tuin illustrated by Tafun Yalcin. Showing the different design elements and their location.

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f o r e s t g a r D e n The forest garden will be a design element in Anna’s Tuin. The main inspira-tion for the forest garden are the ecological patterns and relationships ob-served at forest edges. These dynamics are based on the so-called edge ef-fect. The edge is divined as an abrupt transition between two ecosystems, for instance forests and grasslands ecosystems (Murcia, 1995). At the edge, the two different ecosystems influence and interact with each other. For example, at the edge of a forest the solar radiation increases, providing different habi-tats for other species and results in rapid growth of vines and other secondary vegetation (Saunders, Hobbs, & Margules, 1991). Furthermore the edges of forests shows a large gradient in micro climates and have a higher species richness than the interior of the forest (Davies-Colley, Payne, & Van Elswijk, 2000).

Permaculture experts and designers adopted this edge effect found by ecolo-gists in their designs. The edge effect is translated into a permaculture design element and resulted in productive system to harvest fruits, nuts, flowers, vegetables, herbs and mushrooms in a relative small area (LeGuin & Home, 2011). This form of permaculture design is called forest garden, introduced by Robert Hart, and popularized by Martin Crawford who owns a well know forest garden in the United Kingdom.

The forest garden is based on a seven-layer system observed in the edges of forests (Figure 3).

The first layer, the canopy layer, consists of large trees that represent the top layer of the forest. The second layer represents the understory, where trees are more shade tolerant and therefore able to grow under the canopy. The third layer consists of shrubs that are able to grow under the tree layers and carry berries such as currant (Ribes). The fourth layer is the herbaceous layer, consisting of herbaceous species such as comfrey (Symphytum). The fifth layer is called the vertical layer and consists out of climbers and vines. The sixth layer, referred to as the ground layer, consists of plants that cover the

floor, such as clover (Trifolium). The last layer is called the rhizosphere that is used for the cultivation of roots and tubers. When the entire seven layers are present in the forest garden a highly productive system can be created in a small area.

Furthermore, agroforestry practices have been shown to have positive effects on invertebrate diversity, highlighting the potential of agroforestry for biodi-versity conservation (Mujeeb Rahman, Varma & Sileshi, 2012).

Figure 3. Forest garden principle by Robert Hart containing the seven layers of the for-est garden. Drawing: ttpermatuin.wordpress.com

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p o l y c u l t u r e The main inspiration for polycultures is the diversity observed in natural eco-systems and its effects on stability, resilience and other ecosystem services. In natural ecosystems a high species richness is essential for its functioning, provided that individual traits and interactions of plant species contribute to maintain the function and stability of ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles (Loreau, 2001). Polycultures mimic natural ecosystems by placing different plants together to create more stability and complete biogeochemical cycles. For example, placing nitrogen-fixating plants in the vicinity of plants that need nitrogen or creating different gradients in light or moisture to support differ-ent plant species. Permaculture experts constantly experiment with different plants combinations and forms of allied cropping. The functional traits divide the plant in certain plant guilds. Examples of some of these guilds are nitro-gen fixers, ground covers, beneficial insect attractors, harmful/pest extrud-ers, ground turbators, etc. A very old example of a polyculture is the so-called Three Sisters method. This is a technique of companion planting already prac-tised by the Native American groups in North America (Hart et al., 2008). The method involves maize, climbing beans and squash. The maize will provide structure for the beans to climb, the beans will fixate nitrogen from the air and make it available for the maize plant. The squash is planted to provide soil coverage, decreasing the loss of water by evaporation.

Polycultures are considered to be a good alternative for the common mono-culture system because 1) it leads to a system that is highly stable and resil-ient to abiotic or biotic perturbations 2) positively affects natural ecosystems and 3) stimulates reconciliation ecology. The positive effects of a polyculture compared to a monoculture will be explained below.

First, the high species diversity in polycultures leads to a system that is high-ly stable and resilient to abiotic or biotic perturbations. For example, it has been shown that high species diversity and heterogeneity of landscapes helps to prevent the spread pests and diseases (Hajjar, Jarvis, & Gemmill-Herren, 2008). Additionally, it has been shown that plots with high species diversity lead to higher yields than agriculture plots with low species diversity (Lin,

2011). However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential of companion planting and the use of beneficial weeds.

Second, polycultures positively affect the natural ecosystem, by intervening as little as possible. Minimizing soil disturbance is important to maintain soil biodiversity, a concept on which the no-tillage practice is based. No-tillage is found to increase species richness and overall density (Brussaard, de Ruiter, & Brown, 2007). This high species richness and density has a positive effect on drainage and irrigation and the overall suitability of the agricultural field (Brussaard et al., 2007). Additionally, the use of different plants that sup-port nutrient cycling and natural pest and disease management, prevents the use of artificial fertilizers, insecticides and herbicides in polyculture systems. Third, polycultures stimulate reconciliation ecology. Where reconciliation ecol-ogy is divined as a conservation effort to modify and diversify the human hab-itat so it can support a wider array of species able to share the human habitat (Rosenzweig, 2003). A polyculture diversify the agricultural landscape, rela-tive to monocultures, providing more habitat for a wider array of species.

