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Developmental Psychology Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger

Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

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Page 1: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Developmental PsychologyDevelopmental PsychologyUnit 5

Michael Hoerger

Page 2: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan – from Birth to Death!

Includes: ◦Cognitive Development◦Personality Development◦Moral Development◦Social Development◦Sexual Development & Reproduction◦Physiological Development

What is Lifespan What is Lifespan Development?Development?

Page 3: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Multidirectional: The study of change from multiple directions of influence.

◦ Butterfly Effect: One small action or event set of a much larger chain of major events!

5 Perspectives of 5 Perspectives of Developmental PsychDevelopmental Psych

Page 4: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Multicontextual: There are many contexts that affect human development.

Historical events Economic conditions Cultural traditions Race Gender Age Socioeconomic status

5 Perspectives of 5 Perspectives of Developmental PsychDevelopmental Psych

Page 5: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Multicultural: There are many, many cultures around the world!◦Each one is influential◦Each one has separate values,

traditions, living standards, etc. that influence the individuals of that society.

5 Perspectives of 5 Perspectives of Developmental PsychDevelopmental Psych

Page 6: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Multidisciplinary: We have to use many different fields in order to effectively study development. BiologySociologyPsychologyEducationEconomicsReligionHistoryMedicineAnthropologyPolitical ScienceArt/Theater/Music/Cultural Studies

5 Perspectives of 5 Perspectives of Developmental PsychDevelopmental Psych

Page 7: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Plasticity: Developmental changes occur throughout the lifespan and can be drastically altered at any point in time!

5 Perspectives of 5 Perspectives of Developmental PsychDevelopmental Psych

Page 8: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Developmental domains are the main areas of study that focus on developmental changes.

3 Developmental Domains3 Developmental Domains

Page 9: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Biosocial Domain: Studies the influence of social factors on biological development. ◦Examples:

Availability of milk and bone growth Nutrition and neurological development

3 Developmental Domains3 Developmental Domains

Page 10: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Cognitive Domain: Studies the thought processes, perceptual abilities, and language that influence our behavior and development.◦Examples Affecting Brain

Development: Language heuristics Schemas (“scripts”)

3 Developmental Domains3 Developmental Domains

Page 11: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Psychosocial Domain: Studies the interpersonal relationships that influence development. ◦Examples:

Personality studies Relationships with family and friends Relationships with society as a whole

3 Developmental Domains3 Developmental Domains

Page 12: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Internal Factors: Things that are unique to the individual that can influence development. ◦Genetics◦Physical maturation◦Cognition

External Factors: Things that are outside of the individual that can influence development. ◦Socioeconomic status◦Availability of resources◦Social influences

Factors Affecting Factors Affecting DevelopmentDevelopment

Page 13: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Prenatal Development Prenatal Development

Zygote-Fertilized Egg Stages of Fertilized Egg

1. Blastula 2. Gastrula 3. Embryo

Dating a Pregnancy◦ Maternal Gestation: Counted from the 1st

day of Mother’s last menstrual cycle◦ Fetal Gestation: Counted from the

estimated date of fertilization, up to 5 days past ovulation

Page 14: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Prenatal Development Prenatal Development

Periods of Pregnancy: ◦ Zygote Period: Fertilization ->

Completion of Implantation ~ 1-5 Post-Ovulation – 14 Days Typically from Day s 14-30 of Mother’s

Menstrual Cycle

◦ Embryonic Period: Implantation -> Formation of the major organs

Typically from around the day Mother’s missed menstrual cycle is due to around 4-6 weeks later, (weeks 4 to 6-8)

◦ Fetal Period: Presence of organs -> birth

Page 15: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Newborn Capacities Newborn Capacities

Not a great deal of control over musclesMovements of their eyes, mouthMore reflexive movements take place as months

passBy 5 Months: Extensive visual experience before

crawling and reaching for objects◦ Responds to sounds, but sucking response lessened

when other new sounds are introduced.

