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Diversifying Tasmania’s Economy:
Analysis and Options
FINAL REPORT - Revised
October 2012
Jonathan West, Anthony Arundel, David Adams, Dominique
Bowen Butchart, Kieran O’Brien, Sarah Gatenby, Eugene
Polkan, Richard Smart, Lisa Taylor and Ann Torugsa
ii
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................... ii
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... xi
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... xix
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................xxiv
1 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS: THE ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION TASK IN
TASMANIA ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 The role of forestry in Tasmania’s economy ..................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Defining the challenge ....................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Importance of the traded private sector ........................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Reinforce comparative advantage ..................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Focus the essence of effective strategy ............................................................................................................. 5
1.6 Results: Sectors of opportunity ......................................................................................................................... 5
1.6.1 Wine ........................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.6.2 Dairy ........................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.6.3 Horticulture ................................................................................................................................................ 8
1.6.4 Aquaculture ............................................................................................................................................... 8
1.6.5 Forestry and wood products ...................................................................................................................... 9
1.7 Characteristics of Tasmania’s high-potential sectors ........................................................................................ 9
1.8 Recommendations: Unlocking Tasmania's economic potential ...................................................................... 12
1.9 Recommendation: Financial support ............................................................................................................... 19
1.10 Economic diversification for Tasmania: Employment estimates ................................................................... 21
1.10.1 Multipliers for target sectors ................................................................................................................. 24
2 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 26
3 REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND CLUSTERS .................................................. 30
3.1 Role of the community: two examples from Tasmania ................................................................................... 31
3.2 Regional economic development policies in developed countries ................................................................. 33
3.2.1 Australia ................................................................................................................................................... 33
iii
3.2.2 Canada ..................................................................................................................................................... 34
3.2.3 United States............................................................................................................................................ 35
3.2.4 European Union ....................................................................................................................................... 35
3.3 Case Studies ..................................................................................................................................................... 39
3.3.1 Pennsylvannia, USA .................................................................................................................................. 40
3.3.2 Schleswig-Holstein, Germany .................................................................................................................. 41
3.3.3 Styria, Austria ........................................................................................................................................... 42
3.4 Examples of forestry support measures from the EU...................................................................................... 44
3.4.1 Sweden .................................................................................................................................................... 44
3.4.2 Austria ...................................................................................................................................................... 44
3.4.3 France ...................................................................................................................................................... 45
3.4.4 Other countries ........................................................................................................................................ 45
3.5 Diversification from forestry ............................................................................................................................ 45
3.5.1 Sweden .................................................................................................................................................... 45
3.5.2 Spain ........................................................................................................................................................ 46
3.6 Not successful/not recommended .................................................................................................................. 46
3.7 Conclusions to examples ................................................................................................................................. 47
3.8 Clusters and agglomeration effects ................................................................................................................. 47
4 THE IMPACT OF CHANGES TO NATIVE FORESTRY ON TASMANIAN COMMUNITIES ......... 51
4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 51
4.2 Economics of Forestry in Tasmania ................................................................................................................. 51
4.2.1 Employment trends in forestry ................................................................................................................ 54
4.2.2 Effects of the TFIGA on wood supply ....................................................................................................... 57
4.2.3 Estimated effects of the TFIGA on economic output and employment .................................................. 60
4.2.4 Alternative employment for forestry workers ......................................................................................... 61
4.3 Most affected communities from declines in native forestry ......................................................................... 65
5 OPPORTUNITIES FOR ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION ...................................................... 69
5.1 Sectors of interest ............................................................................................................................................ 70
5.2 Identifying sector characteristics ..................................................................................................................... 73
5.3 Sector performance profiles ............................................................................................................................ 79
5.4 Regional profiles .............................................................................................................................................. 84
5.4.1 Sub-region data for employment............................................................................................................. 84
5.4.2 Regional data for TIC indicators ............................................................................................................... 85
5.5 Key growth sectors .......................................................................................................................................... 90
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5.5.1 Forestry and wood products .................................................................................................................... 90
5.5.2 Dairy ......................................................................................................................................................... 91
5.5.3 Wine ......................................................................................................................................................... 92
5.5.4 Horticulture .............................................................................................................................................. 92
5.5.5 Greenhouse Crops ................................................................................................................................... 93
5.5.6 Aquaculture ............................................................................................................................................. 93
5.5.7 Applications of the NBN ........................................................................................................................... 94
5.5.8 Light manufacturing ................................................................................................................................. 94
5.5.9 Tourism .................................................................................................................................................... 95
5.5.10 Mining .................................................................................................................................................... 95
5.5.11 Mineral Processing ................................................................................................................................. 96
5.6 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................... 96
6 DEMOGRAPHIC, EMPLOYMENT, AND SKILL CHALLENGES FOR TASMANIA ..................... 98
6.1 Demographics .................................................................................................................................................. 99
6.1.1 Population and age distribution .............................................................................................................. 99
6.1.2 Factors driving population change in Tasmania .................................................................................... 102
6.1.3 Projections of future population in Tasmania ....................................................................................... 105
6.1.4 Future age structure of Tasmania .......................................................................................................... 107
6.2 Employment .................................................................................................................................................. 110
6.2.1 Dependency and labour market entry exit ratios .................................................................................. 110
6.2.2 Unemployment and labour force participation rates ............................................................................ 111