Anna’s Tuin will also contain a polyculture system, to show this alternative for the common monocultures and educated people about this form of agricul-ture. In Anna’s Tuin no-tillage will be practiced, to maintain the soil biodiver-sity. Furthermore artificial fertilizers, insecticides and herbicides are not used so Anna’s Tuin has a positive effect on the natural system. In Anna’s Tuin a polyculture will be created by placing different plants together, containing many of these plant guilds. Anna’s Tuin will be a place where people can learn about the different plants guilds and can experiment with different plant com-bination to create new knowledge.

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h ü g l e k u l t u r e Hüglekulture is a system developed by the permaculture expert Sepp Holzer and further popularised by the permaculture experts Paul Wheaton and Geoff Lawton. Hüglekulture is based on the colonization process of plants when a tree falls down creating a clearing in the forest and an opportunity for other plants to colonise this area. The English translation for hüglekulture is mound-culture or hill-culture. The moment a tree dies, the tree has only fulfilled half of its ecological role. After falling down, the tree creates new habitat and will release resources such as light availability, nutrients and water (Franklin, Shugart, & Harmon, 1987). Fallen trees also contribute to the diversity in ter-restrial habitats. During the summer, low moisture conditions limit biological activity. However, a fallen tree creates a relatively cool and moist habitat for small animals and a substrate for microbial, fungal and root activity at the interface of soil and hood (Maser & Trappe, 1984). The process of decaying wood, providing habitats for different plants, is adapted in hüglekulture by creating mounds of wood or other biomass topped with soil. The wood in the middle of the mound will slowly decompose providing soil nutrient for the growing plants and habitat for soil biota. In addition the decompose wood can act as a sponge retaining water for weeks in periods of low precipitation (Kappes, 2005).

Hüglekulture will be part of Anna’s Tuin. The mounds will be constructed by wood debris and soil from Anna’s Ruigte. For example the wood from the wil-lows could be used after pruning or after the removal of willows next to the waterline, the soil could be used that is removed after the flatting of the banks (see Nature Development Science Park Amsterdam, integrating community and nature). In Anna’s Tuin, the hüglekulture will be used to educate people about the principles of this method. The hüglekulture will also be used as an experiment to test what will work best in Anna’s Tuin by creating mounds with different composition and different plant communities.

h e r b s p i r a l

In permaculture and urban gardens the herb spiral is one of the most popular permaculture elements. The herb sprial is a cone-like shaped structure with a downwards-spiralling terrace ending at a small pond. In this design water is allowed to move freely, creating different moisture gradient along the spiral. Water loving plants are placed at the bottom of the spiral while plants that like to keep their roots dry are placed at the top of the spiral.

In Anna’s Tuin the herb spiral will be placed to educated people about this typical permaculture design element but also experiment with plants, placing them along the moisture gradient of the spiral.

Figure 4. Example of a herb spiral. Picture: www.permacultureglobal.com

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i n s e c t h o t e l

An insect hotel is a manmade structure to provide habitat for all sorts of wild-insects, providing the insects with nest sites or hibernation possibilities. In cities the dispersal, egg-laying and hibernation possibilities are hampered, either by size of the areas, the connection between areas or the manage-ment. For instance the removal of plant material, or dead plant material from ecosystems decrease the possibility for insects egg deposition or hibernation. To compensate for this loss, managers of the area could decide to leaf plant material at the site so insects could make use of them during the seasons, or they could reserve a location were different plants structures are piled up, which is in essences is the basis of an insect hotel. If the right condition are created, for instance wood with drilled holes, or steep sand walls the number of solitary wasp and bee species could increase (van Breugel, 2014). The rea-son for doing this is the theory behind reconciliation ecology, which is a con-servation effort to modify and diversify the human habitat so it can support a wider array of species able to share the human habitat (Rosenzweig, 2003).

In Anna’s Tuin an insect hotel will be built of materials found in Anna’s Ruigte. For example wood from pruning, or bundles of reeds and straw can be used. The insect hotel will be designed and create by the people how will manage the garden (see chapter 4). Figure 5. Insect hotel. Different types of ma-

terial offer habitat to different species. Picture provided by Tayfun Yalcin.

