Diunduh dari: smno.psdl.ppsub.2013

MK. EKONOMI SUMBERDAYA ALAM DAN LINGKUNGAN

INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS

GreentaxSep. 7, 2004

Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute

DIAGRAM LINGKAR MODEL EKONOMI

ECONOMY

“EXTERNALITIES” SOCIETY

ENVIRONMENT

? ?

LINGKUNGAN sbg ‘SUBSET’ dari EKONOMI

EKONOMI

EKOSISTEM

=

EKONOMI NEO-KLASIK 1890-No Ingredients, only labor and capital

P = f(L,K)= ALa . BKb (Cobb-Douglas multiplication)

Labor (Chef )

Kapital (Mixing bowl)

xROTI?Kapital (oven)X

=

INFINITE SUBSTITUT-ABILITY:2P = f(L,K)= 2ALa . 2BKb

More Chefs

or Bigger Mixing bowl

x

More Bread?

EKONOMI NEO-KLASIK 1890-

Quotable Quotes• “There is no reason we can’t have a perfectly healthy

economy with virtually no resources whatsoever” Robert Solow

• “We can do without agriculture because it’s only 2% of the economy.” Norgaard?

• “neo-classical economics is a form of brain damage” -- Hazel Henderson

EKONOMI - EKOLOGISNO “EXTERNALITIES”

EKONOMI - EKOLOGISSietem Terbuka

Hukum I : Konservasi Massa

ECONOMY (waste)

(some)

ECONOMY

(waste)

(some)

SourcesSub-surface Resources

SitesSurface locations: ie:

land

SinksAbsorbtion

of waste

3 Ss:

PAJAK HIJAU = GREEN TAX

Entropi = disorder, randomnessHukum II: Entropi selalu meningkat

ECONOMY

(waste)

LOW ENTROPY HIGH ENTROPY

(dissipated)

EKONOMI - EKOLOGIS

WHAT IS ANTI-ENTROPIC? (SYNTROPIC)

ECONOMY

(waste)

LOW ENTROPY HIGH ENTROPY

EKONOMI - EKOLOGIS

SISTEM TERTUTUP

ECONOMY

earth

EKONOMI - EKOLOGIS

SCALE-Full World or Empty World?

Source:Ecological Economics

Principles & Applications,

Farley and Daly

DIS-UTILITAS MARGINAL

PERBEDAAN-PERBEDAAN

ECONOMY

(waste)

(some)

SumberdayaSub-surface Resources

MODEL SKY-TRUST

Ke Hulu…….!

Sky-Trust modelAppendix : Key Features of U.S. Sky Trust

Here are the key features of the proposed U.S. Sky Trust.

o Carbon emissions cap set initially at 1.346 billion tons, the 1990 level

o Tradable carbon emission permits sold annually to energy companies at the top of the carbon chain.

o All revenue from permit sales goes into a nationwide trust.

o Trust pays equal annual dividends to all U.S. citizens (like the Alaska Permanent Fund).

o Dividends can be placed tax-free in Individual Retirement Accounts or Individual Development Accounts for children.

o Initial price ceiling on carbon emission permits of $25 a ton; ceiling rises 7 percent a year for four years.

o Transition Fund to help those most adversely affected by higher carbon prices. Fund starts at 25 percent of permit revenue, declines

2.5 percent per year.

PENGELOLAAN = GOVERNANCE

PENGELOLAAN = GOVERNANCE

“Maximization of Shareholder Value”

“Golden Rule of Publicly held companies:

Rational behavior:

Externalize costs

Influence politics to

Seek subsidies and favors

“Altruism is evil and selfishness is a virtue.”-Ayn Rand

QUOTABLE QUOTES

“Few trends could so thoroughly undermine the very foundations of our free society as the acceptance by

corporate officials of a social responsibility other than to make as much money for their stockholders as possible.” -Milton Friedman 1962

BIAYA REGULASIAnnual Cost: $37-43 billion

EPA conservative approach, Consistently overestimates costs, not considering least cost

approach and technical innovation

Annual Benefits: $121-193

EPA consistently underestimates benefits

USING ACTUAL NOT THEORETICAL CASES BENEFITS OUTWEIGH COSTS 5:1

CONSILIENCE

“~Resources are infinite and the economy can grow forever”

