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Do Now: Do Now: 1. 1. Identify each animal & Identify each animal & identify each as either a identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary primary consumer or secondary consumer. consumer. 2. 2. Identify the relationship Identify the relationship between them. between them. 3. 3. Explain how these organisms Explain how these organisms

Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

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Page 1: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Do Now:Do Now:

1.1. Identify each animal & identify each as Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary either a primary consumer or secondary consumer.consumer.

2.2. Identify the relationship between them.Identify the relationship between them.3.3. Explain how these organisms are Explain how these organisms are

important to each other.important to each other.

Page 2: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Do Now:Do Now:

1.1. primaryprimary consumer & consumer & secondarysecondary consumer consumer2.2. Predator/Prey relationship.Predator/Prey relationship.3.3. Importance in terms of population Importance in terms of population

control/balance/health/evolution.control/balance/health/evolution.

Page 3: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Chapter 5:

Ecosystems & living organisms

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Evolution

• A process of change through time

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Theory of Evolution1. Suggests that existing forms of life

on earth have evolved from earlier forms over long periods of time

2. Evolution accounts for the differences in structures, function, and behavior among life forms as well as changes that occur in populations over many generations

Page 6: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

(C) Charles Darwin

Page 7: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain
Page 8: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain
Page 10: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain
Page 11: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain
Page 12: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain
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1. Overproduction• Within a population, there are

more offspring produced in each generation than can

possibly survive.

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2. Competition• Natural resources; like food, water, and

space available to a population is limited

• Because there are many organisms with similar nutritional requirements, there must be competition between them for the resources needed to

survive

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(C) Darwin• Charles Darwin devised a theory of

evolution based on variation and natural selection as seen in the Galapagos islands.

• Included in his theory were six main ideas: 1. Overproduction 2. Competition 3. Survival of the Fittest 4. Natural Selection

5. Reproduction 6. Speciation

Page 16: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Do Now:• List the six main ideas of Darwin’s Theory of

Evolution:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Page 17: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Competition1. Different species living in the same

environment, or habitat, may require the same resources.

When the resources are limited, competition occurs among the species.

Intraspecific: competition within a population

Page 18: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Competition2.Competition- is the struggle between

different species for the same limited resources.

The more similar the needs of the species, the more intense the competition.

Interspecific: competition between different species.

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Competition

3.Each species occupies a niche in the community. A niche is the role the species plays, and includes the type of food it eats, where it lives, where it reproduces, and its relationships with other species.

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Competition4.When two different species compete for the

same niche in a community, the weaker species is usually eliminated establishing one species per niche in a community.

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Do now:• How do the processes of _______ contribute to

natural selection? – overproduction of offspring– individual variation among individuals in a population– environmental limits on population growth (natural selection)

– differential reproductive success

• HINT: Do not simply describe these four observations; connect them into an integrated response.

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Do Now: Sample Answer• Because more offspring are produced in a population

than survive to reproduce and because individuals vary within the population, some individuals will be better adapted (more fit) for the current environmental conditions. These individuals have a greater likelihood of reproducing and passing their fitness to their offspring. As a population approaches the carrying capacity of its environment, the individuals with the greatest fitness are most likely to survive and reproduce.

• This is an ongoing process as organisms respond to changes, however minute, in their environment.

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Do Now:

• Define ecological niche and explain the role of limiting resources in the determination of an organism's ecological niche.

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Do Now: Answer

• Every organism is thought to have its own role, or ecological niche, within the structure and function of an ecosystem. An ecological niche is basically determined by all of a species’ structural, physiological, and behavioral adaptations. Any resource at a suboptimal level relative to an organism’s need for it or at a level in excess of an organism’s tolerance for it is a limiting resource.

• The resources can include mineral content of soil, extremes of temperature, and amount of precipitation. The limiting resources can affect part of an organism’s life cycle. For example, the ring-necked pheasant was introduced in North American but didn’t survive in the southern United States because the eggs can’t develop properly in the warm southern temperatures.

Page 25: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Limiting Factors Gause’s Experiments

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Limiting Factors Gause’s Experiments

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Which type of Competition?

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Interspecific Competition!

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Competitive Exclusion: one species is excluded from a portion of a niche by another

as a result of interspecific competition.

(2 species with identical niches can’t coexist.)

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Do Now:

• The Norway rat and the black rat were both introduced to this country from Europe. The Norway rat is found only in cities and inhabits most cities in the U.S. The black rat can live in cities and rural areas but in New Jersey is ONLY found in rural areas. Some cities in New Jersey, which previously had only black rats, now have only Norway rats. Discuss this phenomenon in terms of competitive exclusion, resource partitioning and limiting resources.

Page 31: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Do Now Answers:

• No two species can indefinitely occupy the same niche in the same community because competitive exclusion eventually occurs.

• Interspecific competition for limiting resources will result in the competitive exclusion of one of the species. In this particular case, the black rat was driven from the cities through competition of resources with the Norway rat.

