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Company Confidential

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Disk Formatting

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Disk Formatting

• Two formatting procedures required before you

can write user data to a disk

– Physical or low-level formatting

– Logical or high-level formatting

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Steps for storing data

• 1. Low-Level Formatting – Manufacturer

Low-level formatting is the process of outlining the positions of the tracks and sectors on the hard disk, and writing the control structures that define where the tracks and sectors are. This is often called a "true" formatting operation, because it really creates the physical format that defines where the data is stored on the disk.

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Low-Level Formatting

• This is the basic setup of the disk layout

• Dividing the disks tracks into a specific amount of

sectors

• Creating header & trailer information

• Lays basic ground work of the formatting

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• High-level formatting is the process of writing the file

system structures on the disk that let the disk be used for

storing programs and data.

• OS writes the structures necessary for managing files &

data on the disk

High-Level Formatting

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Partitioning

• Creating a partition on a hard drive enables it to support

separate file systems, each in its own partition

• Each file system can then use its own method to allocate

file space in logical units called clusters or allocation

units

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Common file systems used by OS

• FAT 16 (File Allocation table 16-bit)

• FAT 32 (File Allocation Table 32-bit)

• NTFS (NT File System)

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Data structures

• Enable OS to:

• Manage the space on the disk

• Keep track of files

• Manage defective areas so they don’t cause

problems

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High-level formatting

• Creating of the “table of contents”

• Low-level formatting is the physical formatting of the

drive

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File systems

• In this section, it is important to differentiate between the

FAT file system and the file allocation table (FAT).

• FAT is the name of the file system used by DOS

operating systems (DOS and Windows 95, as well as

Windows NT and OS/2 which support it).

• Operating system Associated file system DOS

FAT16Windows XPNTFS Windows 98 FAT32Windows

95FAT16 - FAT32 (for version OSR2)Windows

NTNTFSOS/2HPFSLinuxLinux Ext2, Linux Ext3

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Master Boot Record or MBR

• The boot sector (called the Master Boot Record or

MBR) is the first sector of a hard drive (cylinder 0, head

0, sector 1), it contains the main partition table and the

code, called the boot loader, which, when loaded into

memory, will allow the system to boot up.

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The Expanding Windows Family

Windows XP

Windows 9xWindows 2000 series

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Microsoft Windows 98

• Introduced in 1998

• The first version of Windows to take advantage of Plug

and Play technology ( H/W meeting the plug and play

requirements is automatically detected and configured by

the O.S after installation)

• Introduced a new generation of support tools

(maintenance wizard that allows users to schedule

automatic execution of disk defragmentation and other

routine)

• Closely integrated the browser for the Internet with the

operating system (OS)

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Microsoft Windows Millennium

Edition (Me)

• Introduced in the third quarter of 2000

• Designed for home and general office use

• It continuous the trend in windows development toward

improved ease of use, ease of maintenance, and support

for the newest PC H/W.

• Closely linked to the Internet

• Includes several new features and improvements ,

• Hardware requirements geared to the typical home PC

• Can be installed by the average end user.

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Microsoft Windows NT

• OS designed for power users ( using computers for scientific and

technical applications)

• Has a completely different OS than Windows 9x ( faster

performance, advanced security, ability to operate with a number of different

processor families).

• Available in Workstation and several Server editions

• Microsoft Windows NT 3.1 released in 1993 and

Microsoft Windows NT 3.51 in 1995

• Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 released in 1996;

incorporated an interface very similar to that of Windows

95

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Microsoft Windows 2000

• successor to Windows NT

• Windows 2000 combines the best of windows 98 and

windows NT.

• It offers and extends the multiprocessor support ,

advanced security and administration tools, NTFS file

system.

• Family of four products:

– Windows 2000 Professional

– Windows 2000 Server

– Windows 2000 Advanced Server

– Windows 2000 Datacenter Server

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- the desktop version of the this O.S

- designed for the single user.

- It Supports dual CPU.

- NTFS5 support.

Windows 2000 server: - replacing windows NT server.

- it extends SMP (symmetric multiprocessing) to 4 CPU’s per

machine.

- It adds support for active directory service.(check the website)

- It offers file, print and web services in networks.

NTFS5

Windows 2000 Professional:

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- The most advanced networking

platform offered by Microsoft.

- designed for large data warehouse,

advanced scientific and engineering

applications .

Windows 2000 Datacenter server:

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System Requirements Compared

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System Configuration

Considerations

• The amount of random access memory (RAM) and

processing power needed depend on the system usage.

