Div09 Finishes

1. CONCRETE SURFACE FINISHES1.01 Stucco or

Cement Plaster1 02 Rubbed Finish

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish1.07 Wood Float Finish1.08 Steel Trowelled1.09 Integral Colored-

Cement Finish

2 GRANOLITHIC FINISH

3. TILE FINISHES3.01 Cement Tile

2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH2.01 Granolithic2.02 Terrazo

4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN 4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet

3.02 Ceramic Tile

4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet4 04 Rubber Tile/Sheet4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet4.05 Linoleum Sheet

5. WOOD FLOOR FIN 5.01 StripFlooring5.02 Plank Flooring5.04 Parquet Tile Floor

6. CEILING FINISHES 6.01 Ceiling Board6.02 Acoustic Tile

7. PAINT FINISHES 7.01 Transparent Fin7.02 Opaque Fin7.03 Paint Defects

1. CONCRETE SURFACE FINISHES

1 01 STUCCO OR CEMENT PLASTER FINISH



Stucco is a mortar consisting of cement, sand and water. Hydrated lime is often added to make the mortar easier to work It is applied in three coats:

1.01 STUCCO OR CEMENT PLASTER FINISH1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish work. It is applied in three coats:

- scratch and brown coats are mixed in the proportion of 1 part Portland cement to 3 parts of sand, with about 10lbs of hydrated lime

1.07 Wood Float Finish1.08 Steel Trowelled1.09 Integral Colored-

Cement Finish

2 GRANOLITHIC FINISH 10lbs. of hydrated lime. - The finish coat is usually richer in the proportion of

1 part of Portland cement to 2 parts of sand. - Coarse sand is used for the base coats and fine sand

3. TILE FINISHES3.01 Cement Tile

2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH2.01 Granolithic2.02 Terrazo

Coarse sand is used for the base coats and fine sand for the finish coat.

Before applying the stucco or cement plaster, the concrete


3.02 Ceramic Tile

4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet4 04 R bb Til /Sh t

pp y g p ,(or masonry) surface should be roughened to ensure good bonding.

4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet4.05 Linoleum Sheet

5. WOOD FLOOR FIN 5.01 StripFlooring5.02 Plank Flooring

Old concrete surfaces are roughened with a bush hammer or small pick, and then washed thoroughly with acid and water to remove all dirt and loose particles.

5.04 Parquet Tile Floor


New concrete can be roughened with a heavy wire brush or a special scoring tool.





1 01 STUCCO OR CEMENT PLASTER FINISH1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish

The scratch coat is then trowelled onto the wall surface. Just as soon as the first coat is but not hard it is scratched

1.01 STUCCO OR CEMENT PLASTER FINISH


Cement Finish2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH

Just as soon as the first coat is but not hard, it is scratched with a small rake to form a key for the second coat. Average thickness of the scratch coat is 3/8.

3. TILE FINISHES3.01 Cement Tile3.02 Ceramic Tile

2.01 Granolithic2.02 Terrazo The brown coat is applied a few days after the first coat

has set firm and hard, also to a thickness of 3/8. It is applied with a wood float and leveled to a flat, even and


3.03 Asphalt Tile


pp ,relatively smooth surface.

The finish coat is applied over the brown coat after all work 4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet4.05 Linoleum Sheet


is free from waves and cracks, and set and dry. Thickness of the finish coat is 1/8 minimum and rarely exceeds except for finishes requiring rough texture. The finish coat



should be kept damp but not wet for a few days, to prevent hairline cracks.

6.02 Acoustic Tile7. PAINT FINISHES

7.01 Transparent Fin7.02 Opaque Fin7.03 Paint Defects




1 02 RUBBED FINISH1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish

This consists of grinding down the surface of the concrete a day or two after it is poured using a brick of

1.02 RUBBED FINISH



concrete a day or two after it is poured, using a brick of carborundum, emery or soft natural stone.

With the rubbing, which is done with a circular motion, a


2.01 Granolithic2.02 Terrazo

With the rubbing, which is done with a circular motion, a thin grout of cement and sand is applied to the surface and well rubbed in to fill surface imperfections, and the work afterward washed down with clean water.


3.03 Asphalt Tile


If fine sand is used instead of a grout, the method is called a sand-float finish .



6. CEILING FINISHES 6.01 Ceiling Board6.02 Acoustic Tile6.02 Acoustic Tile





1 03 BRUSHED FINISH1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish

This type of finish is obtained by scrubbing or brushing the concrete surface with fiber or wire brushes and water

1.03 BRUSHED FINISH



the concrete surface with fiber or wire brushes and water to remove the surface film or mortar, leaving the coarse aggregate exposed.


2.01 Granolithic2.02 Terrazo This should be done while the concrete surface is still

green and just as soon as it is possible to do so without removing particles of the aggregate.


3.03 Asphalt Tile


g p gg g

The appearance of a brushed finish can be improved by washing with a diluted solution of acid applied with a



gbrush. The acid thoroughly cleans the surface of the aggregate, thereby intensifying the color and texture of the same.



The surface should be thoroughly washed after the acid treatment as otherwise it will have a mottled, streaky



appearance.




1 04 TOOLED FINISH1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish

Concrete surfaces may be finished by tooling by any of the methods employed for dressing or finishing natural

1.04 TOOLED FINISH



the methods employed for dressing or finishing natural stone.

Bush hammering, either by hand or by pneumatic tool, is



Bush hammering, either by hand or by pneumatic tool, is the most popular method used in tooling concrete surfaces. The best results are obtained on surfaces which are thoroughly hard.