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W a t e r g a r D e n

A small pond for the growth of water plants will also be part of Anna’s Tuin. This will be a natural pond without foil on the bottom. The deepest point of the pond will be around one meter, well below the ground water level and will have shallow banks for the growth of water plants (Sollie, Brouwer, & de Kwaadsteniet, 2011). Besides the growth of natural water plants like Pon-tederia cordata and Iris pseudacorus there will also be an opportunity to try different varieties of eatable water plants.

c o m m o n a r e a s

In Anna’s Tuin there will be two places where people can meet and relax. The octagon shaped building will be the only roof-covered area in Anna’s Tuin. It is intended as a place where people can meet and shelter for cold or wet weather. A table and some chairs will give people the possibility to hold (work) meetings. It will also function as a greenhouse for sprouting plants. Addition-ally, rainwater from the rooftop will be collected for the herb spiral pond. The second resting area can be found near the main pond. This is intended as a place to rest and meet people in the outside area. The area will be directly visible from Anna’s Tuin main entrance but remain relatively sheltered from the rest of Amsterdam Science Park. Connecting the meeting areas and the different garden patches are narrow paths (about 60 cm wide) covered with woodchips to prevent weeds from growing over.

Figure 6. Example of a greenhouse. A greenhouse can double as roof-covered common area where people can meet. Picture: www.summergardenbuildings.co.uk

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p a r t n e r s o f a n n a ’ s t u i n

The Polder, a café/restaurant located at Amsterdam Science Park next to Anna Hoeve is very interested in the Anna’s Tuin initiative. Hans van Twist, the owner of The Polder, sees possibilities for Anna’s Tuin to deliver fruits, herbs, vegeta-bles and such in the near future to The Polder. The Polder would pay the same price for these products as to the greengrocer. In collaboration with the chefs of the Polder, seasonal and local dishes are created based on specific products during different seasons from Anna’s Tuin.

Also Eurest, the main caterer at the UvA, was approached as potential partner. Eurest was also very enthusiastic about the initiative of Anna’s Tuin and would like to contribute to its creation. The possibility of Eurest to collaborated with Anna’s Tuin is now be researched at the main office of Eurest, because Eurest is subject to different suppliers contracts and agreements.

Figure 7. Inside view of café Polder. Picture: www.cafe-restaurantpolder.nl

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c h 0 0 4 m a n a g e m e n tAnna’s Tuin will be managed and maintained by a committee, which consist of people from the Amsterdam Science Park community. A users agreement (bruikleen overeenkomst) between the committee and the municipality of Am-sterdam will define this responsibility. In this agreement the committee states that it will respect the terms of the municipality of Amsterdam for using the area for the implementation of the permaculture described in this development plan of Anna’s Tuin. In the appendix one a concept version of the users agreement is added to give an indication of the agreements between the committee and the municipality of Amsterdam. This agreement has to be renewed each years, which provides the committee and the municipality of Amsterdam with an op-portunity to reflect on the progress and development of Anna’s Tuin.

Every year, during March half of the committee will be renewed, this will ensure the yearly continuation of the committee and the ability for people to partici-pate. Renewing half of the committee will also ensure that the knowledge and information is retained and successfully transmitted throughout the years.

Besides the responsibility for the maintenance the committee is also responsi-ble for involving new people and provide an educational value to Anna’s Tuin. This could for example be achieved by: organising workshops, inviting schools and opportunities for guided tours. These activities and events will attract other people than scientists and university students, allowing Amsterdam Science Park to share its biological and ecological knowledge to the rest of the local community and other people from Amsterdam.

The committee will also be responsible for the yield of Anna’s Tuin. To fit the philosophy of local food production, the yield of Anna’s Tuin is solely meant for the Amsterdam Science Park community. For possible recipients of the yield see chapter 5. An overview of the construction and maintenance plan of Anna’s Tuin is provided in Table 1. The tables contains a plan of four years from the start, begin September 2014, until Anna’s Tuin is expected to be fully operational and a well functioning permaculture garden in 2017.

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Year 1 (01-09-2014) Year 2 (01-09-2015) Year 3 (01-09-2016) Year 4 (01-09-2017)Start of the Committee. Finish mulching Garden maintenance Garden maintenance.

Sign contract. Finish planting the perennials. Renewing Annual plants Renewing Annual plants

Clean the area. Finish the pond. Germinate seeds of previous year

Germinate seeds of previous year

Mowing current vegetation. Renewing half of the committee (March).

Collect seeds for next season.

Collect seeds for next season.

Create the pond. Evaluating start of Anna’s Tuin with UvA and the municipality.

Renewing half of the committee (March).

Renewing half of the committee (March).

Arrange mulching material. Collecting seeds for next season

Evaluating start of Anna’s Tuin with UvA and the municipality.

Evaluating start of Anna’s Tuin with UvA and the municipality.

Start mulching. Possible first yield Collecting seeds for next season

Collecting seeds for next season

Arrange the finance. Second yield third yieldArrange plants.Start planting.