• A graphics adapter and RAM improves the display

performance.

• You need sufficient hard disk drive space for the OS,

applications, and upgrades.

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Plan the Installation

• Windows 98 and Windows 2000 have automated setup

programs.

• You should follow a checklist during setup for optimal

results.

• Installation is complete when the system is tune (song),

all hardware is working, and applications are ready to

use.

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Installation Planning Overview

1. Decide on the boot methods.

2. Confirm hardware requirements and compatibility.

3. Choose between an upgrade or a clean install.

4. Back up data and key files.

5. Remove or disable conflicts and verify existing settings.

6. Prepare the hard disk drive and file system.

7. Partition the hard disk drive with fdisk.

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Decide on the Boot Methods

• More than one OS can be installed on the same computer.

• Dual boot installations require you to complete all setup steps for each OS.

• Ensure that one installation doesn’t damage the other, that file systems are compatible, and that all hardware devices and software required by each O.S are properly accessible.

• You should draw up a compatibility list and note special requirements.

• Installation of Windows over existing Linux corrupt the Linux Boot Loader

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Windows 2000 Dual Boot

Considerations

• Each OS must reside on a different partition.

• Applications must be installed on each OS.

• When setting up either an MS-DOS or Windows 95 and Windows 2000 Professional dual boot system, Windows 2000 Professional must be installed last.

• If you are using a dual boot machine in a windows NT domain or windows 2000 Active directory network, each OS must have its own machine name in a domain environment.

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Windows 98 Dual Boot

Considerations

• Drive C must be a FAT16 partition and include enough free space for the Windows 98 installation.

• The two OSs must reside in different partitions or on different hard disks.

• Dual boot systems combining Windows 98 and Windows NT are not recommended because the two O.Ss do not use the same registry settings or device drivers .

• Dual booting Windows 98 and Windows 95 is not possible because both O.S use the same boot file and the second installation will overwrite the first.

• Windows 98 cannot access files on NT file system (NTFS) partitions, and Windows NT cannot access files on FAT32 drives.

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Confirm Hardware Requirements

and Compatibility

• Ensure that system components meet or exceed system requirements.

• Choose hardware from the hardware compatibility list for Windows 2000.

http://support.microsoft.com/kb/131303 (2000)

http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/hcl/default.mspx (XP)

• Choose hardware that is certified to work with Windows 98 and Windows Me.

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Update Firmware or Components

• Check the system basic input/output system (BIOS) and

update it if necessary before installation.

• BIOS updates can reduce problems and increase

performance.

• http://h18023.www1.hp.com/support/files/server/us/romfl

ash.html

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Choose Between an Upgrade or a

Clean Install

• A clean install is done on a new or newly formatted hard

disk.

• An upgrade adds new components and updates existing

ones.

• The /CHECKUPGRADEONLY option performs a dry run

install and reports any possible conflicts. (window 2000)

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Record Information and Back Up

Data and Key Files

• Create a written record of system configuration and network settings.

• Back up all configuration files and custom Registry entries.

• When performing an upgrade from Windows 95, use Device Manager or Windows NT Diagnostics to print a report of all device and system configurations.

• How to print the system settings in Window XP?

• Back up all data files, batch files, and user profile files.

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Remove or Disable Conflicts and

Verify Existing Settings

• Antivirus programs, third-party memory managers, terminate-and-stay-resident programs (TSRs), and legacy 16-bit drivers could interfere with the setup program.

• You should ensure that third-party disk partitioning software can be used with the version of Microsoft Windows you are installing.

• When upgrading an OS with CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT, you should remove any unwanted 16-bit or legacy entries.

• Upgrades work best when you upgrade in the same product series.

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Prepare the Hard Disk Drive and

File System

• If the primary drive is already partitioned using the desired file system, you can proceed to the OS setup.

• If you will use FAT16 or FAT32 and need to create or change partitions, you must use the fdisk utility to prepare the drive.

• Fdisk can delete all data on the disk, so back up data first.

• No third-party disk management utilities should have been used to partition the drive.

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Partition the Hard Disk Drive with

Fdisk

• Windows 98, Windows 95, and all versions of MS-DOS provide fdisk.

• You should use the same fdisk version as the OS you are installing.

• FDISK is the command you use to run the fdisk utility.

• To enable FAT32, you must answer Yes to enabling large drive support.

• Fdisk options include creating and deleting a partition, setting the active partition, displaying partition information, and choosing a drive.

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Using Fdisk————Step-By-Step

1. Display partition information to verify that you are on

the proper drive.