3.03 Asphalt Tile


g y

The concrete should preferably be about 2 months old.



Only small-sized aggregate should be used in the facing material, as it is hard to dress and obtain uniform results where large angular stones are encountered.



Tooling cannot ordinarily be performed satisfactorily on gravel concrete, as the pebbles will be dislodged before b i hi d6.02 Acoustic Tile7. PAINT FINISHES


being chipped.




1 05 SAND BLAST FINISH1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish

A sand-blast finish is very much the same in appearance as that obtained by brushing the concrete while it is still

1.05 SAND-BLAST FINISH



as that obtained by brushing the concrete while it is still green.

Sand blasting produces a granulated finish somewhat



Sand blasting produces a granulated finish somewhat similar to sandstone but not so uniform, because the aggregates are likely to be brought out irregularly.


3.03 Asphalt Tile


The concrete should be thoroughly hardened before sand-blasting.



A clean, sharp, thoroughly dried silica sand or crushed quartz is most effective for sand-blasting. A 3/8nozzle may be used, but under ordinary conditions or even



1/8 have been found to give good results.

The best results are obtained on a thoroughly hardened f l h ld d f h k6.02 Acoustic Tile7. PAINT FINISHES


concrete surface at least a month old, and for such work a nozzle pressure of from 50 to 80 lbs. will be required.




1 06 EXPOSED AGGREGATE FINISH1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish

The color is obtained from exposed aggregate and notby adding coloring material to the mixture

1.06 EXPOSED AGGREGATE FINISH



by adding coloring material to the mixture.

Facing plaster of I part Portland cement, 1-1/2 partssand, and 3 parts of special screenings or pebbles of the



sand, and 3 parts of special screenings or pebbles of thedesired color shall be placed against the forms to athickness of about 1 inch sufficiently in advance of thebody concrete to prevent the latter from coming into


3.03 Asphalt Tile


y p gcontact with the forms.

Such colored or other4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet4.05 Linoleum Sheet


special aggregate usedfor finish shall beexposed by scrubbing as



in 1.03.






1 06 EXPOSED AGGREGATE FINISH1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish

1.06 EXPOSED AGGREGATE FINISH






3.03 Asphalt Tile

4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet4 04 R bb Til /Sh t4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet4.05 Linoleum Sheet







1 08 STEEL TROWELLED FINISH1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish

After the concrete aggregate is forced below the surface, the surface is leveled with a straight wood screed and

1.08 STEEL TROWELLED FINISH



the surface is leveled with a straight wood screed, and given a wood float finish. Before the concrete finally sets, the entire surface is steel-trowelled



Wh th t i till b t f t i

1.09 INTEGRAL COLORED-CEMENT FINISH


3.03 Asphalt Tile


When the concrete is still green but surface water is gone, the surface is leveled with a straight wood screed. Then a finish coat of 1:3 plaster is applied. This finish coat is leveled with a wood screed given a wood float4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet

4.05 Linoleum Sheet5. WOOD FLOOR FIN

5.01 StripFlooring5.02 Plank Flooring

coat is leveled with a wood screed, given a wood float finish and then steel-trowelled






2. GRANOLITHIC and TERRAZZO FLOOR FINISHES

2 01 GRANOLITHIC FINISH1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish

This consists of a topping with a mixture of 1 part cement, 1 part sand and 1 part finely crushed stone It is called

2.01 GRANOLITHIC FINISH



1 part sand and 1 part finely crushed stone. It is called granolithic because fine aggregate chips were originally used in the aggregate.

3. TILE FINISHES3.01 Cement Tile3 02 Ceramic Tile


Finely ground corundum may also be a part of the aggregate to produce an enduring and non-slip surface .

2 02 TERRAZZO FINISH4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN

4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet

3.02 Ceramic Tile3.03 Asphalt Tile

4.02 Vinyl Tile/SheetTerrazzo is a mixture of cement, marble chip aggregates and water laid as a topping or as a wall finish and ground

2.02 TERRAZZO FINISH



and water laid as a topping or as a wall finish, and ground to a fine, smooth surface.

It is used for floor and bases where durability, resistance to 5.02 Plank Flooring5.04 Parquet Tile Floor

6. CEILING FINISHES 6.01 Ceiling Board6 02 Acoustic Tile

wear, and minimal maintenance are necessary. It is available either in precast form e.g. tile, or cast-in-place form, with either a smoothly polished or non-slip surface.



For non-slip surfaces, abrasive granules are added to the mixture.

2. GRANOLITHIC and TERRAZO FLOOR FINISHES

2 02 TERRAZO FINISH



The terrazzo topping shall consist of 200 lbs. of marble chip aggregate to

2.02 TERRAZO FINISH1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish

p gg g1 bag (94 lb.) of cement. The matrix may either be white or gray Portland cement as desired.



For non-slip heavy duty floors the mixture shall consist of 150 lbs. of



marble chip aggregate and 50 lbs. of abrasive granules to one bag of cement.


3.02 Ceramic Tile3.03 Asphalt Tile

4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet4.05 Linoleum Sheet


Common specifications require that 70% of the marble aggregate for terrazzo topping must show;

- for heavy-duty non-slip topping a proportion of three 5.02 Plank Flooring5.04 Parquet Tile Floor

6. CEILING FINISHES 6.01 Ceiling Board6 02 Acoustic Tile

marble granules to one abrasive must show ; and- for light-duty non-slip topping, where the abrasive is

sprinkled on the finish, a proportion of four marble to b i l t h6.02 Acoustic Tile


one abrasive granule must show.

