did bible borrows from other religions

8/16/2019 did bible borrows from other religions

1/126

http://www.gutenberg.org/fles/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm

The Project Gutenberg EBook of Bible Myths and their Parallels in other

Religions, by T. W. Doane

This eBook is for the use of anyone anyhere at no cost and ith

al!ost no restrictions hatsoe"er. #ou !ay co$y it, gi"e it aay or

re%use it under the ter!s of the Project Gutenberg &icense included

ith this eBook or online at .gutenberg.org

Title' Bible Myths and their Parallels in other Religions

Being a (o!$arison of the )ld and *e Testa!ent Myths and

Miracles ith those of the +eathen *ations of nti-uity

(onsidering also their )rigin and Meaning

uthor' T. W. Doane

Release Date' $ril , /010 2EBook 34155672&ast u$dated' ugust //, /01/7

&anguage' English

(haracter set encoding' 89)%556:%1

;;; 9TRT )< T+89 PR)=E(T G>TE*BERG EB))? B8B&E M#T+9 ;;;

Produced by Marilynda


2/126

with popups! o#er your mouse o#er the line to see the correction! & complete list o%

corrections %ollowsthe text!

(llipses match the original! The )ist o% *llustrations was added by the transcriber!

+ther notes %ollow the text!

,"g i-

BIBLE MYT!

"#$ TEI%

&"%"LLEL! I# 'TE% %ELI(I'#!

BEI#( " )'M&"%I!'# '* TE'l+ ,n+ #ew Test,ment Mths ,n+ Mr,les

0IT

T'!E '* E"TE# #"TI'#! '* "#TI2ITY

)'#!I$E%I#( "L!'

TEI% '%I(I# "#$ ME"#I#(

B Y T. 0. $'"#E

WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#TNhttp://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#TNhttp://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#TNhttp://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#TNhttp://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#TN


3/126

!EE#T E$ITI'#

. He who knows only one religion knows none../"0+1! 2&3 24))(0 !

.The same thing which is now called 50*6T*&N 0 ()*G*+N existed among the

&ncients! They ha#e begun to call 5hristian the true religion which existed be%ore!./

6T! &4G46T*N(!

.+ur lo#e %or what is old7 our re#erence %or what our %athers used7 makes us keep still

in the church7 and on the #ery altar cloths7 symbols which would excite the smile o%

an Oriental 7 and lead him to wonder why we send missionaries to his land7 while

cherishing his %aith in ours!./8&2(6 9+N*5; !

,"g ii-

)'&Y%I(T4188.

)'&Y%I(T %E#E0E$41617

&rnte+ n 2.!.".

,"g iii-

I#T%'$2)TI'#.

The idea o% publishing the work here presented did not suggest itsel% until a large

portion o% the material it contains had been accumulated %or the pri#ate use and personal grati%ication o% the author! *n pursuing the study o% the 9ible 2yths7 %acts

pertaining thereto7 in a condensed %orm7 seemed to be greatly needed7 and nowhere to

be %ound! idely scattered through hundreds o% ancient and modern #olumes7 most o%

the contents o% this book may indeed be %ound< but any pre#ious attempt to trace

exclusi#ely the myths and legends o% the +ld and New Testament to their origin7


4/126

published as a separate work7 is not known to the writer o% this! 2any able writers

ha#e shown our so=called 6acred 6criptures to be unhistorical7 and ha#e pronounced

them largely legendary7 but ha#e there le%t the matter7 e#idently aware o% the great

extent o% the sub>ect lying beyond! &s Thomas 6cott remarks7 in his English Life of

Jesus: . How these narrati#es ?i. e.7 the New Testament narrati#es@7 unhistorical as theyha#e been shown to be7 came into existence7 it is not our business to explain< and once

again7 at the end o% the task7 as at the beginning and throughout7 we must emphatically

disclaim the obligation!. To pursue the sub>ect %rom the point at which it is abandoned

by this and many other distinguished writers7 has been the labor o% the author o% this

#olume %or a number o% ,"g i#-years! The result o% this labor is herewith submitted to

the reader7 but not without a pain%ul consciousness o% its many imper%ections!

The work naturally begins with the (den myth7 and is %ollowed by a consideration o%

the principal +ld Testament legends7 showing their uni#ersality7 origin and meaning! Next will be %ound the account o% the birth o% 5hrist 8esus7 with his history until the

close o% his li%e upon earth7 showing7 in connection therewith7 the uni#ersality o% the

myth o% the $irgin=born7 5ruci%ied and 0esurrected 6a#iour!

9e%ore showing the origin and meaning o% the myth ?which is done in 5hapter

333*3!@7 we ha#e considered the Miracles of Christ Jesus7 the Eucharist 7 Baptism7

theorship of the !irgin7 Christian "ymbols7 the Birth#ay of Christ Jesus7

the $octrine of the %rinity7 hy Christianity &rospere# 7 and the 'nti(uity of &agan

)eligions7 besides making a comparison o% the legendary histories o% Crishna an#

Jesus7 and Bu##ha an# Jesus! The concluding chapter relates to the Auestion7 hat do

we really know about 8esusB

*n the words o% "ro%! 2ax 2Cller ?%he "cience of )eligion7 p! DD@: .& comparison o%

all the religions o% the world7 in which none can claim a pri#ileged position7 will no

doubt seem to many dangerous and reprehensible7 because ignoring that peculiar

re#erence which e#erybody7 down to the mere %etish worshiper7 %eels %or his own

religion7 and %or his own god! )et me say7 then7 at once7 that * mysel% ha#e shared

these misgi#ings7 but that * ha#e tried to o#ercome them7 because * would not and

could not allow mysel% to surrender either what * hold to be the truth7 or what * hold

still dearer than truth7 the right o% testing truth! Nor do * regret it! * do not say that

the"cience of )eligion is all gain! No7 it entails losses7 and losses o% many things

which we hold dear! 9ut this * will say7 that7 as %ar as my humble >udgment goes7 it

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#CHAPTER_XXXIXhttp://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#CHAPTER_XXXIXhttp://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#CHAPTER_XXXIXhttp://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#CHAPTER_XXXIX


5/126

does not entail the loss o% anything that is essential to true religion7 and that7 i% we

strike the balance honestly7 the gain is immeasurably greater than the loss!.

,"g #-

.&ll truth is sa%e7 and nothing else is sa%e< and he who keeps back the truth7 or

withholds it %rom men7 %rom moti#es o% expediency7 is either a coward or a criminal7

or both!.

9ut little beyond the arrangement o% this work is claimed as original! *deas7 phrases7

and e#en whole paragraphs ha#e been taken %rom the writings o% others7 and in most7

i% not in all cases7 acknowledged< but with the thought in mind o% the many hours o%

research this book may sa#e the student in this particular line o% study< with the

consciousness o% ha#ing done %or others that which * would ha#e been thank%ul to

ha#e %ound done %or mysel%< and more than all7 with the hope that it may in some way

help to hasten the day when the mist o% superstition shall be dispelled by the light o%

reason< with all its de%ects7 it is most cheer%ully committed to its %ate by the author!

9+6T+N7 2&66!7 *o+ember, -/!

,"g #i-

,"g #ii-

)'#TE#T!.

&"%T I.

&"(E

I#T%'$2)TI'#

LI!T '* "2T'%ITIE!4 "#$ B''! 2'TE$ *%'M 9

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_iiihttp://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_xihttp://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_iiihttp://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_xi


6/126

)"&TE% I.

TE )%E"TI'# "#$ *"LL '* M"# 1

)"&TE% II.

TE $EL2(E 16

)"&TE% III.

TE T'0E% '* B"BEL 33

)"&TE% I.

TE T%I"L '* "B%""M! *"IT 3;

)"&TE% .

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_1http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_19http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_33http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_36http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_xihttp://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_xihttp://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_1http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_19http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_33http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_36


7/126

.

.

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_42http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_48http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_58http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_62http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_77http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_42http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_48http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_58http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_62http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_77


8/126

)I%)2M)I!I'# 85

)"&TE% >I.

)'#)L2!I'# '* &"%T *I%!T 88

&"%T II.

)"&TE% >II.

TE MI%")2L'2! BI%T '* )%I!T


9/126

)"&TE% >.

TE $II#E )IL$ %E)'(#ICE$4 "#$ &%E!E#TE$ 0IT (I*T! 157

)"&TE% >I.

TE BI%T-&L")E '* )%I!T


10/126

)"&TE% >>.

TE )%2)I*I>I'# '* )%I!T >II.

DE $E!)E#$E$ I#T' ELL.D 11

)"&TE% >>III.

TE %E!2%%E)TI'# "#$ "!)E#!I'# '* )%I!T


11/126

)"&TE% >>.

)%I!T


12/126

)"&TE% >>>.

TE E2)"%I!T '% L'%$! !2&&E% 375

)"&TE% >>>I.

B"&TI!M 31;

)"&TE% >>>II.

TE 0'%!I& '* TE I%(I# M'TE% 3;

)"&TE% >>>III.

)%I!TI"# ! YMB'L! 336

)"&TE% >>>I.

TE BI%T-$"Y '* )%I!T


13/126

)"&TE% >>>.