2. Delete any non–DOS partition.

3. Delete extraneous logical drives in the extended MS-

DOS partition.

4. Delete the extended partition.

5. Delete the primary DOS partition.

6. Mark a partition as the primary partition and set it as

active.

7. Reboot the system, and then format the partition.

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Introduction to Windows XP

Professional

• Prerequisites for installing Windows XP Professional.

• Installing Windows XP Professional.

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Prerequisites for Installing

Windows XP Professional

• Check hardware requirements.

• Check hardware compatibility.

• Check hardware configuration.

• Test workstation hardware.

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Check Hardware Requirements

The minimum requirements for installing Windows XP

Professional include:

• An Intel Pentium/Celeron family or AMD K6/Athalon/Duron

family 233 MHz processor.

• 64 MB of RAM.

• At least one hard disk where the systemroot (usually

C:\WINNT) can be located on a partition.

• At least 1.5 GB of hard disk space.

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Check Hardware Requirements

The recommended requirements for installing Windows

XP Professional include:

• A PC with a 300 MHz (single or dual) processor.

• 128 MB of RAM.

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Check Hardware Compatibility

• The Windows XP Professional installation CD, running on

an upgradeable Windows version, includes options to

check for system compatibility.

• It is essential that the service packs for Windows NT 4.0

Workstation or Windows 2000 Professional are installed, if

XP is upgraded from either of these operating systems.

Service pack is an update to the operating system made available

by a Microsoft

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Check Hardware Compatibility

Windows XP compatibility verification option

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Check Hardware Compatibility

Windows XP automatic compatibility verification option

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Check Hardware Compatibility

Compatibility check using Web site:

– The Microsoft Web site provides users with a Hardware

Compatibility List (HCL) for the system.

– It is essential to check all the hardware in the system prior to

installing Windows XP Professional.

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Check Hardware Configuration

• Microsoft recommends a CD-ROM or DVD drive for

installations.

• A super VGA display adapter that supports an 800x600

resolution, and the most recent version of the

workstation operating system software is also required.

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• Microsoft also recommends a mouse or any other

pointing device.

• A high-density 3-½ inch floppy drive is required if floppy

disks are used for installation.

Check Hardware Configuration

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Test Workstation Hardware

• The DOS FDISK command is used to rebuild the hard

disk drive prior to the installation.

• The hard disk can be re-built while installing Windows

XP from the CD.

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Installing Windows XP

Professional

Windows XP Professional Setup

• Windows XP can be installed over a network using either

a shared network drive or a set of bootable floppy disks.

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Installing Windows XP

Professional

List of existing partitions and unpartitioned space on the computer

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Installing Windows XP

Professional

Formatting the new partition

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Installing Windows XP

Professional

Windows XP requires the following inputs:

– The user’s name and the organization’s name.

– The 25-character product key code.

– The computer name and the password for the workstation

administrator account.

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Installing Windows XP Professional

Networking Settings

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Installing Windows XP Professional

Windows XP requires the following inputs (continued):

– The workgroup or the domain name.

– The user name and password of the user who is authorized to

join the computer to the domain.

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Installing Windows XP Professional

Windows XP Professional desktop

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NTFS5

• NTFS 5 is more robust and the one you want to deploy whenever planning for Active Directory. Strongly consider using only NTFS partitions on production server machines! NTFS 5 brings new benefits to Windows Server systems, including: disk quotas, file system encryption, dynamic volumes and remote storage capabilities.

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NTFS Features

• Disk quotas are used to restrict the amount of space that network and system users are allowed to save to disk.

• file system encryption, which allows systems administrators to encrypt data in case it is stolen or intercepted by an unauthorized user.

• Dynamic volumes are also specific to NTFS 5. Dynamic volumes are used to add protection for your Windows Server 2003 system.

• Remote storage features supported by NTFS 5 to automatically off-load rarely used data to tape or other devices , but the files remain available to users because they haven't been removed from the machine -- it's seamless. As you can see, NTFS 5 brings a greater level of flexibility, security, data protection, increased scalability, and increased uptime.

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Chapter Summary

• The Windows family of OSs includes a variety of products tailored for different environments.

• Windows 2000 is the most robust version of Windows.

• Proper planning and system preparation are critical.

• Windows 2000 installation requires more careful planning than does Windows 98.

• The Windows 98 and Windows 2000 installation processes are somewhat similar.

• Windows provides tools for troubleshooting installation problems.

• Additional tasks are required after installation is complete.