Minimum thickness of terrazzo topping is 5/8.



3. TILE FINISHES

3 01 CEMENT TILE FINISH1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish

Cement tile is manufactured by pressing in moulds a plastic mixture of cement and sand Surface color of the

3.01 CEMENT TILE FINISH



plastic mixture of cement and sand. Surface color of the tile is achieved by the addition of mineral oxide colors.

Thickness of cement tile is 25mm (1).



Thickness of cement tile is 25mm (1 ).

Common sizes are squares 200mm x 200mm (8x8), 300mm x 300mm (12x12), and 400mm x 400mm


3.02 Ceramic Tile

4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet

( ),(16x16).

When installing cement tile, the top of the base slab shall 4.05 Linoleum Sheet


gbe left 50mm (2) below the finish floor.

The tiles shall be thoroughly soaked in water before laying 5.04 Parquet Tile Floor


7 PAINT FINISHES

on a setting bed of cement mortar (1 part of Portland cement to three parts of sand).


3. TILE FINISHES

3 02 CERAMIC TILE FINISH



Ceramic tile are small surfacing units made from clay or mixture of clay with other ceramic materials and fired

3.02 CERAMIC TILE FINISH1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish mixture of clay with other ceramic materials and fired

according various processes.

Tiles differ principally in:


Cement Finish2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH Tiles differ principally in:

(1) composition of the body(2) surface finish, that is, glazed or unglazed(3) process of manufacture; and



( ) p ;(4) the degree of vitrification or fusion of the tile body

after firing, as indicated by the extent to which it absorbs moisture


3.02 Ceramic Tile


5. WOOD FLOOR FIN 5.01 StripFlooring5.02 Plank Flooring5.04 Parquet Tile Floor5.04 Parquet Tile Floor


7 PAINT FINISHES7. PAINT FINISHES 7.01 Transparent Fin7.02 Opaque Fin7.03 Paint Defects

3. TILE FINISHES




Composition:

3.02 CERAMIC TILE FINISH1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish

Tiles are made of compounded and of natural clay bodies. Those made of compound bodies contain three principal constituents:


Cement Finish2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH principal constituents:

- the plastic, usually clays having high bonding power and some fluxing ability



g y- the filler which reduces shrinkage in drying and firing

and imparts to the body a certain rigidity which prevents deformation under heat, e.g. flint or finely


3.02 Ceramic Tile

4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet g y

pulverized silica, kaolin, tale; and - the flux or solvent which melts under intense heat

and fuses the heat resisting elements into a solid


5.01 StripFlooring5.02 Plank Flooring5.04 Parquet Tile Floor

mass.

The most widely used flux in floor and wall tiles is the i i l f ld



7 PAINT FINISHES minimal feldspar.7. PAINT FINISHES 7.01 Transparent Fin7.02 Opaque Fin7.03 Paint Defects

3. TILE FINISHES




Finish:


Unglazed tiles are composed of the same ingredients throughout and derive their color and texture from the materials of which the body is made.


Cement Finish2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH materials of which the body is made.

Glazed tiles have a glassy surface of ceramic materials fused upon their face to give them a decorative



p gappearance and to make the surface impervious to moisture.


3.02 Ceramic Tile





3. TILE FINISHES




Glazes are produced in a large variety of colors, ranging from pure white to jet black Glaze finishes are of two

3.02 CERAMIC TILE FINISH1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish from pure white to jet black. Glaze finishes are of two

general classes in their light reflecting qualities: 1) bright glazes, which have a highly polished surface

and reflect an image clearly; and


Cement Finish2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH and reflect an image clearly; and

2) matte glazes, or those which do not clearly reflect an image or are entirely without sheen. 3. TILE FINISHES

3.01 Cement Tile3 02 Ceramic Tile


All degrees of semilustrous or satinlike finish may be produced between the two extremes of reflection and nonreflection.


3.02 Ceramic Tile


In addition, glazes may have: - Plain



- textured- polychrome- mottled

i l d



7 PAINT FINISHES - stippled or - rippled surface


3. TILE FINISHES




Manufacture:


(a) Dust-press Process. Dust-pressed tiles are shaped in steel dies by applying heavy pressure to the damp ceramic mix while it is in finely pulverized form. The


Cement Finish2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH ceramic mix while it is in finely pulverized form. The

dust-press method of production gives greater mechanical precision and a more regular appearance to the tiles than other methods.



(b) Plastic Process. Plastic-made tiles are shaped from clay rendered plastic by mixing with sufficient water.


3.02 Ceramic Tile

4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet y y g

They are made either by hand molding or by extrusion from an auger-machine. When shaped by machine, the extruded ribbon of clay is cut into the desired sizes



as it emerges from the die. Most types of tile made by the plastic method vary slightly from the true geometric forms and therefore have a more hand-

d h d d il



7 PAINT FINISHES made appearance than to dust-pressed tiles. 7. PAINT FINISHES 7.01 Transparent Fin7.02 Opaque Fin7.03 Paint Defects

3. TILE FINISHES




Vitrification:


Vitrification is a measure of the tiles density and relative absorption which depends partly on the tiles composition and partly on the degree of burning. There are four


Cement Finish2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH and partly on the degree of burning. There are four

degrees of vitrification:- Nonvitreous tiles have a degree of density that permits

moisture absorption of more than 7% of the weight of 3. TILE FINISHES



p gthe tile but does not prevent the tile from having a high degree of strength.

- Semivitreous tiles have a degree of density that limits


3.02 Ceramic Tile

4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet g y

moisture absorption to from 3 to 7% of the weight of the tile.