Page 16: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Responding to the Responding to the EnvironmentEnvironment

Habituation: Decreased response to repeated stimuli

Dishabituation: A Stimulus change that produces an increase in a previously habituated response

Research Example: The Case of Little Albert

Remember Previous Theories: ◦Classical Conditioning, Operant

Conditioning, Social Learning Theory

Page 17: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Developed by Urie BronfenbrennerStates that development occurs as a

result of interactions with the environment.

Based on ecological models of ecosystems◦Human development occurs as we try to

survive the ecosystem of our world!◦Each context that impacts development

has its own level in the model.

Ecological ApproachEcological Approach

Page 18: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Ecological ApproachEcological ApproachIndividual:

Factors directly impacting the individual. SexAgeHealth

Page 19: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Ecological ApproachEcological ApproachMicrosystem:

Factors impacting development that are very close or in direct contact with the individual.

WorkSchoolFamilyPeersNeighborhoodSocial ClubsReligious

Institutions

Page 20: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Ecological ApproachEcological ApproachMesosystem:

Provides a link between each of the individual Microsystem factors. Ex: When you

work 40 hours a week it impacts your ability to study for classes, etc.

Page 21: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Ecological ApproachEcological ApproachExosystem: Factors

impacting development that directly impact the Microsystem, but may not directly contact the Individual.

NeighborsFriends of FamilyMass MediaSocial WelfarePoliticsSchoolsMedical Institutions

Page 22: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Ecological ApproachEcological ApproachMacrosystem:

Factors impacting development that directly impact the other systems, but do not have direct contact with the Individual. The individual may not be able to affect this level even if they try.

CultureSocietal ValuesCustomsLawsGovernment

Page 23: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Ecological ApproachEcological ApproachChronosystem: This

level considers the impact of time and major life events on the individual.

Births Deaths Marriage Divorce Job Changes Moving Sociocultural

Changes with time (ex. WOMEN in the work force!)

Page 24: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development: Personality develops based on changes in the libido (sexual energy) and fixation on erogenous zones. ◦5 stages of Psychosexual

Development◦Personality is determined by the first

3 stages and is fixed by the age of 5

Psychoanalytic TheoriesPsychoanalytic Theories

Page 25: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Age Stage CharacteristicsBirth to 1 year Oral Stage •Infant receives pleasure from oral actions

•Biting•Sucking•chewing)

•Weaning is the single most important behavior associated with this stage.

1-3 years Anal Stage •Child receives pleasure from the anus and defecation. •The psychological goal of the child is independence and autonomy.•The most important behavior in this state is toilet training.

3-6 years Phallic Stage •Child receives pleasure from genitals and genital stimulation. •Freud also believes that boys are proud of their penis and girls are puzzled about why they don’t have one.

7-11 years Latency Stage •Child does not have significant psychosexual development. •Child focuses on friendships and social skills.

12 years- adulthood

Genital Stage •Genitals are the focus of pleasurable feelings. •Young person seeks sexual satisfaction in relationships.

Stages of Psychosexual Stages of Psychosexual DevelopmentDevelopment

Page 26: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Oedipal Complex: The belief that little boys resent the relationship that their fathers have with their mothers, and as a result, harbor a latent desire to murder their fathers and marry/engage in sexual relations with their mothers.

Electra Complex: The belief that little girls resent the relationship that their mothers have with their fathers, and as a result, harbor a latent desire to rebel against their mothers and marry their fathers (or someone eerily similar!)

Psychoanalytic TheoriesPsychoanalytic Theories

Page 27: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Freud is widely accepted as a noted theorist, even today. However…

Criticisms: ◦Lack of scientific research◦Subjects Freud observed were often

greatly disturbed◦First 2 stages of psychosexual

development theory still unsupported using studies of children with normal development

Psychoanalytic TheoriesPsychoanalytic Theories

Page 28: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Theory developed by Erik Erikson8 stages at least partly influenced

by Freud’s theory of Psychosexual Development

Each stage is a “crisis” that the person must resolve somewhere along a continuum..◦There is a potential positive and

potential negative resolution for each!