TE T%I#ITY 3;8

?&g 9A)"&TE% >>>I.

&"("#I!M I# )%I!TI"#ITY 38=

)"&TE% >>>II.

0Y )%I!TI"#ITY &%'!&E%E$ =16

)"&TE% >>>III.

TE "#TI2ITY '* &"("# %ELI(I'#! =57

)"&TE% >>>I>.

E>&L"#"TI'# =;;

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_368http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_384http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_419http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_450http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_466http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_368http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_384http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_419http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_450http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_466


14/126

)"&TE% >L.

)'#)L2!I'# 578

"&&E#$I> 531

LI!T '* ILL2!T%"TI'#!

*g. 1 *g. 17 *g. 16 *g. 8 *g. 3

*g. *g. 11 *g. 7 *g. 6 *g. 38

*g. 3 *g. 1 *g. 1 *g. 37 *g. 36

*g. = *g. 13 *g. *g. 31 *g. =7

*g. 5 *g. 1= *g. 3 *g. 3 *g. =1

*g. ; *g. 15 *g. = *g. 33 *g. =

*g. *g. 1; *g. 5 *g. 3= *g. =3

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_508http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_531http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_1http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_10http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_19http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_28http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_37http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_2http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_11http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_20http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_29http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_38http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_3http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_12_15http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_21http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_30http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_39http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_4http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_12_15http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_22http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_31http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_40http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_5http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_12_15http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_23http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_32http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_41http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_6http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_12_15http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_24http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_33http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_42http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_7http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_16http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_25http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_34http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_43http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_508http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Page_531http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_1http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_10http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_19http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_28http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_37http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_2http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_11http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_20http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_29http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_38http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_3http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_12_15http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_21http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_30http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_39http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_4http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_12_15http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_22http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_31http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_40http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_5http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_12_15http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_23http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_32http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_41http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_6http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_12_15http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_24http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_33http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_42http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_7http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_16http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_25http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_34http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_43


15/126

*g. 8 *g. 1 *g. ; *g. 35

*g. 6 *g. 18 *g. *g. 3;

,"g xi-

LI!T

'*

"2T'%! "#$ B''! 2'TE$

I# TI! 0'%.

"BB'T L YM"#F. " $ton,r oG %elgous nowle+ge4 Gor&opul,r ,n+ &roGesson,l 2seH omprsng

Gull nGorm,ton on Bbl,l4 Theolog,l4,n+ Eles,st,l !ubets. E+te+ b %[email protected],n "bbott4 ,ssste+ b %e@. T.


16/126

"LLE# %E. $. '.F. In+,4 "nent ,n+ Mo+ern4 b $,@+ '. "llen4$. $.4 Msson,r oG the "mer,n Bo,r+ Gortwent-f@e e,rs n In+,. Lon+on: Trbner

K )o.4 185;.

"MBE%LY I!)'2#TF. "n "n,lss oG %elgous BeleG4 b sount"mberl4 Grom the l,te Lon+on E+ton.#ew YorJ: $. M. Bennett4 186.

"!I"TI) %E!E"%)E!. "s,t %ese,rhes4 or Tr,ns,tons oG the!oet nsttute+ n Beng,l4 Gor nNurng nthe stor ,n+ "ntNutes4 the "rts4!enes4 ,n+ Lter,ture oG "s,. Lon+on:


17/126

B"%#E! "LBE%TF. #otes4 E9pl,n,tor ,n+ &r,t,l4 on the(ospels4 b %e@. "lbert B,rnes4 n @ols.#ew YorJ: ,rper K Bros.4 18;7.

BE"L !"M2ELF. The %om,nt Legen+ oG !PJ, Bu++h,4 Gromthe )hnese !,nsrt beng , tr,nsl,ton oG the *o-pen-hngF4 b !,muel Be,l. Lon+on:

Trbner K )o.4 185.

BELL


18/126

B%I#T'# $"#IELF. The Mths oG the #ew 0orl+: " Tre,tse on the!mbolsm ,n+ Mtholog oG the %e+ %,eoG "mer,4 b $,nel Brnton4 ". M.4 M. $.

#ew YorJ: L. olt K )o.4 18;8.

B%IT"##I)" E#)Y)L'.F. The EnlopQ+, Brt,nn,4 #nth E+ton.

B2)LEY T. ".F. The (re,t )tes oG the "nent 0orl+4 n ther(lor ,n+ ther $esol,ton4 b Theo+ore ".BuJle4 M. ". Lon+on: (. %outle+ge K )o.4185.

B2L*I#) T'M"!F. The "ge oG *,ble4 or Be,utes oG Mtholog4b Thom,s Bulfnh. Boston:


19/126

ontempor,neous e@ents n the hstor oGB,blon,ns4 "ssr,ns4 ,n+ Egpt,ns4 bErnest +e Bunsen. Lon+on: Longm,ns4

(reen K )o.4 18=.

?&g 9A)"LMET. ),lmets $ton,r oG the ol BbleT,lorsF. Lon+on: 168.

)"$0I)


20/126

)'LE#!' %E. %E. (. 0.F. The Mths oG the "r,n #,tons4 b (eorge 0.


21/126

)o94 M. ".4 l,te !hol,r oG Trnt4 '9Gor+4 n @ols. Lon+on: Longm,ns4 (reen K )o.4187.

OO. T,les oG "nent (reee4 b %e@. (eorge 0.)o94 M. ".4 B,rt. Lon+on: ). eg,n &,ul K)o.4 1887.

$"%0I# )"%LE!F.


22/126

)h,rles . $ll,w,. Boston: (oul+4 en+,llK Lnoln4 18=7.

$%"&E%


23/126

*"%%"% *. 0.F. The LGe oG )hrst4 b *re+erJ 0. *,rr,r4 $.$.4 *. %. !.4 l,te *ellow oG Trnt )ollege4),mbr+ge. "lb,n: %uGus 0en+ell4 18;.

*E%(2!!'#


24/126

(IBB'# E$0"%$F. The stor oG the $elne ,n+ *,ll oG the%om,n Empre4 b E+w,r+ (bbon4 EsN.4 n; @ols. &hl,+elph,: )l,9ton4 %emsen K

oWelfnger4 18;.

(ILE!. ebrew ,n+ )hrst,n %eor+s: "n stor,lEnNur onernng the "ge ,n+ "uthorshpoG the 'l+ ,n+ #ew Test,ments4 b the%e@. $r. (les4 n @ols. Lon+on: Trbner K)o.4 18.

(I#!B2%( ). $.F The Essenes: Ther stor ,n+ $otrnesH ,nEss,4 b )h,rles $. (nsburgh. Lon+on:Longm,n4 (reen4 %oberts K (reen4 18;=.

('L$CIE% I.F. Mtholog ,mong the ebrews4 ,n+ tsstor,l $e@elopment4 b Ign,X(ol+Xher4 &h. $.4 Member oG the ung,r,n",+em oG !enes. Tr,nsl,te+ Grom the(erm,n b %ussel M,rtne,u. Lon+on:Longm,ns4 (reen K )o.4 18.

('%I. Etrurshe "lterthmer. Mrnburg: (.Lhtensleger4 17.

(%E( 0. %.F. The )ree+ oG )hrsten+om: Its *oun+,tons

ontr,ste+ wth ts !uperstruture4 b0ll,m %,thbone (reg. $etrot: %ose-BelGor+ &ub. )o.4 188.

(%'!!


25/126

!mbol,l $e@elopment4 b %e@.


26/126

the Te9t oG B,ehr4 b enr ),r4 M. ".#ew YorJ: ,rper K Bros.4 181.

?&g 9@AI((I#! ('$*%EYF.

The )elt $ru+s4 b (o+Gre ggns4 EsN.4 *.%. ". !. Lon+on: unter K )o.4 18.

OO. "n,,lpss: "n EnNur nto the 'rgn oGL,ngu,ges4 #,tons4 ,n+ %elgons4 b(o+Gre ggns4 EsN.4 *. %. !.4 *. %. ". !.4 n @ols. Lon+on: Longm,n4 %ees4 'rne4Brown K Longm,n.

''Y""! I.F. !ee 'ort .F.

2) L"BBF. )hrst,nt n )hn,4 T,rt,r ,n+ Thbet4 bM. L"bbR u4 Gormerl Msson,r"postol n )hn,4 n @ols. Lon+on:Longm,n4 Brown K )o.4 185.

2MB'L$T ". $EF. %ese,rhes onernng the Insttutons ,n+Monuments oG the "nent Inh,bt,nts oGMe9o4 b "le9,n+er +e umbol+t4 n @ols. Tr,nsl,te+ b elen M,r, 0ll,ms.FLon+on: Longm,n4 %ees K )o.4 181=.

OO. &olt,l Ess, on the ng+om oG #ew !p,n4b "le9,n+er +e umbol+t4 n @ols.Tr,nsl,te+ b


27/126

$,@+ ume ,uthor oG umes stor oGEngl,n+F. Boston: *rom the Lon+on E+t. LEY T. .F. E@+ene ,s to M,ns &l,e n #,ture4 b Thom,s . u9le4 *. %. !.4 *. L. !. #ew YorJ: $. "ppleton K )o.4 183.