- Vitreous tiles have a moisture absorption of less than



3% and a body density which prevents any penetration of dirt that cannot be easily removed.

- Impervious tiles are the hardest. Their moisture b i i li ibl d h dil l d



7 PAINT FINISHES absorption is negligible and they are readily cleansed of stains and dirt.


3. TILE FINISHES




Types of Ceramic Tiles:


a. Glazed interior tilesare non-vitreous product made by the dust-press-process .


Cement Finish2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH press process .




3.02 Ceramic Tile





3. TILE FINISHES



Cement Plaster1 02 Rubbed Finish 3.02 CERAMIC TILE FINISH1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish

b. Ceramic Mosaic Tilesare tiles less than 6 sq1.07 Wood Float Finish

1.08 Steel Trowelled1.09 Integral Colored-


are tiles less than 6 sq. in. in facial area, preponderantly unglazed and having



unglazed, and having fully vitrified or fairly dense bodies.


3.02 Ceramic Tile


To facilitate installation, ceramic mosaic tiles are usually mounted at the



yfactory on sheets of paper about 2 sq. ft. in area, individual tile units5.04 Parquet Tile Floor


7 PAINT FINISHES

being spaced so as to allow for the insertion of cement between them when the paper is removed and the face of the tiles is exposed .


3. TILE FINISHES




c. Quarry tilesare unglazed floor tiles made from natural clays or

3.02 CERAMIC TILE FINISH1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish are unglazed floor tiles made from natural clays or

shales by the plastic method. They are a very durable flooring material, being impervious to moisture, stains and dirt, and are resistant to abrasion .


Cement Finish2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH and dirt, and are resistant to abrasion .

d. Paversare standard size unglazed tiles resembling ceramic



g gmosaic tiles in composition and physical characteristics but usually having facial area of 6 sq. in. or more. Because of their greater size, which


3.02 Ceramic Tile

4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet g

usually ranges from 3x3 to 6x6, these tiles are generally not pasted onto paper but are laid out individually. When by the plastic method, it is either



vitreous and semivitreous; dust-pressed pavers are either impervious or vitreous. All pavers are weatherproof and are especially suitable for heavy fl i



7 PAINT FINISHES floor service . 7. PAINT FINISHES 7.01 Transparent Fin7.02 Opaque Fin7.03 Paint Defects



4. RESILIENT FLOOR FINISHES

4 01 ASPHALT TILE & SHEET FINISH1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish

Resilient flooring is manufactured as tile or sheetincluding:

4.01 ASPHALT TILE & SHEET FINISH



including: - Asphalt- vinyl- rubber



rubber- linoleum, and - cork.


3.02 Ceramic Tile


Vinyl, linoleum and rubber flooring are available also in sheet form .


5.01 StripFlooring5.02 Plank Flooring5.04 Parquet Tile Floor5.04 Parquet Tile Floor








This consists of thoroughly bonded composition of thermoplastic binder (asphaltic type for standard



p ( p ypasphalt tile and resinous for greaseproof asphalt tile), asbestos and other fibers, inert filler materials (various stone dust, diatomite, mica, etc.) and inert



color pigments, formed under pressure while hot and cut to size.


3.02 Ceramic Tile


Asphalt tile is usually made in 9 squares and less commonly in 12 squares.

R t l b d 18 24 d i li it d4.05 Linoleum Sheet5. WOOD FLOOR FIN


Rectangular borders18x24 are made in a limited variety of colors and patterns. Usual thickness are 1/8 and 3/16.









Asphalt tile may be installed on any smooth concrete subfloor above or below grade and on any wood subfloor



g ywith sufficient strength so that no deflection can occur.

In either case there should be no dampness:



- It should not be used out-of-doors or for interiors subject to strong direct sunlight;

- on concrete floors where dampness or hydrostatic 4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN


3.02 Ceramic Tile


pressure exists; - on any under floor that is not smooth, even and clean

(as the flooring will reveal exactly the contours of the d fl i f )4.05 Linoleum Sheet


under flooring surface);- in many areas where water may be constantly

splashed on the floor, e.g. shower rooms and toilet rooms; and5.04 Parquet Tile Floor


7 PAINT FINISHES

rooms; and - in areas where grease can accumulate unless

greaseproof asphalt tile is used. 7. PAINT FINISHES





4 02 VINYL TILE & SHEET FINISH1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish

4.02 VINYL TILE & SHEET FINISH

Vinyl resilient flooring materials are divided into three major types:



j ypa. solid vinylb. vinyl and asbestos combinedc. a thin vinyl layer applied to other types of resilient



flooring materials .

Tiles:4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN


3.02 Ceramic Tile


Vinyl tiles (all vinyl) are made into the ff thicknesses:- 1.5mm- 2.0mm



- 2.5mm and - 3mm

in squares 300mm x 300mm5.04 Parquet Tile Floor


7 PAINT FINISHES

Sheet:in rolls 2.0mm and 2.5mm thick x 1.80m (6) wide and i 0 l h Th hi k h i d i7. PAINT FINISHES 7.01 Transparent Fin

7.02 Opaque Fin7.03 Paint Defects

in 50m lengths. The thicker sheet is used in areas where heavy traffic will be encountered.




4 02 VINYL TILE & SHEET FINISH1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish

4.02 VINYL TILE & SHEET FINISH

Vinyl flooring is recommended where a colorful, textured, tough, durable, easily maintained, grease-



, g , , y , gresistant type of finish flooring is required for areas of both light and heavy human traffic.



It may be used for above-grade, on-grade and below-grade floors.