6.2.3 Labour force engagement and spare capacity ....................................................................................... 115
6.2.4 Summary of labour supply indicators for target LGAs ........................................................................... 118
6.3 Labour Force Skills ......................................................................................................................................... 123
6.3.1 Summary of labour force skills for target LGAs ..................................................................................... 125
6.4 Socio-economic conditions in the target LGAs .............................................................................................. 128
6.4.1 Wages .................................................................................................................................................... 131
6.4.2 Poverty ................................................................................................................................................... 131
6.5 Dependence on the Tasmanian Public sector ............................................................................................... 132
6.5.1 Gross State Product ............................................................................................................................... 132
6.5.2 Public sector employment ..................................................................................................................... 133
6.5.3 Dependence on the public sector .......................................................................................................... 135
7 ASSETS AND LIABILITIES IN TASMANIA AND THE TARGET LGAS ................................... 137
7.1 Constructed Assets ........................................................................................................................................ 138
7.1.1 Regulations ............................................................................................................................................ 138
7.1.2 Subdivision of agricultural land .............................................................................................................. 139
7.1.3 Diversification of forestry land .............................................................................................................. 142
7.1.4 Tasmanian Irrigation Development Board and Tasmanian Irrigation .................................................... 150
7.1.5 Policy initiatives to support economic development............................................................................. 152
7.2 Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................................. 158
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7.2.1 Roads and transport .............................................................................................................................. 158
7.2.2 Bass Strait Freight .................................................................................................................................. 159
7.2.3 Hospitals and GPs .................................................................................................................................. 161
7.2.4 Schools ................................................................................................................................................... 165
7.2.5 Internet Connection and the NBN Roll Out ........................................................................................... 166
7.2.6 Business structure .................................................................................................................................. 167
7.3 Natural Resources .......................................................................................................................................... 169
7.3.1 Soils ........................................................................................................................................................ 169
7.3.2 Climate ................................................................................................................................................... 173
7.3.3 Land capability ....................................................................................................................................... 180
7.3.4 Land use ................................................................................................................................................. 182
7.3.5 Mineral Resources ................................................................................................................................. 183
7.4 Summaries of assets and liabilities for the target LGAs ................................................................................ 184
7.4.1 Burnie ..................................................................................................................................................... 184
7.4.2 Central Highlands ................................................................................................................................... 184
7.4.3 Circular Head .......................................................................................................................................... 185
7.4.4 Dorset .................................................................................................................................................... 186
7.4.5 Glamorgan/Spring Bay ........................................................................................................................... 186
7.4.6 Huon Valley ............................................................................................................................................ 187
7.4.7 Kentish ................................................................................................................................................... 188
7.4.8 Meander Valley ...................................................................................................................................... 188
7.4.9 Northern Midlands................................................................................................................................. 189
7.4.10 Sorell .................................................................................................................................................... 190
7.4.11 Southern Midlands ............................................................................................................................... 190
7.4.12 Tasman ................................................................................................................................................. 191
7.4.13 Waratah/Wynyard ............................................................................................................................... 192
8 FORESTRY-BASED ALTERNATIVES TO NATIVE FORESTRY .............................................. 193
8.1 Current status of Tasmanian forestry ............................................................................................................ 194
8.1.1 Intake and production ........................................................................................................................... 195
8.1.2 Hardwood for sawlog production .......................................................................................................... 197
8.1.3 Plantations ............................................................................................................................................. 198
8.1.4 Pulpwood mills and sawmills ................................................................................................................. 202
8.1.5 Sawmill upgrades ................................................................................................................................... 204
8.1.6 Domestic and foreign markets for wood products ................................................................................ 205
8.2 Future Alternatives to Native Forestry .......................................................................................................... 216
8.2.1 Increasing reliance on plantations ......................................................................................................... 216
8.2.2 Improving mill recovery rates ................................................................................................................ 223
8.3 New markets for woodchips and wood waste .............................................................................................. 233
8.3.1 Particle board ......................................................................................................................................... 234
8.3.2 Opportunities under the Clean Energy Plan .......................................................................................... 235
8.3.3 The Voluntary Carbon Market ............................................................................................................... 235
8.3.4 The Carbon Price Mechanism ................................................................................................................ 236
8.3.5 Clean Energy Future Programs .............................................................................................................. 236
8.3.6 The Carbon Farming Initiative ................................................................................................................ 236
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8.3.7 The Carbon Value of Plantations ........................................................................................................... 239
8.3.8 Carbon Farming in the Tasmanian Landscape ....................................................................................... 240
8.3.9 Biochar ................................................................................................................................................... 243
9 RENEWABLE ELECTRICAL ENERGY ............................................................................... 246
9.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 246
9.2 The Renewable Energy Sector in Tasmania ................................................................................................... 247
9.3 Electrical Generation Capacity in Tasmania................................................................................................... 250
9.4 Electricity Exports to Mainland Australia....................................................................................................... 253
9.5 Tasmanian and Australian Markets for Electricity ......................................................................................... 255
9.5.1 Brief introduction to electricity markets in general ............................................................................... 255
9.5.2 National Electricity Market .................................................................................................................... 256
9.5.3 Electricity Pricing .................................................................................................................................... 256
9.5.4 Electricity pricing under the Carbon Price Mechanism .......................................................................... 258
9.5.5 Reliability ............................................................................................................................................... 259
9.5.6 Transmission and distribution................................................................................................................ 260