I(#"TI2!. The Epstle oG Ign,tus4 Bshop oG "ntoh n!r,4 to the Ephes,ns.

OO. The Epstle oG Ign,tus to the M,gnes,ns.

OO. The Epstle oG Ign,tus to the Tr,ll,ns.

OO. The Epstle oG Ign,tus to the &hl,+elph,ns.

I#*"#)Y "&').F. The (ospel oG the InG,n oG


28/126

OO. "nent *,ths ,n+ Mo+ern: " $ssert,tonupon 0orshp4 Legen+s4 ,n+ $@ntes n)entr,l ,n+ 0estern "s,4 Europe4 ,n+

Elsewhere4 beGore the )hrst,n Er,4 b Thom,s Inm,n4 M. $. Lon+on: Trbner K)o. 18;.


29/126

OO. *l,@us


30/126

#"&&E%T


31/126

L2BB')


32/126

M"2%I)E T'M"!F. In+,n "ntNutes: or $ssert,tons on the(eogr,ph,l $@son4 Theolog4 L,ws4(o@ernment ,n+ Lter,ture oG n+ost,n4

omp,re+ wth those oG &ers,4 Egpt ,n+(reee4 b Thom,s M,ure4 n ; @ols.Lon+on: 0. %h,r+son4 16=.

OO. The stor oG n+ost,nH Its "rts ,n+ ts!enes4 ,s onnete+ wth the stor oGthe other (re,t Empres oG "s,4 +urng themost "nent &ero+s oG the 0orl+4 n

@ols.4 b Thom,s M,ure. Lon+on: &rnte+b . L. (,l,bn4 168.

M"2%I)E *. $.F. The %elgons oG the 0orl+4 ,n+ Ther %el,tonto )hrst,nt4 b *re+erJ $ensonM,ure4 M. ".4 &roGessor oG $@nt nngs )ollege. Lon+on:


33/126

". Lon+on: 0ll,ms K #org,te4 181;.

M'%T'# !. (.F. Tpes oG M,nJn+: or Ethnolog,l %ese,rhes

b,se+ upon the "nent Monuments4&,ntngs4 !ulptures4 ,n+ )r,n, oG %,es4b !,muel (eorge Morton4 M. $.&hl,+elph,: Lppnott4 (r,mbo K )o.4185=.

MLLE% M">F. " stor oG "nent !,nsrt Lter,ture4 so G,r,s t llustr,tes the &rmt@e %elgon oG theBr,hmns4 b M,9 Mller4 M. ". Lon+on:0ll,ms K #org,te4 18;7.

OO. Intro+uton to the !ene oG %elgonH *ourLetures +el@ere+ ,t the %o,l Insttuton4wth Two Ess,s on *,lse "n,loges4 ,n+the &hlosoph oG Mtholog4 b *.F M,9Mller4 M. ". Lon+on: Longm,ns4 (reen K)o.4 183.

OO. )hps Grom , (erm,n 0orJshopH b M,9Mller4 M. ".4 n 3 @ols. Lon+on: Longm,ns4(reen K )o.4 18;.

OO. Letures on the 'rgn ,n+ (rowth oG %elgon4

,s Illustr,te+ b the %elgous oG In+,.$el@ere+ n the )h,pel ouse40estmnster "bbe4 b *.F M,9 Mller4 M.". Lon+on: Longm,ns4 (reen K )o.4 188.


34/126

M2%%"Y ". !.F. M,nu,l oG Mtholog4 b "le9,n+er !. Murr,4$ep,rtment oG (reeJ ,n+ %om,n"ntNutes4 Brtsh Museum4 + E+t. #ew

YorJ: "rmstrong K )o.4 18;.

#I)'$EM2! "&').F. The (ospel oG #o+emus the $sple4onernng the !uWerngs ,n+ %esurretonoG 'ur M,ster ,n+ !,@our


35/126

18;.

?&g 99A&'LY)"%&. The Epstle oG &ol,rp to the &hlpp,ns4

tr,nsl,te+ b "rhbshop 0,Je.

&'%TE% !I% %. .F. Tr,@els n (eorg,4 &ers,4 "rmen,4 "nentB,blon,4 K.4 b !r %obert r &orter4 n @ols. Lon+on: Longm,ns4 urst4 %ees4 'rmK Brown4 181.

&%E!)'TT 0M. .F. stor oG the )onNuest oG Me9o4 wth ,prelmn,r @ew oG the "nent Me9,n)@lX,ton4 ,n+ the lGe oG the onNueror4ern,n+o )orteX4 b 0m. . &resott4 n 3@ols. &hl,+elph,:


36/126

*. %. !. #orthumberl,n+: ". enne+4 166.

&%'TE"#(ELI'# "&'). The &rote@,ngelon4 or4 "n stor,l "ount

oG the Brth oG )hrst4 ,n+ the perpetu,lrgn M,r4 s Mother4 b


37/126

0. %hs-$,@+s4 oG the M++le Temple4B,rrster-,t-L,w4 ,n+ l,te oG the )elon)@l !er@e. Lon+on: !o. Gor &romotng

)hrst,n nowle+ge.

!)'TT T'M"!F. The Englsh LGe oG


38/126

B,rnum. #ew YorJ: $. "ppleton K )o.4186.

!MIT (E'%(EF. "ssr,n $so@eres: "n ,ount oGE9plor,tons ,n+ $so@eres on the !te oG#ne@eh +urng 183 ,n+ 18=4 b (eorge!mth4 oG the $ep,rtment oG 'rent,l"ntNut4 Brtsh Museum. #ow YorJ:!rbner4 "rmstrong K )o.4 185.

OO. The )h,l+e,n "ount oG (eness4 ont,nngthe +esrpton oG the )re,ton4 the *,ll oGM,n4 the $eluge4 the Tower oG B,bel4 the

Tmes oG the &,tr,rhs ,n+ #mro+HB,blon,n *,bles4 ,n+ Legen+s oG the(o+s4 Grom the )uneGorm Insrptons4 b(eorge !mth4 oG the Brtsh Museum. #ew

YorJ: !rbner4 "rmstrong K )o.4 18;.

!')%"TE!. The "nent Eles,st,l stor oG !or,tes!hol,stus4 oG )onst,ntnople4 n !e@enBooJs. Tr,nsl,te+ out oG the (reeJ Tongueb Mere+th ,nmer4 $. $. Lon+on: (eorgeMller4 1;3;.

!&E#)E% E%BE%TF. The &rnples oG !oolog4 b erbert!pener4 n @ols. #ew YorJH $. "ppleton K)o.4 18.

!2I%E E. (.F. The !erpent !mbol4 ,n+ the 0orshp oG the%epro,l &rnples oG #,ture n "mer,4b E. (. !Nure4 ". M. #ew YorJ: (eorge &.


39/126

&utn,m4 18;1.

! T"#LEY ". &.F. Letures on the stor oG the


40/126

Tr,nsl,te+ b "rthur Murph. Lon+on:


41/126

E+w,r+ B. Tlor. + E+t. Lon+on:


42/126

0ILLI"M! M'#IE%F. In+,n 0s+omH or E9,mples oG the %elgous4&hlosoph,l4 ,n+ Ethn,l $otrnes oG then+oos4 b Moner 0ll,ms4 M. ".4 &roG. oG

!,nsrt n the 2n@erst oG '9Gor+.Lon+on: 0. . "llen4 185.

OO. n+usmH b Moner 0ll,ms4 M. ".4 $. ). L.4&ublshe+ un+er the $reton oG the)ommttee oG (ener,l Lter,ture ,n+E+u,ton "pponte+ b the !oet Gor&romotng )hrst,n nowle+ge. Lon+on:

18.

0I!$'M "&').F. The BooJ oG 0s+om4 "ttrbute+ to !olomon4ng oG Isr,el.

0I!E I!"") M.F. The M,rtr+om oG


43/126

4ospels7 )ondon7 DJE< 9! 1! estcott's "ur+ey of the History of the Canon of the

*ew %estament 7 th (dit!7 )ondon7 DJEM< 2osheim's Ecclesiastical History7 in K #ols!7

&mer! ed! DJDO< 8! ! 0osses' %acitus an# Bracciolini7 )ondon7 DJEJ< and the writings

o% the 5hristian 1athers7 8ustin 2artyr7 6t! 5lement o% &lexandria7 *renPus7 +rigen7

Tertullian and 2inucius 1elix!

,"g xxi#-

,"g D-

BIBLE MYT!.

&"%T I.

TE 'L$ TE!T"ME#T.

)"&TE% I.

TE )%E"TI'# "#$ *"LL '* M"#.

The +ld Testament commences with one o% its most interesting myths7 that o% the

5reation and 1all o% 2an! The story is to be %ound in the %irst three chapters o%

Genesis7 the substance o% which is as %ollows:

&%ter God created the .ea#ens. and the .(arth7. he said: .)et there be light7 and

there was light7. and a%ter calling the light Hay7 and the darkness Night7 the first day's

work was ended!

God then made the .1irmament7. which completed the secon# day's work!


44/126

Then God caused the dry land to appear7 which he called .(arth7. and the waters he

called .6eas!. &%ter this the earth was made to bring %orth grass7 trees7 Qc!7 which

completed the thir# day's work!