3.02 Ceramic Tile


Vinyl flooring should not be used:- for exterior floor surfaces- in areas where specific chemicals that attack vinyl

d4.05 Linoleum Sheet5. WOOD FLOOR FIN


are used

5.04 Parquet Tile Floor5.05 Linoleum Sheet






4 03 RUBBER TILE & SHEET FINISH1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish

4.03 RUBBER TILE & SHEET FINISH

Tiles:Rubber floor tiles are as a rule made of neutral rubber



for greatest resilience.

Sizes, thicknesses, as well as methods of application



and precautions to follow in installation, are much the same as for vinyl floor tiles


3.02 Ceramic Tile


Sheet:Rubber sheet flooring is manufactured in rolls 3 wide, in thicknesses of 3/32, 1/8 and 3/16, with 3/32 most

l d i h i t ll ti R bb h t4.05 Linoleum Sheet5. WOOD FLOOR FIN


commonly used in home installations. Rubber sheet flooring is applied according to the general rules given for linoleum.







4 03 RUBBER TILE & SHEET FINISH1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish

4.03 RUBBER TILE & SHEET FINISH

Advantages of rubber flooring are: - It is the quietest floor possible with the exception of



q p pthick cork tile;

- its color are more brilliant than those of other types.



Rubber flooring, however, is not as resistant to soap, oil and many household solvents, as vinyl and linoleum


3.02 Ceramic Tile


5. WOOD FLOOR FIN 5.01 StripFlooring5.02 Plank Flooring5.04 Parquet Tile Floor5.04 Parquet Tile Floor5.05 Linoleum Sheet






4 04 LINOLEUM TILE & SHEET FINISH1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish

4.04 LINOLEUM TILE & SHEET FINISH

Linoleum is resilient, waterproof floor covering that consists of a backing covered with a relatively thick



g ylayer of wearing surface. This wearing surface is a mixture that contains oxidized linseed oil processed in a special way, combined with wood or cork flour,



various fillers, stone dust, whiting, diatomite), resins binders, driers and inert color pigments.


3.02 Ceramic Tile










Linoleum can be divided into five classifications:



- plain- marbled- spatter



- straight-line inlaid, & - molded inlaid.


3.02 Ceramic Tile


It is available in three gauges:

- service (1/16)4.05 Linoleum Sheet


( )- standard (3/32), and - heavy (1/8).



7 PAINT FINISHES

It comes in rolls 2 and 6 wide and up to 30 ft. in length, and in 9x9 tiles for plain and marbled







Linoleum is recommended in areas:- where a resilient, durable, colorful, greaseproof,



, , , g p ,waterproof type of flooring is needed;

- where there is spillage of water such as baths and toilet rooms;



- where there is spillage of grease, fruit juices, etc. such as kitchens, cafeterias; for countertops and desk tops where heavy wear, grease and cooking


3.02 Ceramic Tile


spillage occur.

It should not be used:t l b b l d d bfl i4.05 Linoleum Sheet


- on concrete slabs below grade and subflooring where dampness can penetrate from below;

- for exteriors; where any strong alkalis and acids may be present5.04 Parquet Tile Floor5.05 Linoleum Sheet


7 PAINT FINISHES

- where any strong alkalis and acids may be present.

When specifying linoleum, the latest colors, patterns, and textures should always be checked because many7. PAINT FINISHES


and textures should always be checked because many of these are quickly discontinued



5. WOOD FLOOR FINISHES

5 01 STRIP FLOORING1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish

5.01 STRIP FLOORING

This type of flooring consists of tongue-and-grooved (T&G)



g g ( )boards 6 or less in width. Nominal sizes of strips are- 1 x 3, 1 x 4 and 1 x 6;



- net (face) widths are 2-1/4, 3-1/4, and 5-1/4 respectively.


3.02 Ceramic Tile


- Net thickness is 7/8.

In laying strip flooring, the strips are started square the i t ith id ll Th fi t t i i l d4.04 Linoleum Sheet


room against either side wall. The first strip is placed with the grooved edge towards the wall and shall be face-nailed as close to the wall as possible so that the baseboard will conceal the nailing All succeeding5.04 Parquet Tile Floor5.05 Linoleum Sheet


7 PAINT FINISHES

baseboard will conceal the nailing. All succeeding strips are blind-nailed. The strips should be laid in such a manner that joints in successive courses do not come together7. PAINT FINISHES


come together.




5 01 STRIP FLOORING1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish

5.01 STRIP FLOORING

Strip flooring is often laid over a concrete slab subfloor, nailed to 2x3 or 2x4 sleepers or screeds



, pembedded or anchored to the concrete floor.

The sleepers should be treated with a suitable wood



preservative.

The space between the finish floor and the top of the 4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN


3.02 Ceramic Tile


concrete slab is filled with cinder concrete or other damp-proof composition fill

In laying strip flooring the strips are started square with4.04 Linoleum Sheet5. WOOD FLOOR FIN


In laying strip flooring, the strips are started square with the room against a wall. The first strip is placed with the grooved edge towards the wall and shall be face-nailed as close to the wall as possible so that the5.04 Parquet Tile Floor

5.05 Linoleum Sheet6. CEILING FINISHES

6.01 Ceiling Board6.02 Acoustic Tile

7 PAINT FINISHES

nailed as close to the wall as possible so that the baseboard will conceal the nailing. All succeeding strips are blind-nailed. The strips should be laid in such a manner that joints in successive courses do not7. PAINT FINISHES


a manner that joints in successive courses do not come together.