9.6 Cost of Renewable Electrical Energy Technologies ....................................................................................... 260
9.7 Options for Biofuels in Tasmania ................................................................................................................... 264
9.8 Investment in Renewable Energy .................................................................................................................. 265
9.8.1 Planned and in Progress Renewable Energy Projects in Tasmania ........................................................ 268
9.8.2 Resource Information ............................................................................................................................ 271
9.9 Industry Assistance ........................................................................................................................................ 272
9.10 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 274
10 DAIRY ...................................................................................................................... 277
10.1 Summary: Growth Potential for Tasmania’s Dairy Sector .......................................................................... 277
Determinants of Profitability and Return: The Dairy Value Chain ...................................................... 278 10.1.1
Opportunities for Expansion and Innovation ...................................................................................... 281 10.1.2
Options for Policy ................................................................................................................................ 283 10.1.3
Increase milk volume .......................................................................................................................... 283 10.1.4
Irrigation ............................................................................................................................................. 283 10.1.5
Land conversion .................................................................................................................................. 284 10.1.6
On-farm practice improvement .......................................................................................................... 284 10.1.7
Encourage locally owned processing and value-added ...................................................................... 285 10.1.8
10.2 Background Analysis ................................................................................................................................... 286
10.3 Production .................................................................................................................................................. 287
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10.4 Producers .................................................................................................................................................... 291
Growing ............................................................................................................................................... 291 10.4.1
Processing ........................................................................................................................................... 291 10.4.2
Specialised Dairy ................................................................................................................................. 292 10.4.3
Employment: ....................................................................................................................................... 292 10.4.4
Markets ............................................................................................................................................... 292 10.4.5
Revenues ............................................................................................................................................. 293 10.4.6
Investment .......................................................................................................................................... 293 10.4.7
Tamar Valley Dairy .............................................................................................................................. 294 10.4.8
Capacity............................................................................................................................................... 294 10.4.9
Competition ...................................................................................................................................... 294 10.4.10
Key roles for Government ................................................................................................................. 295 10.4.11
10.5 Market trends ............................................................................................................................................. 296
Market situation ................................................................................................................................. 296 10.5.1
Exchange rates .................................................................................................................................... 296 10.5.2
Prices ................................................................................................................................................... 300 10.5.3
Production .......................................................................................................................................... 304 10.5.4
Consumption ....................................................................................................................................... 308 10.5.5
Trade ................................................................................................................................................... 308 10.5.6
10.6 Commodities ............................................................................................................................................... 309
Butter .................................................................................................................................................. 309 10.6.1
Cheese ................................................................................................................................................. 313 10.6.2
Skim Milk Powder (SMP) ..................................................................................................................... 316 10.6.3
Whole Milk Powder (WMP) ................................................................................................................ 319 10.6.4
11 WINE ....................................................................................................................... 322
11.1 Executive summary ..................................................................................................................................... 322
11.2 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 323
11.3 Tasmania, the ‘lucky’ state for wine ........................................................................................................... 324
Features of Viticulture in Tasmania .................................................................................................... 324 11.3.1
Wine industry clusters ........................................................................................................................ 327 11.3.2
The Tasmanian “terroir”, a study of physical resources ..................................................................... 328 11.3.3
Climate ................................................................................................................................................ 329 11.3.4
Water availability ................................................................................................................................ 343 11.3.5
11.4 A review of Tasmanian wine regions .......................................................................................................... 345
The formalisation of wine region “Tasmania” .................................................................................... 345 11.4.1
A study of the present size of Tasmania’s wine sector, is it small or very small, and maybe too small?11.4.2
....................................................................................................................................................................... 347
Some experiences of farm land conversion to vineyards in Tasmania ............................................... 350 11.4.3
11.5 The Growth of Wine Regions, including Tasmania ..................................................................................... 351
A brief history of the development of New Zealand wine regions. .................................................... 351 11.5.1
Is there a critical production level for new wine regions in order to grow quickly? .......................... 353 11.5.2
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11.6 Is Tasmania a significant Pinot Noir producer in Australia? ....................................................................... 357
11.7 The economics of grape and wine production in Tasmania ....................................................................... 358
11.8 The Market for Tasmanian wines ............................................................................................................... 359
The present situation .......................................................................................................................... 359 11.8.1
The Overseas Export Market .............................................................................................................. 359 11.8.2
Can Tasmanian wines cause import substitution? ............................................................................. 360 11.8.3
Prospects for increasing wine sales within Tasmania ......................................................................... 361 11.8.4
Prospects for Increasing Market Share of Tasmanian Wine, the Lockshin study. .............................. 364 11.8.5
Prospects for marketing Tasmanian wine, the Henderson-Baldwin study. ........................................ 365 11.8.6
11.9 Local producer perceptions of Tasmania’s wine ........................................................................................ 367
11.10 Study of implications of growth of the Tasmanian wine sector ............................................................... 370
Economic ........................................................................................................................................... 370 11.10.1
Employment ...................................................................................................................................... 371 11.10.2
Regional development ...................................................................................................................... 371 11.10.3
Tourism ............................................................................................................................................. 372 11.10.4
Other ................................................................................................................................................. 372 11.10.5
11.11 Study of Government supporting services ............................................................................................... 372
Education and training ...................................................................................................................... 373 11.11.1
Research............................................................................................................................................ 374 11.11.2
Support and promotion .................................................................................................................... 374 11.11.3
