DMS Lecture5-Sun Tzu

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    Sun Tzu(4th Century B.C.)

    Dimension of Modern Strategy

    Lecture 5

    Syed Muhammad Ali

    Department of International Relations

    NDU

    2011

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    The Art of War

    Significance

    The Art of War is of vital importance to thestate. It is a matter of life and death, a road

    either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subjectof inquiry which can on no account beneglected.

    SunTzu - The Art of War

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    Sun Tzu : The Person

    General, Strategist &

    Philosopher

    Controversy about origin

    Relevance during the

    Warring States period

    (475 B.C-221 B.C.)

    Sun Tzus appointment

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    The Art of War

    Presents a Philosophy of War

    Controversy regardingsubsequent contributions

    East Asian Context

    Essential Course book inChinese military since 1stcentury AD

    Taoist influence

    Introduces spiritual dimension

    Translated by French Jesuit

    Joseph Amyot (1772) Revived by Mao Zedong

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    The Art of War: Popularity

    Military Theorists

    Diplomacy

    Business management

    Public Administration

    HR Management

    USMC Commandant

    Reading List/PRP Recommended reading

    for all US Intel Personnel

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    Influence

    Unification of Japan

    Napoleon (EuropeanWars)

    Admiral Togo (Russo-Japanese wars)

    Mao Zedongs guerrillawarfare (Kuomintang,Kai-shek, 1949)

    Gen Giap, Vietnam War

    Gen Schwarzkopf & GenColin Powell (Gulf War I)

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    Introduction

    Identifies principles for the intelligence pursuitof a victorious war based on:

    Indirect Strategy

    Economy of Means

    Stratagems

    Knowledge of the adversary

    Psychological Action

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    Key Assumptions

    Sun Tzu considers tactics and actual use of forceonly for delivering the final blow to a totallydisoriented, unprepared or unsuspecting enemy.

    Relationship between War objectives, Strategy andTactics

    Context is Limited War only

    Within a single Society

    Set in Pre-Great Wall Era

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    War

    The Art of Identifying the Constants

    The Moral Law

    Heaven Earth

    The Commander

    Method & Discipline

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    1. Moral Law

    The Moral Law causes the people to be in

    complete accord with their ruler, so that they

    will follow him regardless of their lives,

    undismayed by any danger.

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    2. Heaven

    Represents weather conditions, such as night,

    day, light, darkness, cold, heat, times and

    seasons.

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    3.Earth

    Terrain - Distances, great and small, danger

    and security, type of ground, narrow passes,

    including risks to travel and logistics.

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    4.The Commander

    Leadership qualities such as wisdom, sincerity,

    benevolence, courage and strictness

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    5. Method and Discipline

    Management of Resources - Marshalling of the

    forces in proper subdivisions, grades, ranks,

    logistics, budgetary control etc.

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    Comparing the Antagonists

    1. Which of the 2 sovereigns has the advantage ofMoral Law?

    2. Which of the 2 Generals is more capable?

    3. Who has the advantage ofHeaven & Earth?

    4. Which force has better enforcement ofdiscipline?

    5. Which army is stronger?

    6. Which side hasbetter trained officers & men? 7. In which force the system of rewards &

    punishments is more consistent?

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    Deception

    All warfare is based on deception. Hence,

    when able to attack, we must seem unable;

    when using our forces, we must seem inactive;

    when we are near, we must make the enemy

    believe we are far away; when far away, we

    must make him believe we are near.

    Bait your enemy, create disorder and crush

    him

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    Deception

    If he is secure, be prepared for him

    If he is superior in strength, avoid him

    If he is hot tempered, irritate him

    Pretend to be weak, so that he becomes arrogant.

    If he is at ease, tire him

    If his forces are united, disrupt and disunite him

    Attack him when he unprepared

    Attack from where you are not expected

    Calculate

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    Waging War

    Operational Cost vs Total Cost

    Protracted Campaign

    Time is the most expensive commodity inwarfare

    (e.g; delay, haste, long campaigns etc.)