5 02 PLANK FLOORING1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish

5.02 PLANK FLOORING

This type of flooring consists of square-edged boards 8 or more in width as are commonly found in old



ySpanish- period houses.

Plank flooring is usually faced-nailed.




3.02 Ceramic Tile








5 03 PARQUET TILE FLOORING1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish

5.03 PARQUET TILE FLOORING

Also called block flooring, consists of square pieces or bl k hi h h b b ilt i l l lik1.07 Wood Float Finish

1.08 Steel Trowelled1.09 Integral Colored-


blocks which have been built up in several layers like plywood and having a veneered surface, or consists of several parquet strips assembled at the factory to form a tile



a tile.

This type of flooring may also be nailed to a wood subfloor or set in mastic to a concrete subfloor


3.02 Ceramic Tile


subfloor or set in mastic to a concrete subfloor.


5.01 StripFlooring5.02 Plank Flooring5.04 Parquet Tile Floor5.04 Parquet Tile Floor5.05 Linoleum Sheet








Tiles are 3/8 or 5/15 in thickness,in squares of 9-5/8 x 9-5/8, 14-1/2 x 14-1/2, 19-1/4



q , ,x 19-1/4 and 24 x 24.

For wooden subfloors, lumber must be properly kiln-



dried (or use 12mm or 19mm plywood). An 11mm depression below the finish floor level is necessary for 10mm thick parquet tile flooring.


3.02 Ceramic Tile










Concrete subfloors must be level and flat.



Freshly poured concrete should be allowed to cure for at least two weeks before laying parquet.



Slab construction must be such that it will stay dry.

For concrete subfloors directly over fill, the base of the 4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN


3.02 Ceramic Tile


surrounding slab should be above ground level and/or finish grade. It is desirable that the slab be constructed with a vapor-moisture barrier (see PLASTICS).

4.04 Linoleum Sheet

5. WOOD FLOOR FIN 5.01 StripFlooring5.02 Plank Flooring5 04 Parq et Tile Floor

Asphalt-type underlayment, felt paper, should not be used.




6. CEILING FINISHES

6 01 CEILING BOARD


Cement Plaster1 02 Rubbed Finish 6.01 CEILING BOARD

These are shiplapped boards with a bead running along the center of the board and along the joint,

1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish

g g j ,hence it is often referred as beaded ceiling board (B.C.B.) Thickness are 3/8 and in. Widths of boards are 4 and 6 in.






3.02 Ceramic Tile


5. WOOD FLOOR FIN 5.01 StripFlooring5.02 Plank Flooring5 04 Parq et Tile Floor5.04 Parquet Tile Floor



6. CEILING FINISHES

6 02 ACOUSTIC TILE


Cement Plaster1 02 Rubbed Finish 6.02 ACOUSTIC TILE

Acoustic tile is used for ceiling and wall finishes in rooms where it is required to control sound by


q yabsorption.






3.02 Ceramic Tile





6. CEILING FINISHES

6 02 ACOUSTIC TILE


Cement Plaster1 02 Rubbed Finish 6.02 ACOUSTIC TILE

There are several types of acoustic tile:


a. Cellulose fiber tile. These are made from compressed sugar cane or wood fibers with perforations on the surface of the



tile.

b. Mineral wool tile. 3. TILE FINISHES



Felted rock wool with a fissured surface. Mineral wool tile has limited acoustic values, is flame retardant but will not withstand rough usage and

t b i t d It i il bl i 5/8 2/4 7/8


3.02 Ceramic Tile


cannot be painted. It is available in , 5/8, 2/4, 7/8 and 1 in. thickness. Sizes are 12x12, 12x24 and 24x24.

4.04 Linoleum Sheet


c. Glass fiber tile. These are made of glass fibers held together by binder Thickness is 1 1/4 Sizes are 23 3/4 x 23



7 PAINT FINISHES binder. Thickness is 1-1/4 . Sizes are 23-3/4 x 23-3/4 or 47-3/4.


7. PAINT FINISHES

7 01 TRANSPARENT FINISHES


Cement Plaster1 02 Rubbed Finish 7.01 TRANSPARENT FINISHES

a. Wood Stains

1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish Oil Wood Stains1.07 Wood Float Finish1.08 Steel Trowelled1.09 Integral Colored-


Oil Wood StainsPigments are derived from various earth clays. After they are dissolved in linseed oil, the coloring particles



g premain suspended between the oil molecules. For spreading the color particles over large surfaces, the


3.02 Ceramic Tile


ground oil color is thinned with turpentine .

4.04 Linoleum Sheet


Water StainsThese are made from anilyne dyes and mineral extracts which have b di l d i h t t 5.04 Parquet Tile Floor


7 PAINT FINISHES

been dissolved in hot water .

Spirit or Alcohol StainThese are mixed with alcohol7. PAINT FINISHES


These are mixed with alcohol-solution anilyne powders and warmed alcohol.

7. PAINT FINISHES




a. Wood Stains

1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish The method of applying wood stains:1.07 Wood Float Finish1.08 Steel Trowelled1.09 Integral Colored-


The method of applying wood stains:1. Clean wood surface by planing, scraping and

sanding.2. If water stain is to be used, sponge wood with damp



p g prag and allow to dry.

3. Resand with finer grit paper.4. Fill holes, dents, cracks, etc. with crack filler colored


3.02 Ceramic Tile


to match stains. When dry, sand smooth.5. Dust and clean with benzene rags.6. Apply stain, using brush or sponge with grain.