11.12 Constraints to the expansion of the Tasmanian wine sector ................................................................... 374
What do existing producers think? ................................................................................................... 374 11.12.1
Does local Government encourage wine sector expansion? ............................................................ 377 11.12.2
Are there capital constraints to growth? .......................................................................................... 377 11.12.3
What might be the needs of an expanded wine sector for sustainability? ...................................... 379 11.12.4
What is a possible industry development trajectory? ...................................................................... 380 11.12.5
11.13 How might Governments assist growth? ................................................................................................. 380
A new Wine Industry Development Authority .................................................................................. 380 11.13.1
Government support ........................................................................................................................ 381 11.13.2
How might new investors be attracted? ........................................................................................... 383 11.13.3
11.14 Cider.......................................................................................................................................................... 384
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 384 11.14.1
Opportunities for import substitution .............................................................................................. 386 11.14.2
Export opportunities ......................................................................................................................... 388 11.14.3
12 HORTICULTURE ........................................................................................................ 392
12.1 Summary ..................................................................................................................................................... 392
Options for policy ................................................................................................................................ 395 12.1.1
Summary of horticulture sectors ........................................................................................................ 395 12.1.2
12.2 The Australian horticulture sector and its competitiveness ....................................................................... 399
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12.3 Fruit ............................................................................................................................................................ 404
Production .......................................................................................................................................... 405 12.3.1
Processing ........................................................................................................................................... 406 12.3.2
Employment and markets ................................................................................................................... 407 12.3.3
Investment .......................................................................................................................................... 407 12.3.4
Limitations and competition ............................................................................................................... 408 12.3.5
Global and domestic market trends for fruit ...................................................................................... 409 12.3.6
Fruit Growing in New Zealand ............................................................................................................ 416 12.3.7
12.4 Nuts ............................................................................................................................................................ 419
Production ......................................................................................................................................... 421 12.4.1
Processing ........................................................................................................................................... 421 12.4.2
Markets ............................................................................................................................................... 422 12.4.3
12.4.4 Investment .......................................................................................................................................... 422
12.4.5 Limitations and Competition .............................................................................................................. 422
12.4.6 Role of Government ............................................................................................................................ 424
Market trends ..................................................................................................................................... 424 12.4.7
12.5 Vegetables .................................................................................................................................................. 429
Producers ............................................................................................................................................ 430 12.5.1
Production .......................................................................................................................................... 430 12.5.2
Market trends ..................................................................................................................................... 434 12.5.3
12.6 Cut flowers .................................................................................................................................................. 441
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 441 12.6.1
Tasmania ............................................................................................................................................. 442 12.6.2
Market trends ..................................................................................................................................... 444 12.6.3
13 AQUACULTURE ........................................................................................................ 448
13.1 Summary ..................................................................................................................................................... 448
Challenges and opportunities ............................................................................................................. 449 13.1.1
13.2 Industry overview ....................................................................................................................................... 450
Producers ............................................................................................................................................ 459 13.2.1
Production .......................................................................................................................................... 459 13.2.2
Markets (exports) ............................................................................................................................... 460 13.2.3
Investment .......................................................................................................................................... 460 13.2.4
13.3 Opportunities and challenges ..................................................................................................................... 460
Regulation ........................................................................................................................................... 461 13.3.1
Tasmanian development .................................................................................................................... 463 13.3.2
Competition ........................................................................................................................................ 463 13.3.3
Government ........................................................................................................................................ 464 13.3.4
13.4 Market trends ............................................................................................................................................. 465
14 TOURISM ................................................................................................................. 477
14.1 Summary ..................................................................................................................................................... 477
x
Challenges ........................................................................................................................................... 479 14.1.1
Options for policy ................................................................................................................................ 480 14.1.2
14.2 Structure of Tasmanian tourism ................................................................................................................. 481
Short break tourism ............................................................................................................................ 482 14.2.1
Accommodation infrastructure .......................................................................................................... 483 14.2.2
14.3 Characteristics of tourists to Tasmania ...................................................................................................... 485
Details on tourist expenditures .......................................................................................................... 487 14.3.1
Origin of interstate visitors ................................................................................................................. 488 14.3.2
International visitors by source region ............................................................................................... 491 14.3.3
Reason to visit ..................................................................................................................................... 493 14.3.4
Age of visitors ..................................................................................................................................... 495 14.3.5
Effect of exchange rates on international and interstate visitors ....................................................... 497 14.3.6
15 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 500
APPENDICES ................................................................................................................. 520
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List of Figures
Figure 4.1 Tasmanian Export Volume and Australian Export Unit Price of Broadleaved Woodchips ................... 54
Figure 4.2 Estimated forestry sector employment by region: 1996 - 2011 ........................................................... 56
Figure 4.3 Average employment risk by LGA from a decline in forestry ............................................................... 68
Figure 5.1 Correlation between the ABS and revised definitions of the tourism sector ....................................... 72
Figure 6.1 Population distribution by age for Tasmania and regions, 2006 ........................................................ 100
Figure 6.2 Australian population distribution by age, 2006 ................................................................................ 100
