'I MARCEL DEKKER, INC. NEW YORK • BASEL
D E X K E R
Contents
PREFACE iii
1. DISPERSION: THE SYSTEM 1 1 4 6 6 7
PART I. CHARACTERIZATION OF PARTICLES
2. PARTICLE CHARACTERIZATION 8 I. Particle Shape 8
IL Particle Size 14 References 41
3. PHYSICAL SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION 47 I. Surface Area Measurement 47
IL Morphology and Porosity 70 References 85
4. CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PARTICLE SURFACES 93
I. Surface Analysis 93 IL Spectroscopy 100
III. Titration Methods 108 IV. Adsorption from Solution 119
References 128
5. WETTABIXITY 137 I. Wetting 137
II. Direct Determination of Contact Angle 144 III. Indirect Contact Angle Measurement 151 IV. Immersion Tests 159 V. Calorimetry 161
VI. Miscellaneous Tests 161 VII. Wetting of Powders by Dispersants 165
References 169
6. STABILIZATION WITH DISPERSANTS AND DISPERSIBILITY 173 I. Stabilization of Dispersions 173
II. Dispersants 181 III. Adsorption of Dispersants 194 IV. Configuration of Adsorbed Dispersants 205 V. Dispersibility 216
References 229
7. PREPARATION AND TESTING OF DISPERSIONS 237 I. Preparation of Dispersions 237
II. Qualitative and Semiquantitative Dispersion Tests 243 III. Quantitative Dispersion Tests 247 IV. Dispersion Stability and Redispersion 259 V. Toxicity and Environmental Aspects 274
References 275
II. Techniques of Measurement 289 III. Critical Coagulation Concentration 302 IV. Flocculation with Polymers 309
References 335
IL Centrifugal Sedimentation 369 III. Sedimentation Volume 387
References 391
10. MICROSCOPYN 399 I. Optical Microscopy 399
IL Electron Microscopy 410 III. Image Analysis 416
Contents vii
11. RADIATION SCATTERING 433 I. Light Scattering Methods 433
IL Static (Elastic) Light Scattering 435 III. Turbidity 440 IV. Dynamic Light Scattering (Photon Correlation Spectroscopy,
Quasielastic Light Scattering) 449 V. Phase-Doppler Anemometry and Velocimetry -, 469
VI. Light Diffraction 472 VII. Back-Scatter Techniques 478
VIII. Small-Angle Scattering Methods 480 IX. Single-Particle Optical Sensing 483 X. Electrooptics 489
References 492
12. CHROMATOGRAPHY 502 I. Hydrodynamic Chromatography 502
IL Field Flow Fractionation 507 III. Size Exclusion Chromatography 529 IV. Gas Chromatography 529 V. Liquid Chromatography 531
References 532
IL Determination of Surface Charge by Titration 542 III. Electrokinetic Measurements: Zeta Potential 549 IV. Dynamic Mobility 571 V. Electrical Conductivity and Dielectric Characteristics 581
VI. Electrical Sensing Zone Method 587 References 594
14. RHEOLOGY 603 I. Theory 603
IL Measurement of Viscosity 610 III. Rheology of Structured Systems 633 IV. Thixotropy and Rheopexy 643 V. Yield Stress 647
VI. Rheology of Aggregated Systems 654 VII. Electroviscosity and Electrorheology 662
VIII. Rheology of Practical Systems 664 References 682
INDEX 695