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Developmental Developmental Psychology Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development

Developmental Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development

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Page 1: Developmental Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development

Developmental Developmental PsychologyPsychologyChapter 7: Cognitive Development

Page 2: Developmental Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development

Language DevelopmentLanguage DevelopmentPhonemes

◦Smallest unit of sound in a language◦44 in the English language

More than the alphabet Why?

_____________◦Smallest unit of meaning in a

language Single words like “help” “boat” Or prefixes and suffixes

Page 3: Developmental Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development

Theories of Language Theories of Language DevelopmentDevelopment

Biological Theory◦Predisposition to learn language at a

certain age◦Language Acquisition Device

Mechanism that allows children to listen to speech and to imitate sound and sound patterns Phonemes at 6 months Words after the 1st year Sentences by age 2 Without exposure to language it cannot be learned

Flaws? Does not explain origins of language just

mechanisms

Page 4: Developmental Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development

Theories of Language Theories of Language DevelopmentDevelopment

Learning Theory◦Language is learned just as other

behavior is learned. Imitation Conditioning Association Reinforcement

◦Flaws?? Spontaneous creations

Page 5: Developmental Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development

Theories of Language Theories of Language DevelopmentDevelopment

Cognitive Theory◦Language develops out of mental

images A direct result of cognitive development Coincides with Piaget’s stages of

cognitive development Language accelerates during the preoperational

stage as symbolic representation increases

◦Flaws? Assumes cognitive understandings prior

to language development

Page 6: Developmental Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development

Theories of Language Theories of Language DevelopmentDevelopment

_____________ Theory◦Emphasizes interaction of both

biological maturation and the role of the environment in language development Consistent with contemporary view of

language

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Page 7: Developmental Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development

Sequence of Language Sequence of Language DevelopmentDevelopment

Prelinguistic Period◦Crying at birth◦Cooing(video) at 2 months◦Babbling(video) at 6 months

Spoken Words- Video◦Appears at about 10 months

Typically only a few words are known By 18 months between 3 to 50 words Two word utterances begin 18 to 24 months

◦Sentences(Video) appear at about 2 to 4 years

Page 8: Developmental Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development

When Your Child Uses Bad When Your Child Uses Bad LanguageLanguage

Video –Warning Language is Offensive

How does a parent deal with this type of language?◦ 1) parents need to avoid using

inappropriate language◦ 2) parents should avoid reinforcing the

language with extra attention and shock◦ 3) allow use of descriptive words like penis,

vagina, anus, urinate◦ 4) parents need to express their disapproval

of this type of language. Parents need to explain the meaning and express why they are disapproving

◦ What would you do to curb this behavior?

Page 9: Developmental Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development

Bilingualism and Bicultural Bilingualism and Bicultural CompetencyCompetency

How many people speak another language?

What are some of the languages you speak?◦Russian◦Farsi◦Spanish◦Tagalog

Those are my guesses!!When did you learn these languages?Do you think in another language?Class Activity

Page 10: Developmental Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development

Piagetian PerspectivePiagetian Perspective_____________Swiss Philosopher

(1896-1980)◦Great contributions

to child education◦Known as the father

of child psychology◦4 stages of cognitive

development◦Video

Page 11: Developmental Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development

Typical Age Range

Description of Stage

Developmental Phenomena

Birth to nearly 2 yearsSensorimotorExperiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing)

•Object permanence•Stranger anxiety•Imitation

About 2 to 6 years

About 7 to 11 years

About 12 through adulthood

PreoperationalRepresenting things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning

•Pretend play•Egocentrism•Language development

Concrete operationalThinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations

•Conservation •Mathematical transformations•Classification

Formal operationalAbstract reasoning

•Abstract logic•Potential for moral reasoning

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment

Page 12: Developmental Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development

Piagetian PerspectivePiagetian PerspectiveSensorimotor Stage

◦ The task is learning to coordinate sensorimotor sequences to solve simple problems.

Page 13: Developmental Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor StageSensorimotor Stage Stage 1: reflexes 0-1 month

Proficiency at sucking, grasping Lack ability to deliberately grasp or suck

Stage 2: primary circular reactions 1-4 months Repetition of pleasurable behavior which occurs by chance (involves own body)

Stage 3: secondary circular reactions 4 – 8 months Repetition of pleasurable behavior which occurs by chance, but involves deliberate

manipulation of object in environment

Stage 4: purposeful coordination of secondary schemes 8-12months Combinations of actions (leaning and grasping) (looking, crawling, grasping)

Stage 5: tertiary circular reactions 12 – 18 months Exploration using new or novel actions Formation of trial and error discovery

Stage 6: mental solutions 18 – 24 months Thinking about problems to develop solutions Internalization of trial and error Accompanied by language formation

Page 14: Developmental Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development

Infancy and Childhood: Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

_____________Video the awareness that things continue

to exist even when not perceived

Page 15: Developmental Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development

Pre Operational StagePre Operational Stage

The child begins to deal with the world symbolically.

Mental images of the world◦Symbolism

Symbolic play Video Pretend Play Video Stars Wars Revealed

Page 16: Developmental Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development

Concrete Operational Concrete Operational StageStage

Children show a greater capacity for logical reasoning

Increase use of hierarchies and classifications

Page 17: Developmental Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development

Concrete Operational Concrete Operational StageStage

4 concrete operations◦1) Combinativity

Combining two or more classes into one larger more comprehensive class Eg. All men and all woman equals all adults

◦2)_____________ Every operation has an operation that

reverses it Eg. All adults except woman equals all men

◦3)Associativity Reaching goals in various ways

(3+6)+5 =14 and (6+5)+3=14◦4)Nullibility

When an operation is combined with its opposite it results in no change Give 3 and take away 3 gives you nothing

Page 18: Developmental Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development

Preoperational vs Preoperational vs Concrete Operational Concrete Operational

ChildChild _______________- Video

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Page 19: Developmental Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development

Infancy and Childhood: Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

Page 20: Developmental Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development

L.S. VygotskyL.S. VygotskySocial contributions to

cognitive development.

________________________________________

Language as the primary tool of cognitive development

1896-1934

Video 1Video 2Video 3

Page 21: Developmental Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development

IntelligenceIntelligenceAlfred Binet (1857-1911)

◦One of the first to approach the measurement of intelligence Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

Mental Age- Chronological Age

David Wechsler Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

(WISC)Raymond Catell

______________ Intelligence Knowledge, skills, vocabulary, general information

______________ Intelligence Thinking, reasoning, perceiving relationships,

problem solving