Figure 6.3 Tasmanian population distribution by age for 1996, 2001 and 2006 ................................................. 101
Figure 6.4 Tasmanian population distribution by age for target LGAs, 2006 ...................................................... 101
Figure 6.5 Population distribution by age for Hobart and Launceston, 2006 ..................................................... 102
Figure 6.6 Population components by year, Tasmania: June 1981 to June 2011 ................................................ 103
Figure 6.7 Net Interstate Migration by age group, Tasmania: 1996/97 to 2010/11 ........................................... 103
Figure 6.8 Observed and Projected Population of Tasmania .............................................................................. 106
Figure 6.9 Population Age Structure, Tasmania, 2011 – Actual, 2016 and 2012 ................................................. 108
Figure 6.10 Population Age Structure by Regions of Tasmania, 2010 ................................................................. 110
Figure 6.11 Labour Force Participation Rates (LFPR) and Unemployment Rates - Tasmania ............................. 112
Figure 6.12 Labour Force Participation Rates – Australia and Tasmania: 1978 to February 2012 ...................... 113
Figure 6.13 Labour Force Participation Rates by sex – Tasmania: 1978 to February 2012 ................................. 113
Figure 6.14 Labour Force Participation Rates – Southern Tasmania: 2007 to February 2012 ............................ 114
Figure 6.15 Labour Force Participation Rates –Northern Tasmania: 2007 to February 2012 ............................. 114
Figure 6.16 Labour Force Participation Rates –Mersey-Lyell: 2007 to February 2012 ........................................ 114
Figure 6.17 Percent Labour Force Engagement for Men by Age –Tasmania: Feb 2012 ...................................... 115
Figure 6.18 Percent Labour Force Engagement for Women by Age –Tasmania: Feb 2012 ................................ 116
Figure 6.19 Underemployment (employed but willing to work longer hours) by gender-Tasmania:1978-2011.117
Figure 6.20 Labour Force Underutilisation (underemployed and unemployed) by gender – Tasmania: 1978 -
2011 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 117
Figure 6.21 Proportion of Population with Formal Qualifications: May 2011 .................................................... 123
xii
Figure 6.22 Level of Educational Attainment for persons aged 15 – 64 by gender, Tasmania: May 2011.......... 124
Figure 6.23 Population Age Structure – Bachelor Degree or Higher, Tasmania: 2006 ........................................ 125
Figure 6.24 Average annual wages, 2008/09....................................................................................................... 131
Figure 6.25 Share of “Government” in Tasmania’s GSP and Australia’s GDP ...................................................... 133
Figure 6.26 Share of the state government employment (both part time and full time) in the labour force and
population by states for Australia and the US ..................................................................................................... 136
Figure 7.1 Minimum lot sizes for rural zones ...................................................................................................... 143
Figure 7.2 Highways in Tasmania......................................................................................................................... 159
Figure 7.3 Proportion of population that accessed the internet in the previous 12 months .............................. 166
Figure 7.4 NBN Roll out map for 2012 ................................................................................................................. 167
Figure 7.5 Businesses with more than five FTE for each region, 2010 ................................................................ 168
Figure 7.6 Businesses with more than five FTE for each target LGA, 2010 ......................................................... 168
Figure 7.7 Average FTE per business for business with five or more FTE, 2010 .................................................. 169
Figure 7.8 Average annual rainfall for Tasmania ................................................................................................. 174
Figure 7.9 Average annual evaporation for Tasmania ........................................................................................ 174
Figure 7.10 Irrigation development schemes ...................................................................................................... 176
Figure 7.11 Annual mean, maximum and minimum temperatures for Tasmania .............................................. 177
Figure 7.12 Annual potential frost days for Tasmania ......................................................................................... 179
Figure 7.13 Potential frost days for October ....................................................................................................... 180
Figure 7.14 Proportion of different land uses in Tasmania ................................................................................. 182
Figure 8.1 Distribution of land parcels coded Production Forestry across Tasmania ......................................... 195
Figure 8.2 30-Year View of High Quality Eucalypt Sawlog Supply from Forestry Tasmania ................................ 198
Figure 8.3 Distribution of land parcels coded Plantation Forestry across Tasmania ........................................... 199
Figure 8.4 Hardwood sawn timber production and consumption ...................................................................... 206
Figure 8.5 Domestic price index for selected hardwood structural products ..................................................... 207
Figure 8.6 Australian Production and Consumption of Wood Products .............................................................. 208
Figure 8.7 Tasmanian Timber (Sawnwood) Production, Export and Export Value .............................................. 209
xiii
Figure 8.8 Australian Exports of Wood Products to Selected Regions (2006/07-2010/11 Average) .................. 210
Figure 8.9 Australian and Tasmanian share of world wood chip and particles exports ...................................... 212
Figure 8.10 Total woodchips exported from Australia to selected countries ..................................................... 213
Figure 8.11 Tasmanian Export Volume and Australian Export Unit Price (AUD) of Hardwood Woodchips ........ 214
Figure 8.12 Volume and source of hardwood log imports by China ................................................................... 215
Figure 8.13 Tasmanian Roundwood Export Volume and Value .......................................................................... 216
Figure 8.14 Figurative description of quarter-sawing and back-sawing strategies ............................................. 227
Figure 8.15 Wood panel production worldwide .................................................................................................. 234
Figure 8.16 ACCUs from Kyoto and non-Kyoto Activities and Trade Markets ..................................................... 238
Figure 9.1 Electricity transmitted by source of generation from 2005/06 through to 2010/11 ......................... 248
Figure 9.2 Total Tasmanian Winter Demand Forecast ........................................................................................ 251
Figure 9.3 Projected capacity excess ................................................................................................................... 252
Figure 9.4 Average Basslink flows from Sunday to Saturday over a typical summer and winter week .............. 253
Figure 9.5 Energy Technology Costs (2015) ......................................................................................................... 261
Figure 9.6 Estimated Energy Technology Costs (2030) ........................................................................................ 262
Figure 9.7 Government Renewable Energy RD&D Budgets (Million USD prices and PPP), OECD, 2010 ......... 266
Figure 9.8 Australian Government 2010 Renewable Energy RD&D Budget (Million USD prices and PPP) ......... 267
Figure 10.1 Fodder Costs by Region, Australia ................................................................................................... 278
Figure 10.2 Milk Production Costs per Kilogram of Solids .................................................................................. 279
Figure 10.3 Production of whole milk in Tasmania ............................................................................................ 288
Figure 10.4 Number of dairy cows in Tasmania ................................................................................................. 288
Figure 10.5 Distribution of land parcels coded dairy across Tasmania .............................................................. 289
Figure 10.6 Dairy entity clusters ......................................................................................................................... 290
Figure 10.7 Exchange rates with some of Australia’s trading partners as units of foreign currency per Australian
dollar ................................................................................................................................................................... 297
Figure 10.8 Global per capita production and consumption annual growth rates of dairy products till 2020 .. 299
Figure 10.9 Australian, New Zealand and global projected annual production growth rates of dairy products
from 2011-20 ...................................................................................................................................................... 300
xiv
Figure 10.10 Dairy products world prices (USD/t) .............................................................................................. 301
Figure 10.11 World butter prices in nominal and real terms (2005 USD) .......................................................... 302
Figure 10.12 World SMP prices in nominal and real terms (2005 USD) ............................................................. 302
Figure 10.13 World WMP prices in nominal and real terms (2005 USD) ........................................................... 303
Figure 10.14 World cheese prices in nominal and real terms (2005 USD) ......................................................... 303
Figure 10.15 Global production of dairy products (million tonnes) ................................................................... 304
Figure 10.16 Top 10 producers of whole milk powder, average 2008-10, Kt ..................................................... 305
Figure 10.17 Top 10 producers of butter, average 2008-10, Kt ......................................................................... 306
Figure 10.18 Top 10 producers of skim milk powder, average 2008-10, Kt ....................................................... 307
Figure 10.19 Top 10 producers of cheese, average 2008-10, Kt ........................................................................ 307
Figure 10.20 Production, consumption and world price (nominal) of butter .................................................... 310
Figure 10.21 Butter exporters (Kt) ...................................................................................................................... 311
Figure 10.22 Butter importers (Kt) ..................................................................................................................... 311
Figure 10.23 Production, consumption and world price (nominal) of cheese ................................................... 313
Figure 10.24 Cheese exporters (Kt) .................................................................................................................... 314