Stages of Psychosocial Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentDevelopment

Page 29: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Stages of Psychosocial Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentDevelopment

Page 30: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

2 stages are being considered as additions to the original 8: ◦GROUP Identity vs GROUP Identity

Diffusion Who am I as a group? A band member? A

cheer-leader?◦Mortality vs. Immortality

Have I not made a difference, allowing my memory to be forgotten when I’m gone? Or will I live on through the next generation?

Disengagement Theory: Social circles narrow as the person disengages from life

Stages of Psychosocial Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentDevelopment

Page 31: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment

Jean Piaget: Children active participation in constructing new mental processes through environmental interactionsSchema: Organized way of interacting with the objects in your world

◦Assimilation: The process in which an individual applies an old schema to new items◦Accommodation: Changes or modifies an old schema to fit a new item

An infant may grasp an new item in a different way to accommodate the different size and shape of the item

◦Equilibration: A level of harmony or balance between assimilation and accommodation

Page 32: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment

Age Stage DescriptionInfancy Sensorimotor

Stage•Child experiences the word through their sense. •“The Little Scientists”•Object Permanence: The ability to understand that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible.

Page 33: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development - SensorimotorDevelopment - Sensorimotor

Age Stage DescriptionBirth to 1 Month

Primary Circular Reactions – Stage 1

•Development of reflexes

1-4 Months

Primary Circular Reactions – Stage 2

•Adaptation•1st Schemas – Assimilation & Accommodation•Coordination of Reflexes

4-8 Months

Secondary Circular Reactions – Stage 1

•Object Permanence•Separation Anxiety

Page 34: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development - SensorimotorDevelopment - Sensorimotor

Age Stage Description8-12 Months

Secondary Circular Reactions – Stage 2

•Adaptation to Environment•Anticipation•Goal-Directed Behavior

12-18 Months

Tertiary Circular Reactions – Stage 1

•“Little Scientist” Replication•Experimentation•Use of Objects as Tools

18-24 Months

Tertiary Circular Reactions – Stage 2

•Symbolic Thought•Mental Problem-Solving•Deferred Imitation

Page 35: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Age Stage Description2 years old

Preoperational Stage

•Child can think symbolically (e.g. thinking of the past and future, using language, playing pretend). •There is a large growth in vocabulary and use of words and symbols in this stage.•Children LACK operations (the ability to mentally manipulate objects).•Egocentric: Children in this stage cannot distinguish between their own perspective and the perspectives of others.

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment

Page 36: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Age Stage DescriptionSchool aged

Concrete Operational Stage

•Children can think logically and consistently about features in their world that are real and concrete. •Children are capable of abstract reasoning and performing operations as long as it is in terms of concrete objects.

•EX: A > B, B > C, which is greater, A or C? – NO•EX: Adam is taller than Bill, Bill is taller than Charlie, who’s taller, Adam or Charlie? – YES!

•The schema of conservation (i.e. knowing that changing the shape of things does not change the amount) is formed during this time.•Egocentrism begins to disappear.

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment

Page 37: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Age Stage DescriptionAdolescents and Adults

Formal Operational Stage

•Individuals are able to think on many different planes:

•Hypothetically•Abstractly•Speculatively•Rationally

•Deductive reasoning and learning to consider possibilities also occurs in this stage.

Some Adults Post-Formal Operational Stage

•Individuals are able to think on many different levels, building on formal operational thought. •Individuals are able to mentally manipulate even complex, abstract ideas.

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment

Page 38: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) by Lev Vygotsky◦The difference between what a learner

can do on their own, and with a little bit of guidance/help from an instructor.

Scaffolding: The process of introducing new ideas with sufficient support so that the student can learn and achieve on a level they would not be capable of on their own.