Every year, the committee will measure the biodiversity in Anna’s Tuin and will measure the yield (in kg). The committee will keep the agreements made with the partners of Anna’s Tuin about the yield. Furthermore the committee will attract new members and provide people with the opportunity to volunteer, they will organise interesting events, and find ways to educate the local community of Science Park and the rest of Amsterdam about permaculture and ecology. The committee will also communicated the initiative of Anna’s Tuin to the rest of the world, via media like facebook, twitter, blogs etc.

Table 1. The construction and maintenance plan of Anna’s Tuin. The four years plan starts in September 2014 and end in August 2017.

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c h 0 0 5 f i n a n c eIn this section the finance of Anna’s Tuin is discussed. First, an estimation is given of the total costs of Anna’s Tuin (Table 2) and how these costs are cal-culated. Second, the possible partners of Anna’s Tuin are being discussed and their willingness to contribute financially. The costs of Anna’s Tuin were divided into three groups, plants, garden tools and construction (Table 2). Per group the total costs were estimated.

The group of plants were divided into three subgroups: trees, shrubs and crops/flowers. In the design the number of trees, shrubs and other perennials was used to multiply with an average price of fruit trees and shrubs. This price was found at www.fruitbomen.net. The average price of the subgroup crops/flowers was calculated using the surface area to be planted and the amount of seeds needed to cover the area.

The group garden tools, show the costs needed to get the equipment to main-tain Anna’s Tuin. The groups is dived in four subgroups: shovel, wheelbarrow, rake and small hand tools. The prices of the different subgroups was estimated at www.tuingereedschap.nl. The subgroup shovel and rake contains the prices estimated for 2 shovels and rakes. The subgroup small hand tools the prices of a list of hand tools necessary for maintaining Anna’s Tuin.

The construction group shows the costs needed for the construction of the design elements. The group construction is divided into 5 subgroups, namely wander trails, benches, cabinet, greenhouse and protection. The wander trails are the trails that go through Anna’s Tuin and will be made out of wooden chips. The prices of the trials was estimated at www.vandoornsoest.nl. The subgroup benches contain the price of two benches estimated at www.natuurmonument.nl. The subgroup cabinet contain the prices of wooden cabinet to store all the garden tools, the prices of this cabinet was estimated at www.praxis.nl. The subgroup greenhouse refers to the octagon building that is part of Anna’s Tuin design, the costs of this building was estimated at www.tuinkassensite.nl. The subgroup protection contains the costs need to protect the young trees and

shrubs against the rabbits present in the area. The costs of protection were estimated at www.beslits.nl and www.edepot.wur.nl.

The above costs are based on materials needed. The costs concerning labour concerning the construction or the transport costs were not taken into account. The costs of labour is considered to be low, the committee will be dependent on volunteers willing to help and be part of Anna’s Tuin. The committee will also do a lot of the construction themselves. To compensate for possible unforeseen costs 10% of the total costs of the tree groups (plants, garden tools and con-struction) was taken. The total costs of Anna’s Tuin are also shown in table 2 and are estimated to be approximately € 8000.

The Polder, a café/restaurant located at Amsterdam Science Park next to Anna Hoeve is very interested in the initiative of Anna’s Tuin. Hans van Twist, the owner of The Polder, sees possibilities for Anna’s Tuin to deliver fruits, herbs, vegetables and such in the near future to The Polder. The Polder would pay the same price for these products as to the greengrocer. In collaboration with the chefs of the Polder, seasonal and local dishes can be created based on specific products during different seasons from Anna’s Tuin. The Polder, wants to con-tribute to the development of Anna’s Tuin with financial support. Personal com-munication with the Polder has indicated that it could contribute 2000 euro to the development of Anna’s Tuin.

Also Eurest, the main caterer at the UvA, was approached as potential partner. Eurest was also very enthusiastic about the initiative of Anna’s Tuin and would like to contribute to its creation. The possibility of Eurest to collaborated with Anna’s Tuin is now being analysed at the main office of Eurest. Because Eur-est is subjected to different supplier contracts and agreements, it is difficult to promise a financial support for Anna’s Tuin.

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The remaining costs of Anna’s Tuin (± 6000 euro) could be shared by the mu-nicipality of Amsterdam and the UvA. This document will be presented to the municipality of Amsterdam and the UvA in order to ask for the remaining finan-cial supported needed to construct Anna’s Tuin.

Group Type CostsPlants Trees € 845

shrubs € 900Crops/ flowers € 713

Total plants € 2.458Garden tools Shovel € 36

Wheelbarrow € 138Rake € 74Small hand tools € 96

Total garden tools € 344Construction Wander trail € 32

Benches € 900Cabinet € 289Greenhouse € 3.013Protection € 314

Total construction € 4.547Total Anna's Tuin € 7.349Unforeseen € 735Total € 8.084

Table 2. Costs of Anna’s Tuin divided in three groups: plants, garden tools and construction. For all groups the total costs were estimated in Euro’s.

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c h 0 0 8 r e f e r e n c e sBestuursconvenant FNWI 2011-2014 (2012).