4.04 Linoleum Sheet


7. Apply shellac wash coat 6 parts alcohol to 1 part shellac.

8. Scuff surfaces lightly with fine sandpaper by hand.9 A l t fill d h ff i 10 i t5.04 Parquet Tile Floor


7 PAINT FINISHES

9. Apply paste filler and wash off in 10 minutes.10. Sand, dust and clean.11. Apply shellac wash coat.12 Sand dust and clean7. PAINT FINISHES


12. Sand, dust and clean.13. Select any of the ff. finishes: a.) shellac and wax, b)

varnish, c.) lacquer

7. PAINT FINISHES




b. Wood Fillers

1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish Paste Fillers.1.07 Wood Float Finish1.08 Steel Trowelled1.09 Integral Colored-


Paste Fillers. Composed of silex (stone dust), japan-drier, linseed oil, turpentine, and sometimes colors ground in oil Filler is applied with the grain and allowed to dry



pp g yflat for about 10 minutes. It is then wiped off across the grain with burlap or some other coarse material. Paste fillers requires about 24 hours for drying


3.02 Ceramic Tile


before it can be sanded. Crack Fillers.

Plastic wood putty, stick shellac, etc. They are used 4.04 Linoleum Sheet


for filling nails holes, cracks and dents.




7. PAINT FINISHES




b. Shellac

1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish Shellac is made by refining seed lac and its natural1.07 Wood Float Finish1.08 Steel Trowelled1.09 Integral Colored-


Shellac is made by refining seed lac and its natural color is orange; white shellac is obtained by bleaching.

Lac is a resin exuded by certain insects in India in the



ytwigs of trees. These twigs with the resin attached are called sticklac and are crushed and washed to produce seed lac.

Sh ll i d4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN


3.02 Ceramic Tile


Shellac is an under or a preparatory coat for varnish and wax finishes, but is not

ti f t i d4.04 Linoleum Sheet5. WOOD FLOOR FIN

5.01 StripFlooring5.02 Plank Flooring5 04 Parq et Tile Floor

satisfactory as an indepen-dent finish because it is not durable and turns white from contact with water It is also5.04 Parquet Tile Floor


7 PAINT FINISHES

contact with water. It is also used to cover wood knots before a priming lead and oil coat is applied because it kills7. PAINT FINISHES


coat is applied because it kills the resin in the knot and prevents discoloration.

7. PAINT FINISHES




c. Varnish

1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish It is a resolution of resin in drying oil (oil varnish) or in a1.07 Wood Float Finish1.08 Steel Trowelled1.09 Integral Colored-


It is a resolution of resin in drying oil (oil varnish) or in a voltatile solvent such as alcohol or turpentine (spirit varnish). It contains no pigment and hardens into a smooth, hard and glossy coat by the oxidation of the oil



g y yor by the evaporation of the alcohol.

The chief resins used in varnishes are 4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN


3.02 Ceramic Tile


- copal of African fossil gums; - dammar or resins from Singapore and the East

Indies; 4.04 Linoleum Sheet


- the residue left under the extraction of turpentine from pine resins, and rosin esters, obtained by treating resin with glycerine to make it waterproof when dry.




7. PAINT FINISHES




c. Varnish

1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish In general, oil varnishes are more durable than spirit1.07 Wood Float Finish1.08 Steel Trowelled1.09 Integral Colored-


In general, oil varnishes are more durable than spirit varnishes. Spirit varnishes are either dammar varnish, mad by treating dammar resins with turpentine, or shellac varnish, made by dissolving white or orange



y g gshellac in grain alcohol. They dry by the evaporation of the solvent.


3.02 Ceramic Tile


Drying time is from 4 to 24 hours.

V i h h ld4.04 Linoleum Sheet5. WOOD FLOOR FIN

5.01 StripFlooring5.02 Plank Flooring5 04 Parq et Tile Floor

Varnish should never be applied when the weather i i t h id5.04 Parquet Tile Floor


7 PAINT FINISHES

is moist or humid.


7. PAINT FINISHES




d. Lacquer

1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish Lacquer is made synthetically, and is closely1.07 Wood Float Finish1.08 Steel Trowelled1.09 Integral Colored-


Lacquer is made synthetically, and is closely related to rayon or nylon fabrics. It requires a special thinner sold by each manufacturer for his own brand.


2.01 Granolithic2.02 Terrazo Average drying time is 1-1/2 hours. For fine lacquer

finishes, a special undercoat of lacquer sealer is 4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN


3.02 Ceramic Tile


applied over a wash coat of shellac.

After the sealer has dried, it is sanded or steel-4.04 Linoleum Sheet


wooled to give the lacquer a gripping surface




7. PAINT FINISHES

7 02 OPAQUE FINISHES


Cement Plaster1 02 Rubbed Finish 7.02 OPAQUE FINISHES

a. Paint

1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish Paint is a mixture containing a pigment and a1.07 Wood Float Finish1.08 Steel Trowelled1.09 Integral Colored-


Paint is a mixture containing a pigment and a vehicle.

The pigment is that solid, finely ground portion



p g y g pwhich gives to paint the power to obscure, hide or color the surface.


3.02 Ceramic Tile


The vehicle is the fluid portion of the paint. It carries the particles of the pigment in suspension and by the oxidation deposits and hardening binds

4.04 Linoleum Sheet


them to painted surface or by evaporation deposits them thereon.




7. PAINT FINISHES




a. Paint

1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish PIGMENTS:1.07 Wood Float Finish1.08 Steel Trowelled1.09 Integral Colored-


PIGMENTS:

may be divided into white and colored pigments. The white pigments can, in turn, be divided further



p g , ,into hiding or active pigments and extender pigments.