Figure 10.25 Cheese importers (Kt) .................................................................................................................... 314
Figure 10.26 Production, consumption and world price (nominal) of skim milk powder .................................. 316
Figure 10.27 SMP exporters (Kt) ........................................................................................................................ 317
Figure 10.28 SMP importers (Kt) ........................................................................................................................ 317
Figure 10.29 Production, consumption and world price (nominal) of whole milk powder ................................ 319
Figure 10.30 Exporters of WMP (Kt) ................................................................................................................... 320
Figure 10.31 Importers of WMP (Kt) .................................................................................................................. 320
Figure 11.1 Wine entity clusters (indicative) ...................................................................................................... 328
Figure 11.2 A colour coded summer temperature map of Tasmania, which shows for each location in the state
which other country has the most similar temperatures. Most of Tasmania is like New Zealand (coloured green)
from a summer temperature viewpoint. ............................................................................................................ 330
Figure 11.3 Maps of Tasmania overlaid on New Zealand, correct for size and latitude, with the same projection.
Launceston (41° 26’ downtown) “sits” on Blenheim (41° 30’ downtown) in Marlborough. .............................. 330
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Figure 11.4 A comparison of vineyard area for mainland Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania plotted against
the heat index Mean January Temperature °C. .................................................................................................. 333
Figure 11.5 A comparison of the vineyard area in New Zealand and Tasmania classified by Mean January
Temperature. ...................................................................................................................................................... 333
Figure 11.6 Annual rainfall in Tasmania. The shaded grey area is deemed unsuitable for viticulture because of
too high rainfall and or low temperatures. ........................................................................................................ 335
Figure 11.7 Growing Degree Days in Tasmania¬. The shaded grey area is deemed unsuitable for viticulture
because of too high rainfall and or low temperatures. ...................................................................................... 337
Figure 11.8 Frost severity for viticulture in Tasmania for October, estimated as days per month less than 0 °C.
The shaded grey area is deemed unsuitable for viticulture because of too high rainfall and or low temperatures.
............................................................................................................................................................................ 338
Figure 11.9 Map of Tasmania showing regions for which soil surveys are available in the CSIRO series 1940-
1967, see the text for details. ............................................................................................................................. 341
Figure 11.10 A geological map of Tasmania with vineyard regions overlaid. ..................................................... 342
Figure 11.11 The location and names of proposed irrigation schemes, Tasmania ............................................ 343
Figure 11.12 Wine regions as at February 2012. ................................................................................................ 345
Figure 11.13 A map of the vineyard areas of Tasmania, as of March 2012........................................................ 347
Figure 11.14 The development of the Tasmanian wine sector, by bearing area and production, from 1986, and
1994 to 2011 ....................................................................................................................................................... 348
Figure 11.15 The development of bearing vineyard area for Marlborough. The arrows mark beginning and end
of growth stages discussed in the text. .............................................................................................................. 354
Figure 11.16 Increase in bearing area, Margaret River 1993 to 2008 ................................................................ 355
Figure 11.17 The relationship between increase in bearing area, 2001 to 2008, and 2001 bearing area for 45
Australian GI’s of 5,000 hectares or less in 2001 ................................................................................................ 356
Figure 11.18 The relationship between increase in bearing area, 2001 to 2008, and 2001 for 6 classes of 2001
bearing area, and Tasmania ............................................................................................................................... 356
Figure 11.19 Number of Pinot Noir by-the bottle listings and average price per region. .................................. 367
Figure 11.20 A comparison of Australian and New Zealand wine exports to the UK, by volume, taken from
Smart (2011b). .................................................................................................................................................... 376
Figure 11.21 Cider imports to Australia ($US) .................................................................................................... 386
Figure 11.22 UK cider exports to Australia (£) .................................................................................................... 387
Figure 11.23 Australian exports of cider to the world ($US) .............................................................................. 389
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Figure 11.24 Japan’s imports of cider from Australia, France and the UK ($US) ................................................ 389
Figure 11.25 Hong Kong’s imports of cider from Australia, France and the UK ($US) ....................................... 390
Figure 11.26 Value per litre of Japan’s imports of cider from Australia, France and the UK (USD) ................... 390
Figure 12.1 Distribution of land parcels coded Irrigated Perennial Horticulture across Tasmania .................... 399
Figure 12.2 Net exports and exchange rate........................................................................................................ 400
Figure 12.3 New Zealand and Chile growth rates, 2000 to 2010/11 (as stated) ................................................ 410
Figure 12.4 Key walnut (with shell) importers and exporters (tonnes) .............................................................. 426
Figure 12.5 World production of chestnuts, hazelnuts and walnuts (tonnes) ................................................... 427
Figure 12.6 Prices of Chestnuts, hazelnuts and walnuts over time .................................................................... 428
Figure 12.7 Producer prices for chestnuts, hazelnuts and walnuts over time ($US/Ha) .................................... 429
Figure 12.8 Netherlands cut flower production, 2001 to 2010 .......................................................................... 447
Figure 13.1 Aquaculture production in Tasmania. ............................................................................................. 451
Figure 13.2 Aquaculture entity clusters .............................................................................................................. 452
Figure 13.3 Gross value of aquaculture fisheries production – Australia (excluding Tasmania) and Tasmania
($’000)................................................................................................................................................................. 457
Figure 13.4 Aquaculture as a component of total fisheries production in Tasmania (tonnes) ......................... 458
Figure 13.5 Salmonid aquaculture production in Tasmania (tonnes) ................................................................ 458
Figure 13.6 Oyster, mussel and abalone aquaculture production in Tasmania (tonnes) ................................... 459
Figure 13.7 Broad regulatory framework for aquaculture ................................................................................. 461
Figure 13.8 Global aquaculture and wild catch, fish only (tonnes) .................................................................... 465
Figure 13.9 Percentage change in global aquaculture production ..................................................................... 466
Figure 13.10 Top aquaculture producers excluding China ranked by 2009 production (tonnes) ...................... 467
Figure 13.11 China’s aquaculture production .................................................................................................... 467
Figure 13.12 Global production of Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout from aquaculture (tonnes) .................. 468
Figure 13.13 Global production quantity and value of Atlantic salmon from aquaculture ................................ 469
Figure 13.14 Tasmania’s production quantity and value of salmonids from aquaculture ................................. 469
Figure 13.15 Global production quantity and value of rainbow trout from aquaculture .................................. 470
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Figure 13.16 Top aquaculture producers of Atlantic salmon (tonnes) ............................................................... 470
Figure 13.17 Top aquaculture producers of rainbow trout and Australia (tonnes) ........................................... 471
Figure 13.18 Global production quantity and value of abalone from aquaculture ............................................ 471
Figure 13.19 Tasmania’s production quantity and value of abalone from aquaculture .................................... 472
Figure 13.20 Aquaculture producers of abalone ................................................................................................ 472
Figure 13.21 Freshwater fish global supply and per capita food supply ............................................................ 474
Figure 13.22 Peso USD exchange rate ................................................................................................................ 476
Figure 14.1 Share of tourism employment by ANZSIC industry division for Tasmania and Australia, direct
contribution, 2007/08 ........................................................................................................................................ 482
Figure 14.2 Percent of accommodation firms and all firms in Tasmania with 5 or more employees providing
selected online services in 2010 ......................................................................................................................... 484
Figure 14.3 Visitors to Tasmania......................................................................................................................... 485
Figure 14.4 Cruise ship total visitor numbers to Tasmania ................................................................................ 486
Figure 14.5 International visitors and corresponding visitor nights for Tasmania ............................................. 487
Figure 14.6 Average Expenditure per Visitor in Tasmania by Purpose of Travel: 2008 to 2011 ........................ 488