Brussaard, L., de Ruiter, P. C., & Brown, G. G. (2007). Soil biodiversity for agricultural sustainability. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 121(3), 233–244. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.013

Davies-Colley, R. J., Payne, G. W., & Van Elswijk, M. (2000). Microclimate gradients across a forest edge. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 24(2), 111–121.

Diver, S. (1998). Introduction to permaculture: Concepts and resourc-es. ATTRA. Retrieved from http://www.cookscommunitygarden.org/docs/permaculture/1-intro/Definitions%20of%20Permaculture.pdf

Franklin, J. F., Shugart, H. H., & Harmon, M. E. (1987). Tree Death as an Ecological Process. BioScience, 37(8), 550–556. doi:10.2307/1310665

Garibaldi, L. A., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Kremen, C., Morales, J. M., Bom-marco, R., Cunningham, S. A., … Klein, A. M. (2011). Stability of pollination services decreases with isolation from natural areas despite honey bee visits. Ecology Letters, 14(10), 1062–1072. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01669.x

Hajjar, R., Jarvis, D. I., & Gemmill-Herren, B. (2008). The utility of crop genetic diversity in maintaining ecosystem services. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 123(4), 261–270. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2007.08.003

Hart, J. P., King, F. B., Little, E. A., Petersen, J. B., Society for American Archaeology, New York State Museum, & Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology (Eds.). (2008). Current Northeast paleoethnobotany. II II. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, State Education Dept.

Holmgern, D. (n.d.). Permaculture Design Principles. Permaculture Princi-ples. Retrieved from http://permacultureprinciples.com/principles/

Kappes, H. (2005). Influence Of Coarse Woody Debris On The Gastropod Community Of A Managed Calcareous Beech Forest In Western Europe. Jour-nal of Molluscan Studies, 71(2), 85–91. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyi011

LeGuin, U. K., & Home, A. C. (2011). Edible Forest Gardens: an Invitation to Adventure. FOOD and DEMOCRACY, 109.

Lin, B. B. (2011). Resilience in Agriculture through Crop Diversification: Adaptive Management for Environmental Change. BioScience, 61(3), 183–193. doi:10.1525/bio.2011.61.3.4

Loreau, M. (2001). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Current Knowl-edge and Future Challenges. Science, 294(5543), 804–808. doi:10.1126/sci-ence.1064088

Maser, C., & Trappe, J. (1984). The Seen and Unseen World of the Fallen Tree. The Bark Beetles, Fuels, and Fire Bibliography. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/barkbeetles/165

Murcia, C. (1995). Edge effects in fragmented forests: implications for con-servation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 10(2), 58–62. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(00)88977-6

van Breugel. (2014). Gasten van bijenhotels. leiden: EIS Kenniscentrum Insecten en andere ongewervelden & Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden.

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Rosenzweig, M. L. (2003). Reconciliation ecology and the future of species diversity. Oryx, 37(02), 194–205. doi:10.1017/S0030605303000371

Saunders, D. A., Hobbs, R. J., & Margules, C. R. (1991). Biological Conse-quences of Ecosystem Fragmentation: A Review. Conservation Biology, 5(1), 18–32.

Sollie, S., Brouwer, E., & de Kwaadsteniet, P. (2011). Handreiking natuur-vriendelijke oevers, een standplaats benadering (Libertas, Bunnik.). Ames-foort: Stichting Toegepast Onderzoek Waterbeheer, Amersfoort.

22

c h 0 0 9 a p p e n D i x

2424

App

endi

x 1.

Use

rs a

gree

men

t

Ove

reen

kom

st

over

eenk

omst

ove

r med

ebeh

eer

van

open

baar

gro

en

Ove

reen

kom

stnr

.:      

Obj

ectn

r.:     

O

vere

enko

mst

ove

r med

ebeh

eer v

an h

et te

rrein

: ……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

... (i

n te

v u

llen:

adr

es o

f obj

ect),

zo

als

aang

egev

en o

p de

bijg

evoe

gde

situ

atie

teke

ning

, hie

rna

te n

oem

en: “

het t

erre

in”.

De

onde

rget

eken

den:

D

e ge

mee

nte

Amst

erda

m, h

ande

lend

ond

er d

e na

am S

tads

deel

Oos

t, st

atut

air g

eves

tigd

te A

mst

erda

m,

gere

gist

reer

d in

het

han

dels

regi

ster

te A

mst

erda

m o

nder

dos

sier

num

mer

343

6696

6 en

kan

toor

houd

ende

t e

Am

ster

dam

, Ora

nje

Vrijs

taat

plei

n 2,

109

3 N

G A

mst

erda

m, t

e de

zen

rech

tsge

ldig

ver

tege

nwoo

rdig

d do

or:

……

……

……

. ……

……

……

……

……

……

.,

het a

fdel

ings

hoof

d va

n de

afd

elin

g Be

heer

Ope

nbar

e R

uim

te H

eel (

BOR

H),

h i

erna

te n

oem

en: “

het s

tads

deel

” en

: …

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

….(n

aam

initi

atie

fnem

er é

n ve

rvan

ger

wan

neer

rele

vant

),

Of:

nam

ens

het b

estu

ur v

an o

rgan

isat

ie…

……

……

……

.……

……

……

……

……

….…

.,

v erte

genw

oord

igd

door

…

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

……

…..(

naam

bes

tuur

lid e

n fu

nctie

) van

dez

e or

gani

satie

, hi

erna

te n

oem

en: “

de m

edeb

ehee

rder

”, zi

jn h

et v

olge

nde

over

eeng

ekom

en:

1.

Naa

r aan

leid

ing

van

het v

erzo

ek v

an m

edeb

ehee

rder

op

DAT

UM

gee

ft he

t Sta

dsde

el

toes

tem

min

g aa

n de

med

ebeh

eerd

er o

m h

et te

rrein

en

het o

penb

aar g

roen

dat

zic

h da

arop

b e

vind

t, te

ond

erho

uden

. 2.

De

med

ebeh

eerd

er a

anva

ardt

het

terre

in in

de

staa

t waa

rin h

et z

ich

bij d

e on

derte

keni

ng v

an

d eze

ove

reen

kom

st b

evin

dt.

3.D

e m

edeb

ehee

rder

zor

gt g

edur

ende

de

loop

tijd

van

deze

ove

reen

kom

st d

at h

et te

rrein

wor

dt

o nde

rhou

den

over

eenk

omst

ig h

et b

ijbeh

oren

de b

ehee

rpla

n.

App

endi

x 1.

Use

rs a

gree

men

t (4

pag

es)

252525

4.H

et s

tads

deel

is n

iet g

ehou

den

om m

ater

iale

n te

n be

hoev

e va

n on

derh

ouds

wer

kzaa

mhe

den

ter

b esc

hikk

ing

te s

telle

n, te

nzij

dit i

n he

t beh

eerp

lan

is a

fges

prok

en.

5.H

et te

rrein

beh

oudt

een

ope

nbaa

r kar

akte

r en

moe

t ope

nbaa

r toe

gank

elijk

blijv

en. H

et

a anb

reng

en v

an v

erha

rdin

gen,

ops

talle

n, h

ekw

erke

n of

and

ere

vorm

en v

an a

fsch

eidi

ngen

en

bijv

oorb

eeld

het

pla

atse

n va

n sp

eelw

erkt

uige

n is

nie

t toe

gest

aan

tenz

ij he

t sta

dsde

el h

ierv

oor

s chr

iftel

ijk to

este

mm

ing

heef

t geg

even

. Dit

geld

t ook

voo

r het

ver

wijd

eren

van

bom

en, h

ekke

n en

de

rgel

ijke,

die

zic

h in

en/

of o

p he

t ter

rein

bev

inde

n.

6 .H

et s

tads

deel

blijf

t te

alle

tijd

en b

evoe

gd o

m o

nder

houd

uit

te v

oere

n.

7.H

et s

tads

deel

is b

evoe

gd d

e m

edeb

ehee

rder

te w

ijzen

op

nala

tighe

id in

ond

erho

ud e

n be

heer

en

om a

anw

ijzig

en te

gev

en o

ver d

e w

ijze

van

uitv

oere

n va

n he

t beh

eerp

lan.

Het

sta

dsde

el g

eeft

de

med

ebeh

eerd

er e

en te

rmijn

om

het

ond

erho

ud e

n/of

de

aanw

ijzin

gen

uit t

e vo

eren

. Ind

ien

de

med

ebeh

eerd

er d

it ni

et, n

iet g

oed

en/o

f nie

t tijd

ig u

itvoe

rt, k

an h

et s

tads

deel

de

med

ebeh

eero

vere

enko

mst

opz

egge

n ov

eree

nkom

stig

arti

kel 1

0.

8.In

dien

het

sta

dsde

el h

et te

rrein

zel

f wee

r nod

ig h

eeft

(bijv

oorb

eeld

van

weg

e he

rinric

htin

gen

e.d.

) ka

n he

t sta

dsde

el h

et m

edeb

ehee

rove

reen

kom

st o

pzeg

gen,

zon

der d

e ve

rplic

htin

g om

een

and

er

t erre

in in

med

ebeh

eer t

er b

esch

ikki

ng te

ste

llen.

9.

Dez

e ov

eree

nkom

st w

ordt

aan

gega

an v

oor d

e du

ur v

an 1

jaar

, ing

aand

e de

dag

na

o nde

rteke

ning

, met

jaar

lijks

stilz

wijg

ende

ver

leng

ing.