    Expects a clear relationship with the objectivesof a Limited War

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    Economy

    Poverty of the state causes an army to be

    maintained by distant contributions, which

    impoverishes the nation.

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    Effective Resource Management

    Use of hatred to motivate your soldiers

    Living off the land

    Economy of Looting Kind treatment of captured soldiers

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    Economy of Effort, Time & Resources

    In War, let your great object be victory, not

    lengthy campaigns.

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    Military Leadership & fate of Nations

    The leader of armies is the arbiter of the

    peoples fate, the man on whom depends

    whether the nation shall be in peace or peril.

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    Types of Wars

    War of Occupation is better than destruction

    Best victory is winning without fighting

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    Ranking Generals..

    A. The highest quality of a general is to frustrate

    enemy plans without fighting,

    B.To prevent the unity of enemy forces and

    capabilities,

    C. To attack the enemy in the field,

    D. The worst policy is to lay a siege.

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    The Skillful leader subdues his enemys troops

    without fighting; he captures their cities

    without laying siege to them; he overthrows

    their kingdom without lengthy fieldoperations.

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    5 Essentials of Victory

    1. He will win who knows when to fight andwhen not to fight

    2.He will win who knows how to handle bothsuperior and inferior forces

    3. He will win who army has the same spiritthroughout all ranks

    4. He will win who is himself prepared but waits totake the enemy unprepared

    5. He will win who has military capacity andwhose sovereign does not interfere.

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    Intelligence is Everything

    If you know the enemy and know yourself,

    you need not fear the result of a hundred

    battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy,

    for every victory gained you will also suffer adefeat. If you know neither the enemy nor

    yourself, you will lose in every battle.

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    Tactical Disposition

    To secure yourself against defeat lies in your

    own hands, but the opportunity to defeat is

    provided by the enemy himself.

    The skillful fighter puts himself into a position

    which makes defeat impossible and does not

    miss the moment for defeating the enemy

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    War is about efficiency not glory

    A clever fighter is one who not only wins, butexcels in winning with ease.

    Victories bring him neither reputation forwisdom nor credit for courage. He wins battlesby making no mistakes. Making no mistakes is

    what establishes the certainty of victory, for itmeans conquering an enemy that is alreadydefeated.

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    Energy & Disposition

    C3

    Indirect Tactics are like four seasons

    Combining Direct & Indirect methods of attacks

    (e.g; circle)Energy & Decision: Crossbow & Arrow

    Deceitful Appearances to mask both will andcapabilities and drain the will, capabilities and

    energy of enemyInvisible and inaudible

    Use of momentum at the right place and right time

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    Weak and Strong points

    Initiative

    Pro-active rather than reactive

    Visible tactics but invisible strategy

    Dont repeat your tactics

    Water

    Approach (strong to low)

    Tactics (localized)

    Conditions (dynamic).

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    Maneuvering

    The most difficult part of warfare

    Dilemmas:

    Preparedness vs initiative

    Mobility vs security Speed vs endurance

    Sufficiency vs logistical vulnerabilities

    Realization of logistical limitations (e.g; US

    Afghan campaign) Logistics A decisive factor in warfare

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    Maneuver: Optimizing FlexibilityThe Art of balancing speed with compactness, effectiveness and security

    Wind, forest, fire, mountain

    Night and Thunderbolt

    Steel and Silk

    Gongs & Drums Banners and Flags

    Fires and Drums

    Time of Day

    Conservation of energy, ration and morale

    Give enemy room to flee

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    ObserveBoth your enemy & your own troops

    Monitor the behaviour of enemy and your own

    men

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    Use of Spies

    Spies are the most important element of War and armys ability tomove depends on them.

    Types of Spies:

    Local Spies Local civilians

    Inward Spies Local Officials

    Converted Spies Double Agents

    Doomed Spies Psy Ops Surviving Spies Roaming Agents

    Generous Reward and Punishment for spies

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    Thank You