The next things God created were the .6un7.,D:D-

.2oon. and ,"g L-.6tars7. and a%ter hehad set them in the 2irmament 7 the fourth day's work was ended!,L:D-

&%ter these7 God created great .whales7. and other creatures which inhabit the water7

also .winged %owls!. This brought the fifth day to a close!

The work o% creation was %inally completed on the sixth day7,L:L- when God made

.beasts. o% e#ery kind7 .cattle7. .creeping things7. and lastly .man7. whom he created

.male and %emale7. in his own image! ,L:F-

.Thus the hea#ens and the earth were %inished7 and all the host o% them! &nd on

the se+enth,L:- day God ended his work which he had made: and he reste# on the

se#enth day7 %rom all his work which he had made! &nd God blessed the se#enth day7

and sancti%ied it7 because that in it he had reste# %rom all his work which God created

and made!.

&%ter this in%ormation7 which concludes at the thir# #erse o% Genesis ii!7 strange

though it may appear7 another account o% the 5reation commences7 which is

altogether di%%erent %rom the one we ha#e >ust related! This account commences thus:

.These are the generations o% the hea#ens and the earth when they were created7 in the

day ?not days@ that the )ord God made the earth and the hea#ens!.

*t then goes on to say that .the )ord God %ormed man o% the dust o% the

ground7.,L:M- which appears to be the first thing he made! &%ter planting a garden

eastward in (den7,L:K- the )ord God put the man therein7 .and out o% the ground made

the )ord God to grow e#ery tree that is pleasant to the sight7 and good %or %ood<

the %ree of Life7,L:E-

also in the midst o% the garden7 and the %ree of ,"g F- 5nowle#ge o% good and e#il! &nd a ri+er went out o% (den to water the garden7 and %rom thence it

was parted7 and became into four heads!. These four ri+ers were called7 %irst "ison7

second Gihon7 third iddekel7 and the %ourth (uphrates! ,F:D-

&%ter the .)ord God. had made the .Tree o% )i%e7. and the .Tree o% ;nowledge7. he

said unto the man:

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_1:1_1http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_2:1_2http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_2:2_3http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_2:3_4http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_2:4_5http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_2:5_6http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_2:6_7http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_2:7_8http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_3:1_9http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_1:1_1http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_2:1_2http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_2:2_3http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_2:3_4http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_2:4_5http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_2:5_6http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_2:6_7http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_2:7_8http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_3:1_9


45/126

.+% e#ery tree o% the garden thou mayest %reely eat7 but o% the tree o% the knowledge

o% good and e#il7 thou shalt not eat o% it7 for in the #ay that thou eatest thereof thou

shalt surely #ie!. Then the )ord God7 thinking that it would not be well %or man to li#e

alone7 %ormed/out o% the ground/.e#ery beast o% the %ield7 and e#ery %owl o% the

air< and brought them unto &dam to see what he would call them7 and whate#er &damcalled e#ery li#ing creature7 that was the name thereo%!.

&%ter &dam had gi#en names to .all cattle7 and to the %owls o% the air7 and to e#ery

beast o% the %ield7. .the )ord God caused a deep sleep to %all upon &dam7 and he slept7

and he ?the )ord God@ took one o% his ?&dam's@ ribs7 and closed up the %lesh instead

thereo%!.

.&nd o% the rib7 which the )ord God had taken %rom man7 made he a woman7 and

brought her unto &dam!. .&nd they were both naked7 the man and his wi%e7 and theywere not ashamed!.

&%ter this e#erything is supposed to ha#e gone harmoniously7 until a serpent appeared

be%ore the woman,F:L- /who was a%terwards called (#e/and said to her:

.ath God said7 Re shall not eat o% e#ery tree o% the gardenB.

The woman7 answering the serpent7 said:

.e may eat o% the %ruit o% the trees o% the garden: but o% the %ruit o% the tree which is

in the midst o% the garden7 God hath said7 Re shall not eat o% it7 lest ye #ie!.

hereupon the serpent said to her:

,"g -

.Re shall not surely die. ?which7 according to the narrati#e7 was the truth@!

e then told her that7 upon eating the %ruit7 their eyes would be opened7 and that theywould be as go#s7 knowing good %rom e#il!

The woman then looked upon the tree7 and as the %ruit was tempting7 .she took o% the

%ruit7 and did eat7 and ga#e also unto her husband7 and he did eat!. The result

was not death ?as the )ord God had told them@7 but7 as the serpent had said7 .the eyes

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_3:2_10http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_3:2_10


46/126

o% both were opened7 and they knew they were naked7 and they sewe# %ig lea#es

together7 and made themsel#es aprons!.

Towards e#ening ?i. e.7 .in the cool o% the day.@7 &dam and his wi%e .hear# the #oice

o% the )ord God walking in the garden7. and being a%raid7 they hid themsel#es amongthe trees o% the garden! The )ord God not %inding &dam and his wi%e7 said: .here art

thouB. &dam answering7 said: .* heard thy #oice in the garden7 and * was a%raid7

because * was naked7 and * hid mysel%!.

The .)ord God. then told &dam that he had eaten o% the tree which he had

commanded him not to eat7 whereupon &dam said: .The woman whom thou ga#est to

be with me7 she ga#e me o% the tree and * did eat!.

hen the .)ord God. spoke to the woman concerning her transgression7 she blamedthe serpent 7 which she said .beguiled. her! This sealed the serpent's %ate7 %or the .)ord

God. cursed him and said:

.4pon thy belly shalt thou go7 and #ust shalt thou eat all the days o% thy li%e!.,:D-

4nto the woman the .)ord God. said:

.* will greatly multiply thy sorrow7 and thy conception< in sorrow thou shalt bring

%orth children7 and thy desire shall be to thy husband7 an# he shall rule o+er thee!.

4nto &dam he said:

.9ecause thou hast hearkened unto the #oice o% thy wi%e7 and hast eaten o% the tree7 o%

which * commanded thee7 saying7 Thou shalt not eat o% it: cursed is the ground %or thy

sake< in sorrow shalt thou eat o% it all the days o% thy li%e! Thorns also7 and thistles

shall it bring %orth to thee< and thou shalt eat the herb o% the %ield! *n the sweat o% thy

%ace shalt thou eat bread7 till thou return unto the ground7 for out of it wast thou taken6

for #ust thou art, an# unto #ust shalt thou return!.

,"g M-

The .)ord God. then made coats o% skin %or &dam and his wi%e7 with which he

clothed them7 a%ter which he said:

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_4:1_11http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_4:1_11


47/126

.9ehold7 the man is become as one of us7,M:D- to know good and e#il< and now7 lest he

put %orth his hand7 and take also o% the tree o% li%e7 and eat7 and li#e %ore#er. ?he must

be sent %orth %rom (den@!

.6o he ?the )ord God@ dro#e out the man ?and the woman@< and he placed at the easto% the garden o% (den7 5herubims7 and a %laming sword which turned e#ery way7 to

keep the way o% the Tree o% )i%e!.

Thus ends the narrati#e!

9e%ore proceeding to show %rom whence this legend7 or legends7 had their origin7 we

will notice a %eature which is #ery prominent in the narrati#e7 and which cannot

escape the eye o% an obser#ing reader7 i. e.7 the two #ifferent an# contra#ictory

accounts of the creation!

The %irst o% these commences at the %irst #erse o% chapter %irst7 and ends at the third

#erse o% chapter second! The second account commences at the %ourth #erse o% chapter

second7 and continues to the end o% the chapter!

*n speaking o% these contradictory accounts o% the 5reation7 Hean 6tanley says:

.*t is now clear to diligent students o% the 9ible7 that the %irst and second chapters o%

Genesis contain two narrati#es o% the 5reation7 side by side7 di%%ering %rom each other

in most e#ery particular o% time and place and order!.,M:L-

9ishop 5olenso7 in his #ery learned work on the "entateuch7 speaking on this sub>ect7

says:

.The %ollowing are the most noticeable points o% di%%erence between the two

cosmogonies:

.D! *n the %irst7 the earth emerges %rom the waters and is7 there%ore7 saturate# with

moisture!,M:F- *n the second7 the 'whole %ace o% the ground're(uires to be moistene# !,M:-

,"g K-.L! *n the %irst7 the birds and the beasts are created before man!,K:D- *n the second7

man is created before the bir#s an# the beasts!,K:L-

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_5:1_12http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_5:2_13http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_5:3_14http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_5:4_15http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:1_16http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:2_17http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_5:1_12http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_5:2_13http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_5:3_14http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_5:4_15http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:1_16http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:2_17


48/126

.F! *n the %irst7 'all %owls that %ly' are made out o% the waters!,K:F- *n the second 'the

%owls o% the air' are made out o% the groun# !,K:-

.! *n the %irst7 man is created in the image o% God! ,K:M- *n the second7 man is made o%

the dust o% the ground7 and merely animated with the breath o% li%e< and it is only a%ter his eating the %orbidden %ruit that 'the )ord God said7 9ehold7 the man has become as

one of us7 to know good and e#il!' ,K:K-

.M! *n the %irst7 man is made lord o% the whole earth!,K:E- *n the second7 he is merely

placed in the garden o% (den7 'to dress it and to keep it!',K:J-

.K! *n the %irst7 the man and the woman are create# together 7 as the closing and

completing work o% the whole creation7/created also7 as is e#idently implied7 in the

same kind o% way7 to be the complement o% one another7 and7 thus created7 they are blessed together !,K:-