10

.Bi

j tus

sent

ijdse

opz

eggi

ng w

ordt

, spo

edei

send

e en

/of b

ijzon

dere

gev

alle

n ui

tgez

onde

rd, d

oor

p arti

jen

een

opze

gter

mijn

van

: ……

……

……

……

…..i

n ac

ht g

enom

en. D

e op

zegg

ing

dien

t s c

hrift

elijk

te g

esch

iede

n.

11.

Het

terre

in w

ordt

teru

ggeg

even

in d

e to

esta

nd w

aarin

het

doo

r het

sta

dsde

el is

ove

rged

rage

n m

et

i n a

cht n

emin

g va

n de

wijz

igin

gen

waa

rvoo

r het

sta

dsde

el s

chrif

telijk

toes

tem

min

g he

eft g

egev

en.

12.

De

Arbe

idso

mst

andi

ghed

enw

et (A

rbow

et) i

s ni

et v

an to

epas

sing

op

de w

erkz

aam

hede

n di

e de

m

edeb

ehee

rder

ver

richt

, om

dat d

e m

edeb

ehee

rder

s ge

en w

erkn

emer

zijn

van

het

sta

dsde

el.

Med

ebeh

eerd

ers

zijn

daa

rom

zel

f ver

antw

oord

elijk

voo

r hun

eig

en v

eilig

heid

en

voer

en d

e w

erkz

aam

hede

n ui

t op

eige

n ris

ico.

Aldu

s in

twee

voud

opg

emaa

kt e

n on

derte

kend

te A

mst

erda

m d

.d.

Gem

eent

e Am

ster

dam

, sta

dsde

el O

ost,

D

hr. C

. van

den

Bro

ek,

afde

lings

hoof

d Be

heer

Ope

nbar

e R

uim

te H

eel

……

……

……

……

……

.. D

e m

edeb

ehee

rder

, …

……

……

……

……

……

…

(naa

m e

n ev

t. fu

nctie

) Bi

jlage

n di

e de

el u

itmak

en v

an d

eze

over

eenk

omst

: ­ t

erre

inte

keni

ng

­ beh

eerp

lan

(met

opt

ie: o

nder

steu

nend

e ac

tivite

iten

van

de g

emee

nte)

­ a

nder

s, n

.l. …

……

……

……

……

.

I.

262626

BIJ

LAG

E

Beh

eerp

lan

Vo

orbe

elde

n va

n be

heer

maa

trege

len,

per

loca

tie d

ient

dez

e te

wor

den

aang

epas

t. B

ehee

rgro

ep

behe

erm

aatr

ege

l fr

eque

nti

e pe

riode

O

ver

ig

Flor

a en

faun

a g e

drag

scod

e A

mst

erda

m

d oor

wie

B om

en

Ond

erho

ud/s

noei

I n a

cht n

emen

br

oeds

eizo

en

S tad

sdee

l

Gra

stal

ud/b

erm

m

aaie

n G

efas

eerd

(2

x)

Na

de b

loei

Gaz

on

maa

ien

2 2x

(bv)

K rui

denz

one

maa

ien

g efa

seer

d

N

a de

blo

ei

Oev

erve

geta

tie

Gef

asee

rd ri

et

maa

ien

1 a

2xpj

S e

pt/o

kt

N

a br

oeds

eizo

en/n

ajaa

r

Wat

erve

geta

tie

Ops

chon

en/z

we

rfvui

l ver

wijd

eren

1x

pj

Sept

embe

r/okt

ober

(a

mfib

ieën

)

Snoe

imat

eria

al/

maa

isel

Kl

aarle

ggen

en

stad

sdee

l bel

len

Afvo

eren

m

ater

iaal

Stad

sdee

l

Obj

ecte

n

V rijh

oude

n en

sc

hoon

houd

en

maa

ndel

ijks

Obj

ecte

n R

epar

atie

s/on

derh

oud

Zwer

fvui

l ve

rwijd

eren

W

anne

er

nodi

g/w

ekel

ijks

Eval

uatie

ja

arlijk

s

Jaar

lijks

Stad

sdee

l/m

edeb

ehe

erde

r

Ove

rig/a

anvu

lling

en

Boo

msp

iege

ls

●Bo

omsp

iege

ls m

ogen

nie

t wor

den

opge

hoog

d. D

e gr

ond

in d

e bo

omsp

iege

l lig

t eve

n ho

og a

ls d

e om

ligge

nde

verh

ardi

ng.

●Bo

omsp

iege

ls m

ogen

pas

van

af v

ijf ja

ar n

a aa

npla

nt w

orde

n be

plan

t.

●Er

mog

en g

een

hekj

es o

f afs

chei

ding

en in

of o

m d

e bo

omsp

iege

ls w

orde

n ge

plaa

tst,

als

daar

door

de

boom

spie

gel w

ordt

ver

hoog

d.

●Er

mag

nie

ts in

of t

egen

de

bom

en w

orde

n ge

plaa

tst.