(Julian Simon)

“Anyone who thinks you can have infinite growth on a finite planet is either a madman or

an economist”

(Kenneth Boulding)

Growth DevelopmentGrowth = increase in throughput-quantitative

Development = qualitative improvement

EKONOMI – EKOLOGIS: Human Development

Growth DevelopmentDemographic transition Theory

EKONOMI – EKOLOGIS: POPULASI

EKONOMI – EKOLOGIS: POPULASI

Growth Development

Reorganization Aggredation Transition Steady-state (mature)

EKONOMI – EKOLOGIS: SUKSESI HUTAN

We hear:

“There is no conflict between economic

growth and environmental

protection!”

World GDP and CO2

$1

$10

$100

$1,000

$10,000

$100,000

Wor

ld G

DP B

illio

ns U

S$$

250

270

290

310

330

350

370

ATM

OSP

HER

IC C

O2

World GDPCO2 level

270

290

310

330

350

370

$1 $10 $100 $1,000 $10,000 $100,000

ATM

CO

2 CO

NCE

NTR

ATIO

N p

arts

per

mill

ion(

ppm

)

WORLD GDP Billions of 1990 Intl $$ Log scale (source: De Long)

CO2 vs WORLD GDP

GDP 1825: ~$200 BILLION 2000: $41,000 B ILLION OR $41 TRILLION

=205X 1825 level.

KERUSAKAN IKLIM

Sebab-sebab Bencana Lingkungan

UrbanizationAgriculture Water diversions (e.g., reservoirs)Recreation, tourism development PollutionDomestic livestock, ranching

247205160148143136

Czech et al. 2000. Bioscience 50(7):593-601.

Mineral, gas, oil extractionNon-native species HarvestModified fire regimesRoad construction/maintenanceIndustrial development

134115101

838381

Czech et al. 2000. Bioscience 50(7):593-601.

Sebab-sebab Bencana Lingkungan

K

SKENARIO DAYA DUKUNG

Indi

vidu

als

Time

r-selection

K-selection

Time

GN

PK

Natural capital allocated to

human economy

Natural capital allocated to wildlife

Czech, B. 2000. Economic growth as the limiting factor for wildlife conservation. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(1):4-14.

KAPITAL SUMBERDAYA ALAM

“We treat the earth like a business in liquidation.”

Herman Daly

Opportunity cost. Loss is not counted.

K

DAYA DUKUNG EKONOMI(“Plimsoll line”)

GN

P

Time

r-selection

K-selection

GG

PK

Human economy

Economy of nature

We Might Ask

KT

GN

P

Natural capital allocated to human economy

Natural capital allocated to non-human economy

X natural capital allocable

Time

KU

ALOKASI SUMBERDAYA ALAM

Distribution-Grow out of poverty?

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

20%

$10,000

$15,000

$20,000

$25,000

$30,000

$35,000

Poverty rate vs. GDP per Capita (1996$)

per capita GDP (1996$)

• rival– My use leaves less for you to use

• Excludable (property rights)– One person can keep another from using

the good– Consumer must pay, market will supply

Must have a price to work in the free market!

Rivalness and Excludability

Rivalness and Excludability

• Non-rival– My use does not leave less for you to use– Market sells for a price, discouraging use, but social

cost of use = 0, therefore market should not supply• Non-excludable

– One person can’t keep another from using the good– Consumer will not pay, market will not supply

Must have a price to work in the free market!

Rival}

Non-rival}

ExcludableNon-Excludable

Market Good: Food, clothes, cars, land,

timber, fish once captured, farmed fish, regulated

pollution

Potential market good(Tragedy of the “non-

commons”)but inefficient: patented information,

Pond, roads (congestible),streetlights

Pure Public Good:climate stability, ozone layer,

clean air/water/land, Biodiversity, information,

habitat, life support functions, etc.

Open Access Regime: (misnamed: Tragedy of the commons)Oceanic fisheries, timberetc. from unprotected forests, air pollution, waste absorption capacity

Non-rival,congestible

Private beaches, private gardens, toll roads, zoos, movies

Public beaches, gardens, roads, etc.

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