Other Cognitive TheoriesOther Cognitive Theories

Page 39: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Moral DevelopmentMoral DevelopmentLawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development: May be based roughly on the cognitive development of Jean Piaget. ◦Broken down into 3 Levels, with 2 stages in each level.

◦Tests to determine which stage the individual are in are dependent on responses to Kohlberg’s Dilemmas.

Page 40: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Moral DevelopmentMoral DevelopmentLevel 1: Pre-Conventional: Moral

choices are based on reward and punishment. ◦Stage 1: Might Makes Right aka

Punishment-Obedience Obedience to authority is to avoid

punishment, while still furthering self-interest.

Very young children◦Stage 2: Looking Out For Number One

aka Tit-for-Tat aka Quid Pro Quo aka You Scratch My Back, I’ll Scratch Your Moral decisions are based on what the

individual can get out of the situation. Young/elementary aged children

Page 41: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Moral DevelopmentMoral DevelopmentLevel 2: Conventional: Moral

decisions are based on laws and trying to appear “good” to others. ◦Stage 3: Good Girl/Nice Boy aka

Conformity aka Instrumental Conformity Moral decisions are based on what will

make others like and approve of the individual.

Middle school aged children. ◦Stage 4: Law and Order aka Law of

the Land aka Judgment Moral decisions are based on being a

good, law-abiding citizen. Teenagers and many adults.

Page 42: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Moral DevelopmentMoral DevelopmentLevel 3: Post-Conventional:

Moral decisions are based on using one’s own conscience to decide right and wrong. ◦Stage 5: Social Contract aka Social Conformity aka Social Contract and Individual Rights Moral decisions are based on a social

contract stating that the laws in place are for the greater good of society. Any deviance will violate this contract and could lead to chaos.

Only a small portion of society.

Page 43: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Moral DevelopmentMoral DevelopmentLevel 3: Post-Conventional: Moral

decisions are based on using one’s own conscience to decide right and wrong. ◦Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles aka Universal Principles Moral decisions are based on a universal

values and rights that all individuals deserve. Life, Love, Peace, Happiness, Property, Education, etc.

Only a handful of people have ever coded into this category.

Page 44: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Moral DevelopmentMoral DevelopmentGilligan continued Kohlberg’s

theory, stating that..◦Girls tend to develop morals based

on compassion and care◦Boys tend to develop morals based

on justice and judgment

Page 45: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Developmental StudiesDevelopmental Studies

Research Methods◦ Different designs to investigate

development

Cross-sectional study◦ Comparison of different groups or

individuals of different ages at the same time

◦ One difficulty arises to determine if the differences between two group are due to age itself

Cohort Effect: People born in one era differ from those born in different era

Page 46: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Developmental StudiesDevelopmental Studies

Longitudinal Studies: Single group of people followed over a time span ◦Selective Attrition: A certain number of people will end up leaving the study no matter what you do. Ex: Older people Die, become disinterested,

get sick etc.

These will be discussed more later!

Page 47: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Temperament: The core, genetically-based portion of personality tied to the biological responses of the child. ◦Easy-Going: 70%◦Slow-To-Warm Up: 15%◦Difficult: 10%◦Mixed: 5%

Environmental Fit is important!

PersonalityPersonality

Page 48: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Attachment TheoryAttachment TheoryAttachment: Long-term feeling of closeness between people

In Erickson’s Theory attachment is a part of trust that occurs during the “Trust vs Mistrust” stage for infants

Biological needs 1st year of life infant forms attachment to parents

Ainsworth’s Strange Situation is designed to measure infant attachment

Page 49: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Test: ◦Bring parent and infant into

an experimental room◦Parent allows infant to

explore◦Stranger enters room with

parent◦Parent leaves

inconspicuously◦Stranger interacts with infant◦Parent returns and comforts

infant

Parent-Child InteractionsParent-Child Interactions

Page 50: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Test: ◦Stranger and parent

leave◦New stranger enters

while infant is alone◦Parent enters the

room, picks up infant, stranger leaves

Parent-Child InteractionsParent-Child Interactions

Page 51: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Test: Attachment Styles