.*n the second7 the beasts and birds are created between the man and the woman! 1irst7

the man is made o% the dust o% the ground< he is placed byhimself in the garden7

charged with a solemn command7 and threatened with a curse i% he breaks it< then the

beasts an# bir#s are ma#e7 and the man gi#es names to them7 and7 lastly7 a%ter all

this7 the woman is ma#e out of one of his ribs7 but merely as a helpmate %or the man!,K:DO-

.The %act is7 that the secon# account o% the 5reation7,K:DD- together with the story o% the

1all7,K:DL- is mani%estly composed by a #ifferent writer altogether %rom him who

wrote the first !,K:DF-

.This is suggested at once by the circumstance that7 throughout the first narrati#e7 the

5reator is always spoken o% by the name (lohim ?God@7 whereas7 throughout

the secon# account7 as well as the story o% the 1all7 he is always called 8eho#ah

(lohim ?)ord God@7 except when the writer seems to abstain7 %or some reason7 %rom

placing the name 8eho#ah in the mouth o% the serpent!,K:D-

This accounts naturally %or the abo#e contradictions! *t would appear that7 %or some reason7 the productions o%

two pens ha#e been here united7 without any re%erence to their inconsistencies!. ,K:DM-

Hr! ;alisch7 who does his utmost to maintain/as %ar as his knowledge o% the truth

will allow/the general historical #eracity o% this narrati#e7 a%ter speaking o%

the first account o% the 5reation7 says:

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:3_18http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:3_18http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:4_19http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:5_20http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:6_21http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:7_22http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:8_23http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:9_24http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:10_25http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:11_26http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:11_26http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:12_27http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:13_28http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:14_29http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:15_30http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:3_18http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:4_19http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:5_20http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:6_21http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:7_22http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:8_23http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:9_24http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:10_25http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:11_26http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:12_27http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:13_28http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:14_29http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:15_30


49/126

.9ut now the narrati#e seems not only to pause7 but to go backward! The grand and

power%ul climax seems at once broken o%%7 and a languid repetition appears to

%ollow! 'nother cosmogony is intro#uce#, which, to complete the perplexity, is, in

many important features, in #irect contra#iction to the former.

. 3t woul# be #ishonesty to conceal these #ifficulties. 3t woul# be weakmin#e#ness an#

cowar#ice. 3t woul# be flight instea# of combat. 3t woul# be an ignoble retreat,

instea# of +ictory. e confess there is an apparent #issonance..,K:DK-

,"g E-

Hr! ;nappert says:,E:D-

.The account o% the 5reation %rom the hand o% the &riestly author is utterly di%%erent

%rom the other narrati+e7 beginning at the %ourth #erse o% Genesis ii! ere we are told

that God created ea#en and (arth in six days7 and rested on the se+enth day7

ob#iously with a #iew to bring out the holiness o% the 6abbath in a strong light!.

Now that we ha#e seen there are two di%%erent and contradictory accounts o% the

5reation7 to be %ound in the %irst two chapters o% Genesis7 we will endea#or to learn i%

there is su%%icient reason to belie#e they are copies o% more ancient legen#s!

e ha#e seen that7 according to the %irst account7 God di#ided the work o% creation

into six days! This idea agrees with that o% the ancient &ersians!

The Send=esta/the sacred writings o% the "arsees/states that the 6upreme being

&huramadU ?+rmud@7 created the uni#erse and man in six successi#e periods o%

time7 in the %ollowing order: 1irst7 the ea#ens< second7 the aters< third7 the (arth<

%ourth7 the Trees and "lants< %i%th7 &nimals< and sixth7 2an! &%ter the 5reator had

%inished his work7 he rested!,E:L-

The esta account o% the 5reation is limited to this announcement7 but we %ind a

more detailed history o% the origin o% the human species in the book

entitled Bun#ehesh7 dedicated to the exposition o% a complete cosmogony! This book

states that &huramadU created the %irst man and women >oined together at the back!

&%ter di#iding them7 he endowed them with motion and acti#ity7 placed within them

an intelligent soul7 and bade them .to be humble o% heart< to obser#e the law< to be

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:16_31http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_7:1_32http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_7:2_33http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_6:16_31http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_7:1_32http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_7:2_33


50/126

pure in their thoughts7 pure in their speech7 pure in their actions!. Thus were born

2ashya and 2ashyUna7 the pair %rom which all human beings are descended! ,E:F-

The idea brought out in this story o% the %irst human pair ha#ing originally %ormed a

single androgynous being with two %aces7 separated later into two personalities by the5reator7 is to be %ound in the Genesis account ?#! L@! .2ale and %emale created he

them7 and blessed them7 and named their name &dam!. 8ewish tradition in the Targum

and Talmud7 as well as among learned rabbis7 allege that &dam was created man and

woman at the same time7 ha#ing two %aces turned in two opposite directions7 and that

the 5reator separated the %eminine hal% %rom him7 in order to make o% her a distinct

person!,E:-

,"g J-

The ancient Etruscan legend7 according to Helitsch7 is almost the same as the

"ersian! They relate that God created the world in six thousand years! *n the %irst

thousand he created the ea#en and (arth< in the second7 the 1irmament< in the third7

the aters o% the (arth< in the %ourth7 the 6un7 2oon and 6tars< in the %i%th7 the

&nimals belonging to air7 water and land< and in the sixth7 2an alone! ,J:D-

Hr! Helitsch7 who maintains to the utmost the historical truth o% the 6cripture story in

Genesis7 yet says:

.hence comes the surprising agreement o% the Etruscan and &ersian legends with

this sectionB ow comes it that the Babylonian cosmogony in 9erosus7 and

the &h7nician in 6anchoniathon7 in spite o% their %antastical oddity7 come in contact

with it in remarkable detailsB.

&%ter showing some o% the similarities in the legends o% these di%%erent nations7 he

continues:

.These are only instances o% that which they ha#e in common! 2or such an account

outsi#e of 3srael, we must, howe+er, conclu#e, that the author of 4enesis i. has no

+ision before him, but a tra#ition..,J:L-

$on 9ohlen tells us that the old Chal#8an cosmogony is also the same!,J:F-

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_7:3_34http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_7:4_35http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_8:1_36http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_8:2_37http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_8:3_38http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_7:3_34http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_7:4_35http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_8:1_36http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_8:2_37http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_8:3_38


51/126

To continue the &ersian legend< we will now show that according to it7 a%ter the

5reation man was tempted7 and fell ! ;alisch,J:- and 9ishop 5olenso,J:M- tell us o% the

"ersian legend that the %irst couple li#ed originally in purity and innocence! "erpetual

happiness was promised them by the 5reator i% they perse#ered in their #irtue! 9ut an

e#il demon came to them in the %orm o% a serpent 7 sent by &hriman7 the prince o% de#ils7 and ga#e them %ruit o% a wonder%ul tree7 which imparted immortality! (#il

inclinations then entered their hearts7 and all their moral excellence was destroyed!

5onseAuently they %ell7 and %or%eited the eternal happiness %or which they were

destined! They killed beasts7 and clothed themsel#es in their skins! The e#il demon

obtained still more per%ect power o#er their minds7 and called %orth en#y7 hatred7

discord7 and rebellion7 which raged in the bosom o% the %amilies!

6ince the abo#e was written7 2r! George 6mith7 o% the 9ritish 2useum7 has

disco#ered cunei%orm inscriptions7 which show conclusi#ely that the 9abylonians hadthis legend o% the 5reation and ,"g -1all o% 2an7 some D7MOO years or more be%ore the

ebrews heard o% it!,:D- The cunei%orm inscriptions relating to the 9abylonian legend

o% the 5reation and 1all o% 2an7 which ha#e been disco#ered by (nglish

archPologists7 are not7 howe#er7 complete! The portions which relate to

the %ree and "erpent ha#e not been %ound7 but 9abylonian gem engra#ings show that

these incidents were e#idently a part o% the original legend! ,:L- The %ree of Life in the

Genesis account appears to correspond with the sacred gro#e o% &nu7 which was

guarded by a sword turning to all the %our points o% the compass! ,:F- & representation o%

this 6acred Tree7 with .atten#ant cherubim7. copied %rom an &ssyrian cylinder7 may

be seen in 2r! George 6mith's .5haldean &ccount o% Genesis!. ,:- 1igure No! D7 which

we ha#e taken %rom the same work7,:M- shows the tree o% knowledge7 %ruit7 and the

serpent! 2r! 6mith says o% it:

.+ne striking and important specimen o% early type in the 9ritish 2useum collection7

has two %igures sitting one on each side o% a tree7 holding out their hands to the %ruit7

while at the back o% one ?the woman@ is scratched a serpent ! e know well that in

these early sculptures none o% these %igures were chance de#ices7 but all representede#ents7 or supposed e#ents7 and %igures in their legends< thus it is e#ident that a %orm

o% the story o% the 1all7 similar to that o% Genesis7 was known in early times in

9abylonia!.,:M-

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_8:4_39http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_8:5_40http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_9:1_41http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_9:2_42http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_9:3_43http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_9:4_44http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_1http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_9:5_45http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_8:4_39http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_8:5_40http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_9:1_41http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_9:2_42http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_9:3_43http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_9:4_44http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Fig_1http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_9:5_45


52/126

This illustration might be used to illustrate the narrati#e o% 4enesis7 and as 1riedrich

Helitsch has remarked ?G! 6mith's Chal#9ische 4enesis@ is capable o% no other

explanation!