3.02 Ceramic Tile


Hiding or active pigmentsare those which when mixed with the drying oil, produces an opaque finishing material. The most widely used active pigment is white lead4.04 Linoleum Sheet


The most widely used active pigment is white leadwhich, when used alone withlinseed oil, will produce an excellent durable paint. Other active white pigments include:5.04 Parquet Tile Floor


7 PAINT FINISHES

Other active white pigments include: - zinc oxide- lithopone- titanium dioxide7. PAINT FINISHES


titanium dioxide.

7. PAINT FINISHES




a. Paint

1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish Extender pigments:1.07 Wood Float Finish1.08 Steel Trowelled1.09 Integral Colored-


Extender pigments:

are inert pigments which when mixed with the drying oils possess very little hiding power.



y gThey are often referred to as fillers, extenders or suspenders. They serve to prevent the primary pigment from settling in a hard mass at the bottom of


3.02 Ceramic Tile


the paint can.

The extender pigments include:- calcium carbonate4.04 Linoleum Sheet


- calcium carbonate- silica and - mica.




7. PAINT FINISHES




a. Paint

1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish Extender pigments:1.07 Wood Float Finish1.08 Steel Trowelled1.09 Integral Colored-


Extender pigments:

All paints other than white paints also contain color pigments in addition to white pigments.



g g

A good exterior paint should contain not less than 65% pigment by weight.


3.02 Ceramic Tile


High quality exterior paints contain not more than 10% of extender pigments

4.04 Linoleum Sheet




7. PAINT FINISHES




a. Paint

1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish VEHICLE:1.07 Wood Float Finish1.08 Steel Trowelled1.09 Integral Colored-


VEHICLE:

The vehicle or liquid portion of the paint consists of: - a binder which forms the film



- the drier to speed up formulation of the film and - the thinner or the volatile solvent .

The volatile solvent facilitates application and4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN


3.02 Ceramic Tile


The volatile solvent facilitates application and contributes, through its evaporation, to the drying of the paint, but is not a permanent part of the film.

4.04 Linoleum Sheet


The type of solvent used in a paint determines whether it is a - water-base paint (where the solvent is water) or



7 PAINT FINISHES

- oil-base paint (where the solvent is an organic liquid).


The vehicle of a paint should not contain more than 35% of the paints volume by weight .

7. PAINT FINISHES




a. Paint

1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish The principal paint for exterior wood surfaces is oil1.07 Wood Float Finish1.08 Steel Trowelled1.09 Integral Colored-


The principal paint for exterior wood surfaces is oil paint, which contains white lead as the white paint pigment, color pigments and extenders in a vehicle consisting of a drying oil usually linseed oil dryers



consisting of a drying oil, usually linseed oil, dryers, and turpentine as the solvent or thinner.

Other drying oils used are 4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN


3.02 Ceramic Tile


- tung or china oil, - soybean and - fish oils.

4.04 Linoleum Sheet


Driers are added to the vehicle of paints containing drying oils to accelerate the hardening of paint by speeding the union of the oil with oxygen from the air5.04 Parquet Tile Floor


7 PAINT FINISHES

speeding the union of the oil with oxygen from the air.

A good paints vehicle will contain 85 to 95% drying oil and the rest thinners and driers.


7. PAINT FINISHES




a. Paint

1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish Driers:1.07 Wood Float Finish1.08 Steel Trowelled1.09 Integral Colored-


Driers:

may be classified into two types: - oil driers, used in powdered or crystalline form



ysuch as litharge (monoxide of lead), manganese dioxide, borate; and

- liquid driers, inorganic compounds of lead, 4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN


3.02 Ceramic Tile


manganese and cobalt, which are dissolved in turpentine or benzene and which mix readily with the oil at ordinary temperatures.

4.04 Linoleum Sheet




7. PAINT FINISHES




a. Paint

1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish Thinners1.07 Wood Float Finish1.08 Steel Trowelled1.09 Integral Colored-


Thinners

act as a solvent both for the materials of the paint and for the resin in the wood surface thereby providing



y ggreater penetration and anchorage in the wood pores. It improves the brushing and spreading qualities of the paint and also hastens its drying by absorbing oxygen


3.02 Ceramic Tile


from the air and transferring it to the drying oil. The best thinner is turpentine, a spirit obtained by steam distillation of the resin or gum which exudes from pine t (Th id f th di till ti i k i4.04 Linoleum Sheet


trees. (The residue of the distillation is known as rosin, used in the making of varnish.) Other thinners include mineral spirits (petroleum distillation products) benzol,

l t th5.04 Parquet Tile Floor6. CEILING FINISHES

6.01 Ceiling Board6.02 Acoustic Tile

7 PAINT FINISHES

solvent naptha.


7. PAINT FINISHES




a. Paint

1.02 Rubbed Finish1.03 Brushed Finish1.04 Tooled Finish1.05 Sand-blast Finish1.06 Exposed Aggr1 07 Wood Float Finish Thinners1.07 Wood Float Finish1.08 Steel Trowelled1.09 Integral Colored-


Thinners

Turpentine is also added to the first or priming coat to assist the penetration of the paint and in much smaller



assist the penetration of the paint and in much smaller quantities to the outer coats especially for exterior work. Because it dries without a gloss, it is mixed with the


3.02 Ceramic Tile


Because it dries without a gloss, it is mixed with the final coats for interior finishes when a flat or dull finish is required.

4.04 Linoleum Sheet




7. PAINT FINISHES


1. CONCRETE SURFACE FINI

Documents

Div09 Finishes