Parent-Child InteractionsParent-Child Interactions

Page 52: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Stranger WarinessSeparation AnxietySchool AnxietyAvoidant BehaviorsFears tend to be adapted as

learned behaviors!ALL separation-based fears begin

appearing when the baby becomes mobile

Childhood FearsChildhood Fears

Page 53: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Diana Baumrind’s Parenting Styles

The Parent-Child The Parent-Child RelationshipRelationship

Page 54: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Early Maturation: Maturing physically before peers. ◦ Boys: POSITIVE!

“He’s the man!”◦ Girls: NEGATIVE!

“She’s boy-crazy” – makes no difference if she even dates

Can lead to a poor body image or eating disorders

Late Maturation: Maturing physically after peers. ◦ Boys: NEGATIVE!

“He’s a wimp/geek/dork/etc”◦ Girls: Not nearly as bad!

PubertyPuberty

Page 55: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Adolescents go through Erikson's stages…◦Group Identity vs Group Identity Diffusion

◦Identity vs Identity Diffusion

Identity DevelopmentIdentity Development

Page 56: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

James Marcia developed 4 Identity Statuses that adolescents move through.◦Statuses are based on exploration of potential identities and commitment to the current identity.

Identity DevelopmentIdentity Development

Page 57: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

High Commitment

Low Commitment

High Exploration

Identity Achievement: The person has explored multiple roles and settled into an identity they comfortable with and committed to.

Moratorium: A pause in commitment where adolescence explore multiple alternatives and roles with no decision.

Low Exploration

Foreclosure: Acceptance of parents’ values and goals without exploring other options.

Identity Diffusion: Adolescent is wracked with uncertainty and confusion. There is no commitment and no exploration present.

Identity DevelopmentIdentity Development

Page 58: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Marcia stated that…◦Identity achievement is the

healthiest.◦Moratorium is a normal state that

all adolescents go through◦Foreclosure and Identity Diffusion are unhealthy.

Identity DevelopmentIdentity Development

Page 59: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Permissive parents can lead an adolescent to lack confidence and be depressed.

Authoritative parents are the best for contributing to the development of freedom and unique identities.

A sudden switch from authoritative or permissive styles that allow children freedom to a controlling manner in adolescence can be highly damaging.

Parental InfluenceParental Influence

Page 60: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Piaget’s Formal Operation Thought brings…◦Hypothetical Thought: The ability

to think about hypothetical situations and potential consequences.

◦Deductive Reasoning: The ability to use logical steps to form specific conclusions.

◦Inductive Reasoning: The ability to form a general conclusion from specific experiences or facts.

Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

Page 61: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

David Elkind’s theory of Adolescence: ◦Adolescent Egocentrism: A return

to a state similar to egocentrism of childhood, where adolescents focus on themselves and nobody else! Focus becomes predominately on

what others might think of them.

Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

Page 62: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

David Elkind’s theory of Adolescence: ◦Invincibility Fable: The belief that

the bad things in the world will never happen to them. DOES NOT mean that they actually

think they are immortal or immune, just that they don’t think it would happen to them.

Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

Page 63: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

David Elkind’s theory of Adolescence: ◦Personal Fable: The belief that their life is

unique/heroic/mythical and that nobody has ever experienced what they are going through before.

◦ Imaginary Audience: The belief that everyone is interested in them and their life, and that they are constantly being watched and evaluated. Can cause teens to hyper-focus on things that

really aren’t that important! Ex. I can’t go to school today, EVERYONE will notice

my bad hair day/acne/generic clothes/etc.

Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

Page 64: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Roles: The “act” we play in certain situations◦Role Conflict◦Role Overload◦Role Buffering

RolesRoles

Page 65: Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan –

Death ProcessDeath ProcessKubler-Ross’s Stages of Death &

Dying◦Denial◦Anger◦Bargaining◦Depression◦Acceptance