2! 0enan does not hesitate to >oin %orces with the ancient commentators7 in seeking to

reco#er a trace o% the same tradition among the "henicians in the %ragments o% 6anchoniathon7 translated into Greek by "hilo o% 9yblos! *n %act7 it is there said7 in

speaking o% the %irst human pair7 and o% Von7 which seems to be the translation

o% Ha++:h ?in "henician ,"g DO- Ha+:th@ and stands in her relation to the other

members o% the pair7 that this personage .has %ound out how to obtain nourishment

%rom the %ruits o% the tree!.

The idea o% the (denic happiness o% the %irst human beings constitutes one o% the

uni#ersal traditions! &mong the (gyptians7 the terrestrial reign o% the god 0U7 who

inaugurated the existence o% the world and o% human li%e7 was a golden age to whichthey continually looked back with regret and en#y! *ts .like has ne#er been seen

since!.

The ancient Greeks boasted o% their .Golden &ge7. when sorrow and trouble were not

known! esiod7 an ancient Grecian poet7 describes it thus:

.2en li#ed like Gods7 without #ices or passions7 #exation or toil! *n happy

companionship with di#ine beings7 they passed their days in tranAuillity and >oy7

li#ing together in per%ect eAuality7 united by mutual con%idence and lo#e! The earthwas more beauti%ul than now7 and spontaneously yielded an abundant #ariety o% %ruits!

uman beings and animals spoke the same language and con#ersed with each other!

2en were considered mere boys at a hundred years old! They had none o% the

in%irmities o% age to trouble them7 and when they passed to regions o% superior li%e7 it

was in a gentle slumber!.


53/126

*n the course o% time7 howe#er7 all the sorrows and troubles came to man! They were

caused by inAuisiti#eness! The story is as %ollows: (pimetheus recei#ed a gi%t %rom

Seus ?God@7 in the %orm o% a beauti%ul woman ?"andora@!

.6he brought with her a #ase7 the lid o% which was ?by the command o% God@7 toremain closed! The curiosity o% her husband7 howe#er7 tempted him to open it7 and

suddenly there escaped %rom it troubles7 weariness and illness %rom which mankind

was ne#er a%terwards %ree! &ll that remained was hope!.,DO:D-

&mong the %hibetans7 the paradisiacal condition was more complete and spiritual!

The desire to eat o% a certain sweet herb depri#ed men o% their spiritual li%e! There

arose a sense o% shame7 and the need to clothe themsel#es! Necessity compelled them

to agriculture< the #irtues disappeared7 and murder7 adultery and other #ices7 stepped

into their place!,DO:L-

The idea that the 1all o% the human race is connected with agriculture is %ound to be

also o%ten represented in the legends o% the (ast &%rican negroes7 especially in the

5alabar legend o% the 5reation7 which presents many interesting points o% comparison

with the biblical story o% the 1all! The %irst human pair are called by a bell at meal=

times to &basi ?the 5alabar God@7 in hea#en< and in place o% the %orbidden tree o%

Genesis are put agriculture ,"g DD-and propagation7 which &basi strictly denies to the

%irst pair! The 1all is denoted by the transgression o% both these commands7 especially

through the use o% implements o% tillage7 to which the woman is tempted by a %emale%riend who is gi#en to her! 1rom that moment man %ell an# became mortal 7 so that7 as

the 9ible story has it7 he can eat bread only in the sweat o% his %ace! There agriculture

is a curse7 a %all %rom a more per%ect stage to a lower and imper%ect one! ,DD:D-

Hr! ;alisch7 writing o% the Garden o% (den7 says:

.The &ara#ise is no exclusi#e %eature o% the early history o% the ebrews! Most of the

ancient nations ha+e similar narrati+es about a happy abo#e, which care #oes not

approach, an# which re;echoes with the soun#s of the purest bliss..,DD:L-

The &ersians supposed that a region o% bliss and delight called He#en7 more beauti%ul

than all the rest o% the world7 tra+erse# by a mighty ri+er 7 was the original abode o%

the %irst men7 be%ore they were tempted by the e#il spirit in the %orm o% a serpent 7 to

partake o% the %ruit o% the %orbidden tree H


54/126

Hr! Helitsch7 writing o% the &ersian legend7 obser#es:

.*nnumerable attendants o% the oly +ne keep watch against the attempts o% &hriman7

o#er the tree H


55/126

&mong the most ancient traditions o% the Hin#oos7 is that o% the .Tree o% )i%e./

called "uice o% which imparted immortality! This most

wonder%ul tree was guarded by spirits! ,DL:-

6till more striking is the indoo legend o% the .(lysium. or ."aradise7. which is as%ollows:

.*n the sacred mountain Meru7 which is perpetually clothed in the golden rays o% the

6un7 and whose lo%ty summit reaches into hea#en7 no sin%ul man can exist! 3t is

guar#e# by a #rea#ful #ragon. *t is adorned with many celestial plants and trees7 and

is watered by four ri+ers7 which thence separate and %low to the %our chie%

directions!.,DL:M-

The indoos7 like the philosophers o% the *onic school ?Thales7 %or instance@7held water to be the %irst existing and all=per#ading principle7 at the same time

allowing the co=operation and in%luence o% an immaterial intelligence in the work o%

creation!,DL:K- & $edic poet7 meditating on the 5reation7 uses the %ollowing expressions:

.Nothing that is was then7 e#en what is not7 did not exist then!. .There was no space7

no li%e7 and lastly there was no time7 no di%%erence between day and night7 no solar

torch by which morning might ha#e been told %rom e#ening!. .Harkness there was7

and all at %irst was #eiled in gloom pro%ound7 as ocean without light!. ,DL:E-

The indoo legend approaches #ery nearly to that preser#ed in the ebrew 6criptures!

Thus7 it is said that 6i#a7 as the 6upreme 9eing7 desired to tempt 9rahmX ?who had

taken human %orm7 and was called 6wayambhura/son o% the sel%=existent@7 and %or

this ob>ect he dropped %rom hea#en a blossom o% the sacred fig tree!

,"g DF-

6wayambhura7 instigated by his wi%e7 6atarupa7 endea#ors to obtain this blossom7

thinking its possession will render him immortal and di#ine< but when he has

succeeded in doing so7 he is cursed by 6i#a7 and doomed to misery and degradation!,DF:D- The sacred *ndian fig is endowed by the 9rahmins and the 9uddhists with

mysterious signi%icance7 as the .Tree o% ;nowledge. or .*ntelligence!.,DF:L-

There is no indoo legend o% the Creation similar to the "ersian and ebrew

accounts7 and 5eylon was ne#er belie#ed to ha#e been the "aradise or home o% our

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_12:4_56http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_12:5_57http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_12:6_58http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_12:7_59http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_13:1_60http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_13:2_61http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_12:4_56http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_12:5_57http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_12:6_58http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_12:7_59http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_13:1_60http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_13:2_61


56/126

%irst parents7 although such stories are in circulation! ,DF:F- The indoo religion states/

as we ha#e already seen/2ount 2eru to be the "aradise7 out o% which went four

ri+ers!

e ha#e noticed that the .Gardens o% "aradise. are said to ha#e been guarded by $ragons7 and that7 according to the Genesis account7 it was 5herubim that

protected (den! This apparent di%%erence in the legends is owing to the %act that we

ha#e come in our modern times to speak o% 5herub as though it were an other name

%or an &ngel! 9ut the 5herub o% the writer o% Genesis7 the 5herub o% &ssyria7 the

5herub o% 9abylon7 the 5herub o% the entire +rient7 at the time the (den story was

written7 was not at all an &ngel7 but an animal7 and a mythological one at that! The

5herub had7 in some cases7 the body o% a lion7 with the head o% an other animal7 or a

man7 and the wings o% a bird! *n (ekiel they ha#e the body o% a man7 whose head7

besides a human countenance7 has also that o% a Lion7 an Ox and an Eagle! They are pro#ided with %our wings7 and the whole body is spangled with innumerable eyes! *n

&ssyria and 9abylon they appear as winged bulls with human %aces7 and are placed at

the gateways o% palaces and temples as guardian genii who watch o#er the dwelling7

as the 5herubim in Genesis watch the .Tree o% )i%e!.

2ost 8ewish writers and 5hristian 1athers concei#ed the 5herubim as &ngels! 2ost

theologians also considered them as &ngels7 until 2ichaelis showed them to be a

mythological animal7 a poetical creation! ,DF:-

,"g D-

e see then7 that our Cherub is simply a $ragon!

To continue our inAuiry regarding the pre#alence o% the (den=myth among nations o%

antiAuity!