Figure 14.7 Origin of Interstate Visitors to Tasmania ......................................................................................... 489
Figure 14.8 Interstate Visitors to Tasmania by origin over time ........................................................................ 489
Figure 14.9 Interstate Visitors to Tasmania by origin over time ........................................................................ 490
Figure 14.10 Average Length of Stay (Nights) in Tasmania by Interstate Visitors by Origin (Jan 2011 - Dec 2011)
............................................................................................................................................................................ 490
Figure 14.11 International visitors by source region or country ........................................................................ 491
Figure 14.12 International visitor nights by country of residence (Year ended 31 December 2011) ................. 492
Figure 14.13 Average International visitor nights in Tasmania per person (Year ended 31 December 2011) ... 492
Figure 14.14 Average length of stay (nights) by international visitors to Tasmania .......................................... 493
Figure 14.15 Reasons for interstate visitors to Tasmania .................................................................................. 493
Figure 14.16 International visitors to Tasmania by main purpose of journey, including backpackers (Year ended
31 December 2011) ............................................................................................................................................ 494
Figure 14.17 Main reason for coming to Tasmania (sum of international visitors) over time ........................... 494
Figure 14.18 Average Length of Stay in Tasmania by Purpose of Travel (Jan 2011 - Dec 2011) ........................ 495
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Figure 14.19 Average Length of Stay in Tasmania by Purpose of Travel over time............................................ 495
Figure 14.20 Age of visitors to Tasmania ............................................................................................................ 496
Figure 14.21 Number of international visitors by age class ............................................................................... 497
Figure 14.22 International visitor nights and the United Stated Dollar/Australian dollar exchange rate .......... 498
Figure 14.23 International visitor nights and the Euro/Australian dollar exchange rate ................................... 499
Figure 14.24 International visitors and the United Stated Dollar/Australian dollar exchange rate ................... 499
Figure 14.25 International visitors and the Euro/Australian dollar exchange rate ............................................ 499
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List of Tables
Table 1.1 Estimates of direct and indirect jobs ..................................................................................................... 23
Table 1.2 Multipliers for key sectors and subsectors ............................................................................................ 24
Table 2.1 Employment Numbers by Region – Tasmania: November 2011 ........................................................... 27
Table 2.2 Industry Groupings – Tasmania and Regions (%) ................................................................................... 27
Table 2.3 Definition of the three main regions in Tasmania ................................................................................. 28
Table 4.1 Economic indicators for the Tasmanian forestry sector: 2006/07 to 2009/10 (all dollar values in
million AUD) ........................................................................................................................................................... 52
Table 4.2 Forest industry employment estimates by region: 1996 to 2011 .......................................................... 55
Table 4.3 Distribution of Industry of employment since leaving the forest sector (number of reported jobs by
sector) .................................................................................................................................................................... 63
Table 4.4 Communities most affected by past, current and future conditions in the forestry sector .................. 66
Table 5.1 Definition of sectors of interest for economic diversification ............................................................... 71
Table 5.2 Indicators to identify priority sectors..................................................................................................... 76
Table 5.3 Indicators to identify high leverage sectors ........................................................................................... 77
Table 5.4 Indicators to identify high innovative capability sectors: 2010 Tasmanian Innovation Census results . 78
Table 5.5 Economic potential of sector characteristics based on their attributes ................................................ 79
Table 5.6 Composite indices of sector performance on priority, high leverage and innovative capability
indicators ............................................................................................................................................................... 81
Table 5.7 Sector profiles on priority, high leverage and high innovative capability .............................................. 82
Table 5.8 Employment for target sectors only in each region, 2006 ..................................................................... 85
Table 5.9 2010 employment shares and export shares by region: for firms with 5+ employees ......................... 86
Table 5.10 Change in sales and exports between 2005/06 and 2009/10 for businesses with five plus employees
(TIC panel data, inflation adjusted) ....................................................................................................................... 88
Table 5.11 Investment in innovation by businesses with five plus employees, 2009/10 fiscal year ..................... 89
Table 5.12 Percent of businesses with five plus employees that collaborated on innovation, 2009/10 fiscal year
............................................................................................................................................................................... 90
Table 5.13 Preliminary alternatives for native forestry by region ......................................................................... 96
Table 6.1 Net Migration by Age – Tasmania: 1996/07 to 2010/11 ..................................................................... 104
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Table 6.2 Dependency Ratio and Labour Market Entry Exit Ratio – Australia and Tasmania ............................ 111
Table 6.3 Reasons for not participating in the labour market by age – Tasmania: Jan 2012 .............................. 118
Table 6.4 Labour force indicators for the target LGAs ......................................................................................... 120
Table 6.5 Percent Employment by Industry Group – Target LGAs (per cent), November 2011 .......................... 122
Table 6.6 Employment by Occupation – Tasmania and Regions: November 2011 ............................................. 125
Table 6.7 Level of education for target LGAs ....................................................................................................... 127
Table 6.8 Level of qualification for target LGAs ................................................................................................... 128
Table 6.9 SEIFA indices for target LGAs: Note, the lower the rank or decile, the higher the level of disadvantage,
2006 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 130
Table 6.10 Industry of employment, persons dependent on a job in the public sector in Tasmania in 2006. ... 133
Table 6.11 Total employment and public sector employment in Tasmania and Australia (‘000) ....................... 134
Table 6.12 ‘Government dependence’ as percentage of total population ......................................................... 135
Table 7.1 Regional land use strategies planning principles for agricultural uses ................................................ 140
Table 7.2 State and national initiatives for economic development ................................................................... 152
Table 7.3 Distance and driving times to the closest major hospitals from towns in target LGAs ....................... 163
Table 7.4 Number of GPs and Estimated FTE GPs per 100,000 Population by LGA, 2010 .................................. 164
Table 7.5 Class ranges for combined, senior secondary schools, and secondary schools offering post year 10
opportunities in target LGAs................................................................................................................................ 165
Table 7.6 Tasmanian soil types and fertility ........................................................................................................ 171
Table 7.7 Occurrence of soil orders in Tasmania by NRM region ........................................................................ 172
Table 7.8 Proportion of area of soil orders within major land use categories in Tasmania ................................ 173
Table 7.9 Land use for different land classes from Grose (eds) 1999.................................................................. 181
Table 7.10 Land use for target LGAs .................................................................................................................... 183
Table 8.1 Mill intake in cubic metres by log class and by region over 2010/2011 .............................................. 196
Table 8.2 Estimate of wood products produced in Tasmania over 2010/11 ....................................................... 197
Table 8.3 2009 Total Plantation Area by Tree Ownership Class .......................................................................... 199
Table 8.4 Local Government Area, Statistical Subdivision and State Plantation Extent ...................................... 200
Table 8.5 New Plantations Established in Tasmania from 2002 to 2010. ............................................................ 201
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Table 8.6 Establishment and management costs of eucalypts and radiata pine ................................................ 202
Table 8.7 Forestry processing sites operating in Tasmania by employment size class ....................................... 203
Table 8.8 Tasmanian sawmills by processing type as of February 2012 ............................................................. 204
Table 8.9 Last significant upgrade of sawmills .................................................................................................... 205
Table 8.10 Volume of Australian Wood Product Exports (SW = sawnwood): Excludes woodchips .................... 209
Table 8.11 Tasmanian Share of Wooden Furniture and Prefabricated Building Exports .................................... 210
Table 8.12 Australian Export Product Unit Values (Quarterly average, September 2006 to June 2011) ............ 211
Table 8.13 Area of private forested land with plantation potential, 2004-05 ..................................................... 222
Table 8.14 Recovery rates from Tasmanian sawmills .......................................................................................... 224
Table 8.15 Average recovery rates of broadleaf sawmills across Australia by input volume ............................. 225
Table 8.16 Average recovery rates of broadleaf sawmills by State ..................................................................... 226