●Bo

men

behe

er e

n on

derh

oud

valt

onde

r ver

antw

oord

elijk

heid

van

het

sta

dsde

el.

●H

et s

tads

deel

beh

oud

het r

echt

om

boo

msp

iege

ls te

ruim

en a

ls b

epla

ntin

g in

de

boom

spie

gel

wer

kzaa

mhe

den

aan

de b

oom

en

insp

ectie

s va

n de

boo

m b

elem

mer

d w

orde

n of

de

veilig

heid

in

h et g

edin

g is

. ●

Wan

neer

bom

ensp

iege

ls d

oor b

ewon

ers

wor

den

onde

rhou

den

dien

t dit

te w

orde

n do

orge

geve

n aa

n BO

RH

, zod

at z

e er

reke

ning

kun

nen

houd

en m

et s

chof

fele

n.

Het

toep

asse

n va

n kl

impl

ante

n in

gro

enva

kken

en

de a

anpl

ant v

an s

terk

woe

kere

nde

plan

ten

moe

t be

perk

t blijv

en o

m b

ehee

rkos

ten

in d

e na

bij g

eleg

en g

roen

voor

zien

inge

n to

t een

min

imum

bep

erkt

te

houd

en

27

BIJ

LAG

E

Beh

eerp

lan

Vo

orbe

elde

n va

n be

heer

maa

trege

len,

per

loca

tie d

ient

dez

e te

wor

den

aang

epas

t. B

ehee

rgro

ep

behe

erm

aatr

ege

l fr

eque

nti

e pe

riode

O

ver

ig

Flor

a en

faun

a ge

drag

scod

e A

mst

erda

m

door

wie

Bom

en

Ond

erho

ud/s

noei

In a

cht n

emen

br

oeds

eizo

en

Stad

sdee

l

Gra

stal

ud/b

erm

m

aaie

n G

efas

eerd

(2

x)

Na

de b

loei

Gaz

on

maa

ien

22x

(bv)

Krui

denz

one

maa

ien

gefa

seer

d

N

a de

blo

ei

Oev

erve

geta

tie

Gef

asee

rd ri

et

maa

ien

1 a

2xpj

Se

pt/o

kt

N

a br

oeds

eizo

en/n

ajaa

r

Wat

erve

geta

tie

Ops

chon

en/z

we

rfvui

l ver

wijd

eren

1x

pj

Sept

embe

r/okt

ober

(a

mfib

ieën

)

Snoe

imat

eria

al/

maa

isel

Kl

aarle

ggen

en

stad

sdee

l bel

len

Afvo

eren

m

ater

iaal

Stad

sdee

l

Obj

ecte

n

Vrijh

oude

n en

sc

hoon

houd

en

maa

ndel

ijks

Obj

ecte

n R

epar

atie

s/on

derh

oud

Zwer

fvui

l ve

rwijd

eren

W

anne

er

nodi

g/w

ekel

ijks

Eval

uatie

ja

arlijk

s

Jaar

lijks

Stad

sdee

l/m

edeb

ehe

erde

r

Ove

rig/a

anvu

lling

en

Boo

msp

iege

ls

●Bo

omsp

iege

ls m

ogen

nie

t wor

den

opge

hoog

d. D

e gr

ond

in d

e bo

omsp

iege

l lig

t eve

n ho

og a

ls d

e om

ligge

nde

verh

ardi

ng.

●Bo

omsp

iege

ls m

ogen

pas

van

af v

ijf ja

ar n

a aa

npla

nt w

orde

n be

plan

t.

2727

●Er

mog

en g

een

hekj

es o

f afs

chei

ding

en in

of o

m d

e bo

omsp

iege

ls w

orde

n ge

plaa

tst,

als

d aar

door

de

boom

spie

gel w

ordt

ver

hoog

d.

●Er

mag

nie

ts in

of t

egen

de

bom

en w

orde

n ge

plaa

tst.

●B o

men

behe

er e

n on

derh

oud

valt

onde

r ver

antw

oord

elijk

heid

van

het

sta

dsde

el.

●H

et s

tads

deel

beh

oud

het r

echt

om

boo

msp

iege

ls te

ruim

en a

ls b

epla

ntin

g in

de

boom

spie

gel

wer

kzaa

mhe

den

aan

de b

oom

en

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neer

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onde

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den

dien

t dit

te w

orde

n do

orge

geve

n a a

n BO

RH

, zod

at z

e er

reke

ning

kun

nen

houd

en m

et s

chof

fele

n.

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toep

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n va

n kl

impl

ante

n in

gro

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kken

en

de a

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ant v

an s

terk

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kere

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plan

ten

moe

t b e

perk

t blijv

en o

m b

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rkos

ten

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e na

bij g

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en g

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zien

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n to

t een

min

imum

bep

erkt

te

houd

en