The Chinese ha#e their &ge o% $irtue7 when nature %urnished abundant %ood7 and man

li#ed peace%ully7 surrounded by all the beasts! *n their sacred books there is a storyconcerning a mysterious gar#en7 where grew a tree bearing .apples o% immortality7.

guarded by a winged serpent7 called a Hragon! They describe a primiti#e age o% the

world7 when the earth yielded abundance o% delicious %ruits without culti#ation7 and

the seasons were untroubled by wind and storms! There was no calamity7 sickness7 or

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_13:3_62http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_13:4_63http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_13:3_62http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_13:4_63


57/126

death! 2en were then good without e%%ort< %or the human heart was in harmony with

the peace%ulness and beauty o% nature!

The .Golden &ge. o% the past is much dwelt upon by their ancient commentators! +ne

o% them says:

.&ll places were then eAually the nati#e county o% e#ery man! 1locks wandered in the

%ields without any guide< birds %illed the air with their melodious #oices< and the %ruits

grew o% their own accord! 2en li#ed pleasantly with the animals7 and all creatures

were members o% the same %amily! *gnorant o% e#il7 man li#ed in simplicity and

per%ect innocence!.

&nother commentator says:

.*n the %irst age o% per%ect purity7 all was in harmony7 and the passions did not

occasion the slightest murmur! 2an7 united to so#ereign reason within7 con%ormed his

outward actions to so#ereign >ustice! 1ar %rom all duplicity and %alsehood7 his soul

recei#ed mar#elous %elicity %rom hea#en7 and the purest delights %rom earth!.

&nother says:

.& delicious gar#en re%reshed with ephyrs7 and planted with odori%erous trees7 was

situated in the middle o% a mountain7 which was the a#enue o% hea#en! The waters that

moistened it %lowed %rom a source called the ' 2ountain of 3mmortality'! e who drinks

o% it ne#er dies! Thence %lowed four ri+ers! & Golden 0i#er7 betwixt the 6outh and

(ast7 a 0ed 0i#er7 between the North and (ast7 the 0i#er o% the )amb between the

North and est!.

The animal ;aiming guards the entrance!

"artly by an undue thirst %or knowledge7 and partly by increasing sensuality7 and the

seduction o% woman7 man %ell! Then passion and lust ruled in the human mind7 and

war with the animals began! *n one o% the 5hinese sacred #olumes7 called the 5hi=

;ing7 it is said that:

.&ll was sub>ect to man at %irst7 but a woman threw us into sla+ery! The wise husband

raised up a bulwark o% walls7 but the woman, by an ambitious #esire of knowle#ge,

#emolishe# them! +ur misery did not come %rom hea#en7 but from a woman! "he lost


58/126

the human race. &h7 unhappy &oo "ee> thou kindled the %ire ,"g DM-that consumes us7

and which is e#ery day augmenting! +ur misery has lasted many ages! %he worl# is

lost. $ice o#er%lows all things like a mortal poison!.,DM:D-

Thus we see that the 5hinese are no strangers to the doctrine o% original sin! *t is their in#ariable belie% that man is a %allen being< admitted by them %rom time immemorial!

The inhabitants o% Ma#agascar had a legend similar to the (den story7 which is

related as %ollows:

.The %irst man was created o% the #ust of the earth7 and was placed in a gar#en7 where

he was sub>ect to none o% the ills which now a%%ect mortality< he was also %ree %rom all

bodily appetites7 and though surrounded by delicious fruit and limpid streams yet %elt

no desire to taste o% the %ruit or to Aua%% the water! The 5reator had7 moreo#er7 strictly forbi# him either to eat or to #rink ! The great enemy7 howe#er7 came to him7 and

painted to him7 in glowing colors7 the sweetness o% the apple7 and the lusciousness o%

the date7 and the succulence o% the orange!.

&%ter resisting the temptations %or a while7 he at last ate o% the %ruit7 and

conseAuently fell !,DM:L-

& legend o% the 5reation7 similar to the ebrew7 was %ound by 2r! (llis among

the %ahitians7 and appeared in his ."olynesian 0esearches!. *t is as %ollows:

&%ter Taarao had %ormed the world7 he created man out o% arPa7 red earth7 which was

also the %ood o% man until bread was made! Taarao one day called %or the man by

name! hen he came7 he caused him to %all asleep7 and while he slept7 he took out one

o% his i+i7 or bones7 and with it made a woman7 whom he ga#e to the man as his wi%e7

and they became the progenitors o% mankind! The woman's name was 3+i7 which

signi%ies a bone!,DM:F-

The prose (dda7 o% the ancient "can#ina+ians7 speaks o% the .Golden &ge. when allwas pure and harmonious! This age lasted until the arri#al o% woman out o% 8otunheim

/the region o% the giants7 a sort o% .land o% Nod./who corrupted it!,DM:-

*n the annals o% the Mexicans7 the %irst woman7 whose name was translated by the old

6panish writers7 .the woman o% our %lesh7. is always represented as accompanied by a

great male serpent7 who seems to be talking to her! 6ome writers belie#e this to be

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_15:1_64http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_15:2_65http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_15:3_66http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_15:4_67http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_15:1_64http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_15:2_65http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_15:3_66http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_15:4_67


59/126

the tempter speaking to the prime#al mother7 and others that it is intended to represent

the father o% the human race! This 2exican (#e is represented on their monuments as

the mother o% twins!,DM:M-

,"g DK-

2r! 1ranklin7 in his .9uddhists and 8eynes7. says:

.& striking instance is recorded by the #ery intelligent tra#eler ?ilson@7 regarding a

representation o% the 1all o% our %irst parents7 sculptured in the magni%icent temple o%

*psambul7 in Nubia! e says that a #ery exact representation o% &dam and (#e in the

garden o% (den is to be seen in that ca#e7 and that the serpent climbing round the tree

is especially delineated7 and the whole sub>ect o% the tempting o% our %irst parents

most accurately exhibited!.,DK:D-

Nearly the same thing was %ound by 5olonel 5oombs in the "outh of 3n#ia! 5olonel

Tod7 in his .ist! 0a>apoutana7. says:

.& drawing7 brought by 5olonel 5oombs %rom a sculptured column in a ca#e=temple

in the 6outh o% *ndia7 represents the %irst pair at the %oot o% the ambrosial tree7 and

a serpent entwined among the hea#ily=laden boughs7 presenting to them some o% the

%ruit %rom his mouth! The tempter appears to be at that part o% his discourse7 when

OOhs wor+s4 replete wth gule4Into her he,rt too e,s entr,newon:*9e+ on the Grut she g,Xe+.

.%his is a curious sub?ect to be engra+e# on an ancient &agan temple..,DK:L-

6o the 5olonel thought7 no doubt7 but it is not so #ery curious a%ter all! *t is the same

myth which we ha#e %ound/with but such small #ariations only as time and

circumstances may be expected to produce/among di%%erent nations7 in both the +ld

and New orlds!

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_15:5_68http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_16:1_69http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_16:2_70http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_15:5_68http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_16:1_69http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_16:2_70


60/126

1ig! No! L7 taken %rom the work o% 2ont%aucon7 ,DK:F- represents one o% these ancient

"agan sculptures! 5an any one doubt that it is allusi#e to the myth o% which we ha#e

been treating in this chapterB

That man was originally created a per%ect being7 and is now only a %allen and broken

remnant o% what he once was7 we ha#e seen to be a piece o% mythology7 not only

un%ounded in %act7 but7 beyond intelligent Auestion7 pro#ed untrue! hat7 then7 is the

signi%icance o% the exposure o% this mythB hat does its loss as a scienti%ic %act7 andas a portion o% 5hristian dogma7 implyB *t implies that with it/although many

5hristian di#ines who admit this to be a legend7 do not7 ,"g DE-or do not profess7 to see

it/ must fall the whole Ortho#ox scheme, for upon this 2RT the theology of

Christen#om is built ! The doctrine o% the inspiration of the "criptures7 the 2all o% man7

his total #epra+ity7 the 3ncarnation7 the 'tonement 7 the #e+il 7 hell 7 in %act7 the entire

theology o% the 5hristian church7 %alls to pieces with the historical inaccuracy o% this

story7 for upon it is it built6 =tis the foun#ation of the whole structure!,DE:D-

&ccording to 5hristian dogma7 the *ncarnation o% 5hrist 8esus had become necessary7

merely because he ha# to re#eem the e+il intro#uce# into the worl# by the 2all of

man! These two dogmas cannot be separated %rom each other! 3f there was no 2all,

there is no nee# of an atonement, an# no )e#eemer is re(uire#. Those7 then7 who

consent in recogniing in 5hrist 8esus a 4o# and )e#eemer 7 and who7

notwithstanding7 cannot resol#e upon admitting the story o% the 1all o% man to

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_16:3_71http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_17:1_72http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_16:3_71http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_17:1_72


61/126

be historical 7 should exculpate themsel#es %rom the reproach o% inconsistency! There

are a great number7 howe#er7 in this position at the present day!

&lthough7 as we ha#e said7 many 5hristian di#ines do not7 or do not pro%ess to7 see the

%orce o% the abo#e argument7 there are many who do< and they7 regardless o% their scienti%ic learning7 cling to these old myths7 pro%essing to belie#e them7 well knowing

what must follow with their fall ! The %ollowing7 though written some years ago7 will

ser#e to illustrate this style o% reasoning!