Table 8.17 Asia and the Pacific sawmill recovery rates ....................................................................................... 226
Table 8.18 Total recovery and recoveries from combined select and standard grade ....................................... 228
Table 8.19 Board traits for logs processed by back-sawing and quarter-sawing ................................................ 229
Table 8.20 Western United States sawmill recovery rates .................................................................................. 232
Table 8.21 Estimated carbon and timber value of plantations ........................................................................... 240
Table 8.22 Workers required to establish and manage plantings on marginal land ........................................... 241
Table 8.23 Costs and Returns of Biochar Production ($US/ ton of biochar) ....................................................... 245
Table 9.1 Electricity transmitted by source of generation from 2005/06 through to 2010/11........................... 248
Table 9.2 Tasmanian energy delivery by customer type ..................................................................................... 249
Table 9.3 Maximum electricity demand from 2005/06 through to 2010/11 (in megawatts) ............................. 249
Table 9.4 Employment and Production in the Tasmanian Renewable Energy Sector ......................................... 250
Table 9.5 Existing Generation Capacity ............................................................................................................... 250
Table 9.6 Second Basslink – summary of issues .................................................................................................. 254
Table 9.7 Long Run Marginal Cost of electricity generation technologies under CPRS-5 ................................... 263
Table 9.8 2011 Utility / Industrial Scale Renewable Energy Project Pipeline ...................................................... 268
Table 9.9 2011 Distributed/Embedded Power Generation, R&D/Demonstration and Smaller Scale Projects .. 270
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Table 10.1 Dairy Asset and Operating Profit, Tasmania versus New Zealand .................................................... 280
Table 10.2 Estimated Dairy Processing Margins: Difference between Input Cost and Final Sales Price ............ 281
Table 10.3 Snapshot of Tasmanian dairy industry .............................................................................................. 287
Table 10.4 Value of Tasmanian dairy product exports ....................................................................................... 293
Table 10.5 Processor share of milk and investment in Tasmania ....................................................................... 294
Table 10.6 Market trends summary table .......................................................................................................... 298
Table 10.7 Butter ................................................................................................................................................ 312
Table 10.8 Cheese ............................................................................................................................................. 2315
Table 10.9 Skim milk powder .............................................................................................................................. 318
Table 10.10 Whole milk powder ......................................................................................................................... 321
Table 11.1 A comparison of Mean January Temperature MJT for some mainland Australia, Tasmanian and New
Zealand wine producing regions. ........................................................................................................................ 331
Table 11.2 Potential viticultural regions of Tasmania, based on rainfall, temperature and frost analysis. ....... 339
Table 11.3 The irrigation schemes, area irrigated, water volume, rate and central towns. .............................. 344
Table 11.4 The 2010 bearing area for Australian GI regions and Tasmania, sorted by size ............................... 349
Table 11.5 The most important regions in Australia producing Pinot Noir grapes, ABS data from Wine Australia,
2009/10 .............................................................................................................................................................. 357
Table 11.6 Australia’s imports of apple juice (around 12 Brix, Not Exceeding 20) ............................................. 387
Table 11.7 Australia’s imports of apple juice concentrate (Brix Value Exceeding 20) ........................................ 388
Table 12.1 Value of Australian production, exports and imports of fruit and vegetables from 2000/01 to
2010/11 ($ million) ............................................................................................................................................. 400
Table 12.2 Share of imports in the gross value of apparent consumption of fruit and vegetables, 2000/01 to
2010/11 .............................................................................................................................................................. 401
Table 12.3 Imports share of apparent consumption for fresh and dried produce ............................................. 403
Table 12.4 Tasmanian Fruit Snapshot, 2009 to 2011 ......................................................................................... 404
Table 12.5 Global summary table for fruit production and market demand, 2000 to 2010/11 ........................ 409
Table 12.6 Competitors and market expansion for counter seasonal fruit production ..................................... 411
Table 12.7: New Zealand exports of apple, pear, and quince produce (thousand $NZ, fob) ............................. 416
Table 12.8: New Zealand exports of fruit and nut products (June years ($NZ(000) fob)) .................................. 418
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Table 12.9 Snapshot of Tasmanian nut industry, 2008 to 2010 ......................................................................... 419
Table 12.10 Global nut production growth rates: 2000 to 2010 ........................................................................ 424
Table 12.11 Tasmanian vegetable industry snapshot, 2008-2010 ..................................................................... 430
Table 12.12 Tasmanian production of major commodities, 2011 ...................................................................... 431
Table 12.13 Summary table of annual growth rates in quantities, 2000-2010 (as stated) ................................ 434
Table 12.14 Tasmanian cut flower snapshot, 2001/02 and 2008/09 (as stated) ............................................... 442
Table 13.1 Tasmanian aquaculture snapshot ..................................................................................................... 453
Table 13.2 Aquaculture summary table ............................................................................................................. 456
Table 13.3 Average yearly growth of aquaculture (fish only) by decade ........................................................... 466
Table 14.1 Tasmanian tourism snapshot (most recent available data) .............................................................. 481
Table 14.2 Age distribution of visitors to Tasmania (Oct 2010 - Sept 2011) and for the Northern Territory (2008
– 2010) ................................................................................................................................................................ 496
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
ABARES Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics ACCU Australian Carbon Credit Unit ACT Australian Capital Territory AFF Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing ANIC Australian Nut Industry Council ANZSIC Australia and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ARENA Australian Renewable Energy Agency ATO Australian Taxation Office AWRI Australian Wine Research Institute b Billion BITRE Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics BRA Botanical Resources Australia CATI Computer Assisted Telephone Interview CEFC Clean Energy Finance Corporation CFI Carbon Farming Initiative CIS Community Innovation Survey CO2 Carbon dioxide CO2-e Carbon dioxide equivalent CPM Carbon Price Mechanism CRA Comprehensive Regional Assessment CRC Cooperative Research Centre CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation CUB Carlton and United Breweries DAFF Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (federal) DArT Diversity Array Technology DCAC Demographic Change Advisory Council DEDTA Department of Economic Development, Tourism and the Arts DPIPWE Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment EMBRAPA Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation EMPCA Environmental Management and Pollution Control Act ENGO Environmental Non-Government Organisation EPBC Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FGV Farm Gate Value FIS Forest Industry Survey FOB Free On Board FPP Forest Practices Plan FSC Forest Stewardship Council FTE Full Time Equivalent GDD Growing Degree Days GDP Gross Domestic Product GFC Global Financial Crisis GI Geographical Indications GIC Geographical Indications Committee GL Gigalitre GM Genetically Modified
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GP General Practitioner GSP Gross State Product GVACP Gross Value of Agricultural Commodities Produced GWh Gigawatt hour GWRDC Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation ha Hectare HDD Heat Degree Days ICT Information and Communication Technologies IVS International Visitor Survey Kg Kilogram KSh Kenyan shilling KT Kilo tonne KWh Kilowatt hour LGA Local Government Area LMEE Labour Market Entry Exit LUPAA Land Use Planning Approvals Act m Million m3 Cubic metres MIS Managed Investment Scheme MJT Mean January Temperature ML Mega litre mm Millimetre MT Mega tonne/million tonnes MW Mega Watt MWe Megawatt electrical MWh Megawatt hour NBN National Broadband Network NCAT National Carbon Accounting Toolbox NEM National Electricity Market NRM Natural Resource Management NSW New South Wales NZD, $NZ New Zealand Dollar NZIER New Zealand Institute of Economic Research OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development PAL Policy State Policy for the Protection of Agricultural Land PTR Private Timber Reserves R&D Research and Development RD&D Research, Development and Demonstration REC Renewable Energy Certificate RET Renewable Energy Target RIM Regional Development Monitor RSP Retail Selling Price RWSC Rivers and Water Supply Commission SA South Australia SAR Special Administrative Region SEIFA Socio-Economic Indicators For Areas SME Small and Medium Enterprise SMP Skim Milk Powder T Tonne TEU Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit TFES Tasmanian Freight Equalisation Scheme
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TFIGA Tasmanian Forest Inter-Governmental Agreement TI Tasmanian Irrigation TIA Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture TIC Tasmanian Innovation Census TIDB Tasmanian Irrigation Development Board TREIDB Tasmanian Renewable Energy Industry Development Board TVS Tasmanian Visitor Survey UK United Kingdom UMT United Milk Tasmania USA, US United States of America USDA United States Department of Agriculture UTAS University of Tasmania VET Vocational Education and Training WA Western Australia WFA Winemakers Federation of Australia WGGA Wine Grape Growers Australia WINZ Wine Institute of New Zealand WMP Whole Milk Powder