The 9ishop o% 2anchester ?(ngland@ writing in the .2anchester (xaminer and

Times7. said:

.The #ery foun#ation of our faith7 the #ery basis of our hopes7 the #ery nearest and

dearest o% our consolations are taken %rom us7 when one line of that sacre# +olume, onwhich we base e+erything, is #eclare# to be untruthful an# untrustworthy!.

The .(nglish 5hurchman7. speaking o% clergymen who ha#e .#oubts7. said7 that any

who are not throughly persuaded .that the "criptures cannot in any particular be

untrue7. should lea#e the 5hurch!

The 0e#! (! Garbett7 2! &!7 in a sermon preached be%ore the 4ni#ersity o% +x%ord7

speaking o% the .historical truth. o% the 9ible7 said:

,"g DJ-

.*t is the clear teaching o% those doctrinal %ormularies7 to which we o% the 5hurch o%

(ngland ha#e expressed our solemn assent7 an# no honest interpretation of her

language can get ri# of it !.

&nd that:

.*n all consistent reason7 we must accept the whole of the inspire# autographs, or

re?ect the whole!.

Hr! 9aylee7 "rincipal o% a theological uni#ersity/ "t. 'i#en=s College /at 9irkenhead7

(ngland7 and author o% a .2anual7. called 9aylee's .!erbal 3nspiration7. written

.chiefly for the youths of "t. 'i#en=s College7. makes use o% the %ollowing words7 in

that work:


62/126

.%he whole Bible7 as a re#elation7 is a declaration o% the mind o% God towards his

creatures on all the sub>ects o% which the 9ible treats!.

.%he Bible is 4o#=s wor# 7 in the same sense as i% he had made use o% no human agent7

but had Himself spoken it !.

.The 9ible cannot be less than #erbally inspired! E+ery wor#, e+ery syllable, e+ery

letter 7 is >ust what it would be7 had God spoken %rom hea#en without any human

inter#ention!.

.(#ery scienti%ic statement is in%allibly correct7 all its history and narrations o% e#ery

kind7 are without any inaccuracy!.,DJ:D-

& whole #olume might be %illed with such Auotations7 not only %rom religious works

and >ournals published in (ngland7 but %rom those published in the 4nited 6tates o%

&merica!,DJ:L-

*''T#'TE!:

,D:D-The idea that the sun7 moon and stars were set in the %irmament was entertained by most nations o%

antiAuity7 but7 as strange as it may appear7 "ythagoras7 the Grecian philosopher7 who %lourished %rom MO

to MDO 9! 5! /as well as other Grecian philosophers/taught that the sun was placed in the centre o% the

uni#erse7 with the planets ro+ing roun# it in a circle 7 thus making day and night! ?6ee ;night's &ncient

&rt and 2ythology7 p! M7 and note!@ The 9uddhists anciently taught that the uni#erse is composed o%

limitless systems or worlds7 called sakwalas!

They are scattered throughout space7 and each sakwala has a sun and moon! ?6ee ardy: 9uddhist

)egends7 pp! JO and JE!@

,L:D-+rigen7 a 5hristian 1ather who %lourished about &! H! LFO7 says: .hat man o% sense will agree with

the statement that the %irst7 second7 and third days7 in which the e+ening is named and the morning 7 werewithout sun7 moon and starsB. ?Yuoted in 2ysteries o% &doni7 p! DEK!@

,L:L-.The geologist reckons not by #ays or by years< the whole six thousand years7 which were until

lately looked on as the sum o% the world's age7 are to him but as a unit o% measurement in the long

succession o% past ages!. ?6ir 8ohn )ubbock!@

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_18:1_73http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_18:2_74http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_1:1_1http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_2:1_2http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_2:2_3http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_18:1_73http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#Footnote_18:2_74http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_1:1_1http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_2:1_2http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_2:2_3


63/126

.*t is now certain that the #ast epochs o% time demanded by scienti%ic obser#ation are incompatible both

with the six thousand years o% the 2osaic chronology7 and the six days o% the 2osaic creation!. ?Hean

6tanley!@

,L:F-.)et us make man in our own likeness7. was said by +rmud7 the "ersian God o% Gods7 to his +0H!

?6ee 9unsen's &ngel 2essiah7 p! DO!@

,L:-The number 6($(N was sacred among almost e#ery nation o% antiAuity! ?6ee ch! ii!@

,L:M-&ccording to Grecian 2ythology7 the God "rometheus created men7 in the image o% the gods7 out of

clay ?see 9ul%inch: The &ge o% 1able7 p! LK< and Goldhier: ebrew 2yths7 p! FEF@7 and the God

ephaistos was commanded by Seus to mold o% clay the %igure o% a maiden7 into which &thZnZ7 the

dawn=goddess7 breathe# the breath of life! This is "andora/the gi%t o% all the gods/who is presented to

(pimetheus! ?6ee 5ox: &ryan 2yths7 #ol! ii!7 p! LOJ!@

,L:K-.hat man is %ound such an idiot as to suppose that God planted trees in "aradise7 in (den7 like a

husbandman!. ?+rigen: Auoted in 2ysteries o% &doni7 p! DEK!@ .There is no way o% preser#ing the literal

sense o% the %irst chapter o% Genesis7 without impiety7 and attributing things to God unworthy o% him!. ?6t!

&ugustine!@

,L:E-.The records about the '%ree of Life' are the sublimest proo%s o% the unity and continuity o% tradition7

and o% its (astern origin! %he earliest recor#s of the most ancient Oriental tra#ition refer to a =%ree of

Life,= which was guar#e# by spirits. The >uice o% the %ruit o% this sacred tree7 like the tree itsel%7 was

called "


64/126

,M:D-.+ur writer unmistakably recognies the existence o% many go#s< %or he makes Rahweh say: '6ee7 the

man has become as +N( +1 467 knowing good and e#il


65/126

,K:DL-Gen! iii!

,K:DF-Gen! i! D=ii! J!

,K:D-Gen! iii! D7 F7 M!

,K:DM-The "entateuch (xamined7 #ol! ii! pp! DED=DEF!

,K:DK-5om! on +ld Test! #ol! i! p! M!

,E:D-The 0elig! o% *srael7 p! DJK!

,E:L-$on 9ohlen: *ntro! to Gen! #ol! ii! p! !

,E:F-)enormant: 9eginning o% ist! #ol! i! p! K!

,E:-6ee *bid! p! K< and )egends o% the "atriarchs7 p! FD!

,J:D-.The (truscans belie#ed in a creation o% six thousand years7 and in the successi#e production o%

di%%erent beings7 the last o% which was man!. ?Hunlap: 6pirit ist! p! FME!@

,J:L-Yuoted by 9ishop 5olenso: The "entateuch (xamined7 #ol! i#! p! DDM!

,J:F-*ntro! to Genesis7 #ol! ii! p! !

,J:-5om! on +ld Test! #ol! i! p! KF!

,J:M-The "entateuch (xamined7 #ol! i#! p! DMJ!

,:D-6ee 5hapter xi!

,:L-2r! 6mith says7 .hate#er the primiti#e account may ha#e been %rom which the earlier part o% the

9ook o% Genesis was copied7 it is e#ident that the brie% narration gi#en in the "entateuch omits a number

o% incidents and explanations/%or instance7 as to the origin o% e#il7 the %all o% the angels7 the wickedness

o% the serpent7 Qc! 6uch points as these are included in the cunei%orm narrati#e!. ?6mith: 5haldean

&ccount o% Genesis7 pp! DF7 D!@

,:F-6mith: 5haldean &ccount o% Genesis7 p! JJ!

,:-*bid! p! J!

,:M-*bid! p! D!

,DO:D-2urray's 2ythology7 p! LOJ!

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_6:12_27http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_6:13_28http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_6:14_29http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_6:15_30http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_6:16_31http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_7:1_32http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_7:2_33http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_7:3_34http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_7:4_35http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_8:1_36http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_8:2_37http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_8:3_38http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_8:4_39http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_8:5_40http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_9:1_41http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#CHAPTER_XIhttp://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#CHAPTER_XIhttp://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_9:2_42http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_9:3_43http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_9:4_44http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_9:5_45http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_10:1_46http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_6:12_27http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_6:13_28http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_6:14_29http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_6:15_30http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_6:16_31http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_7:1_32http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_7:2_33http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_7:3_34http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_7:4_35http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_8:1_36http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_8:2_37http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_8:3_38http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_8:4_39http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_8:5_40http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_9:1_41http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#CHAPTER_XIhttp://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_9:2_42http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_9:3_43http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_9:4_44http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_9:5_45http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31885/31885-h/31885-h.htm#FNanchor_10:1_46


66/126

,DO:L-;alisch's 5om! #ol! i! p! K!

,DD:D-Goldiher: ebrew 2ythology7 p! JE!

,DD:L-5om! on the +ld Test! #ol! i! p! EO!

,DD:F-*bid!

,DD:-*bid! .The %ruit7 and sap o% this '%ree of Life' begat immortality!. ?9onwick:

Documents

did bible borrows from other religions