• The two species of rats do not show evidence of resource partitioning that would allow the rats to coexist in the same habitat. Instead the black rat has confined its habitat to the rural areas while the Norway rat has taken over city existence.

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Limiting Factors Gause’s ExperimentsLimiting Factors Gause’s Experiments

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VariationsVariations among members of a population make some of among members of a population make some of them them better adaptedbetter adapted to the environment than others to the environment than others

It is generally the best-adapted individuals that will It is generally the best-adapted individuals that will survive.survive.

The environment is the agent of The environment is the agent of natural selectionnatural selection determining which species will survive.determining which species will survive.

3. Survival of the Fittest3. Survival of the Fittest

Page 34: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Survival of the Fittest

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Survival of the Fittest

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(4) (4) Natural SelectionNatural Selection

Traits which are Traits which are beneficial to the beneficial to the survivalsurvival of an organism in a particular of an organism in a particular environment tend to be environment tend to be retained andretained and passed onpassed on, and therefore, , and therefore, increaseincrease in in frequency within a population. frequency within a population. (variation)(variation)

Page 37: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

(4) Natural SelectionTraits which have low survival value to an organism tend to diminish in frequency from generation to generation.

Page 38: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

(4) Natural SelectionIf environmental

conditions change, traits that have low survival value may now have a greater survival value.

Therefore, traits that prove to be favorable under new environmental conditions will increase in frequency. (differential reproductive success)

Industrial Melanism

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Do Now:• Charles Darwin concluded that inherited traits favorable to survival would be preserved over time.

• Look at this graph of a DDT spray program aimed at eliminating a mosquito species. Explain the data contained in the graph at point I –VI and relate the graph’s data to Darwin’s conclusion.

Page 40: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Answer• The mosquito population is at a sustainable level (I). When DDT is initially introduced into the population, the population of mosquitoes declines (II) as most of the mosquitoes have no resistance to the DDT chemical.

• However due to natural variations within the mosquito population, a few mosquitoes do have a trait (resistance to DDT) that improves their chances of survival and reproductive success (III).

• Those individuals that possess the most favorable combination of characteristics (better adapted for the DDT environment) are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass their traits to the next generation – differential reproductive success (IV).

• As the spray program ends, the mosquito population grows (V) until it reaches a size where the limiting resources of the environment would keep the extent of the population level (I and VI).

Page 41: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Do Now:How did an Insects resistant to

insecticides occur?

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Ex: Insects resistant to insecticides1. Genetic make-up of some insects make them

resistant to the effects of insecticides2. Before the widespread use of insecticides, this

trait was of no particular survival value3. With the increased use of insecticides, this trait

developed a very high survival value4. Therefore, insects with resistance to insecticides

survived and reproduced much more successfully than those lacking the trait

5. As a result, the frequency of insecticide resistance has increased greatly in insect populations

Important! The trait already exists within the genetic make-up of the organism.

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Ex: Rats resistant to rodenticidesNot Immune!

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5. Reproduction

• Individuals that survive and then reproduce transmit these variations to their

offspring

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Do Now:• The diagram represents a tree containing three

different species of warbler, A, B, and C. Each species occupies a different niche. A fourth species, D, which has the same environmental requirements as species B, enters the tree at point X. Members of species B will most likely 

(1.) live in harmony with species D  (2.) move to a different level and live with species A

or species C  (3.) stay at that level but change their diet  (4.) compete with species D

Page 46: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Natural selection can favor Resource Partitioning: differences in resource use

among species.

Page 47: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Resource Partitioning

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Effect of community complexity onEffect of community complexity on Species richness Species richness

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6. Speciation• The development of a new species occurs as variations or adaptations

accumulate in a population over many generations.

• Ex: primitive human present man?• Canis lupus Canis familiaris?

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Speciation? “El Chupacabra”

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Prehistoric Giant Sloth& modern 3 toed Sloth

SpeciationSpeciation

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How does the Iiwi and Lobelia demonstrate Coevolution?

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Answer

• Coevolution is the mutual evolutionary influence between two species (the evolution of two species totally dependent on each other).

Page 54: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Predation

• Predators exert strong selective pressures upon their prey. Coevolution is the result.

• Example:

• Brain size in Sperm whales = 7,820g in response to Giant Squid.

• Human = 1,500g

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Convergent Evolution• Organisms evolve similar structures

though they are not closely related.

• Ex: Human eye

• & the Squid eye

Page 57: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Do Now:• Consider species A and B within

an ecological community. These species might interact in various ways that represent gains, losses, or no effect to the two species.

• In 4 of the 6 cells below, enter the terms that describe the types of interactions might be occurring between species A and B in the community.

SPECIES A

SPECIES B Positive Negative Neutral

Positive

Negative

Neutral

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Do Now:SPECIES A

SPECIES B Positive Negative Neutral

Positive mutualism Predation (Species A is prey)

Parasitism (Species A is host)

Competitive exclusion of Species A

commensalsim

Negative Predation (Species A is predator)

Parasitism (Species A is parasite)

CompetitionLimiting resources

--

Neutral commensalism -- Resource partitioning

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Evolution of Diversity & classification

The older 5 Kingdom system 1. Monera

2. Protista

3. Fungi

4. Plant

5. Animal

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• A dichotomous key is a tool that allows the user to determine the identity of items in the natural world, such as trees, wildflowers, mammals, reptiles, rocks, and fish.

• Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the user to the correct name of a given item. "Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts". Therefore, dichotomous keys always give two choices in each step.

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Step 1

The organism is unicellular Go To Step 2

  The organism is multicellular Go To Step 3

     

Step 2

Is prokaryotic Monera (to further break down) Go To step 5

  Is Eukaryotic Protista

     

Step 3

I am autotrophic Green Plants

  I am heterotrophic Go To Step 4

     

Step 4

I absorb my nutrients from the environment

Fungi

  I ingest my nutrients Animals

     

Step 5

Primitive bacteria (Extremophyles)

Archeobacteria

  True bacteria Eubacteria

     

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Six -dom Taxonomic System

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3 Major Domains

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Rotting Log Community:

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Do Now:

• Draw a flow diagram of an old field undergoing succession. What type of succession is this?

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Do Now answer:

• The change in an old field over the years is an example of secondary succession.

• First year after cultivation ceases, crabgrass dominates ->second year, horseweed ->third year, other weeds such as broomsedge, ragweed, aster ->years 5-15, pines -> oaks and other hardwoods

Page 68: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Ecosystem Formation• Ecosystems tend to change over a long period of time until a stable ecosystem is formed.

• Both the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem change.

Page 69: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Ecological Succession• The replacement of one kind of community with

another is called ecological succession.• The kind of stable ecosystem that develops in a

particular geographical area depends on climate.• Pioneer organisms- are the first plants to populate

an area. Lichens and algae may be pioneer organisms on bare rock.

• Climax Communities- Succession ends with the development of a climax community in which the populations of plants and animals exist in balance with each other and the environment.

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Ecological Succession

Grasses Grasses shrubs shrubs poplars (cottonwoods) poplars (cottonwoods) pine trees pine trees oak oak

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2. Symbiotic Relationships• Different organisms may live together in a

close association.• This is known as symbiosis.• There are three types: 1. Commensalism 2. Mutualism 3.

Parasitism• KEY:

+ = benefits - = harmed

o = not affected

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Commensalism• (+ , o)

• In this relationship, one organism benefits and the other is not affected.

• Ex: barnacles on a whale

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Commensalism

(+ , o)

• Epiphytes (mosses, orchids, ferns, bromeliad ) attach themselves to tree bark and obtain their nutrients without harm to

the trees.

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Mutualism

• (+ , +)• In this relationship both organisms

benefit from each other.• Ex: protozoan living in the digestive

tract of termites.• Wood eaten by termites is digested by

the protozoan. The nutrients released supply both organisms.

Page 75: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Mutualism• (+ , +)

• In this relationship both organisms benefit from each other.

• Ex:

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Mycorrhizae (+ , +)

In this relationship both organisms benefit from each other.

• Ex: Red Cedar and mycorrhizal fungi.

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Parasitism

• (+ , - )

• In this relationship, the parasite benefits at the expense of the host.

• Ex: athlete’s foot fungus on humans

tapeworm and heartworm in dogs.

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Parasitism• (+ , - )

• Pathogens (disease causing agents) are parasites that often

cause the death of its host.• Crown gall disease in plants.

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Parasite/Host RelationshipParasite/Host RelationshipGuinea worm/HumanGuinea worm/Human

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Parasite/Host RelationshipParasite/Host RelationshipSea Lamprey/FishSea Lamprey/Fish

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Parasitism

• Parasite/Host Relationship

• Varroa mite/Honeybee

Tracheal mitesTracheal mites

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Do Now:

• Define keystone species and discuss two examples of organisms that are keystone species.

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Do Now Answer:• A keystone species is vital in determining the nature and structure

of an entire ecosystem. • The keystone species is often a predator, which exerts a profound

influence on a community in excess of that expected by its relative abundance.

• Keystone species are usually not the most abundant species in the ecosystem.

• One examples: – the fig tree in a rainforest ecosystem. The fig tree is important in sustaining

fruit-eating vertebrates. While a supplemental fruit normally, during the time of year when other fruits are less plentiful, the fig trees sustain the fruit-eating vertebrates such as the monkeys, birds, and bats.

– in a different ecosystem is the gray wolf. The gray wolf is a top predator. If it were eliminated from the ecosystem, the population of deer and other herbivores would increase exhibiting grazing pressure and a loss of vegetation. That loss would result in shortfall of habitat and food for smaller animals and insects, thus decreasing the biodiversity of the ecosystem.

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Keystone species

• These determine the nature and structure of an entire ecosystem. Usually found in small numbers but have a key influence.

• Examples: Wolves, Fig Trees

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Do Now:

• Gray wolves originally ranged across North America but were removed from Yellowstone and the American Rocky Mountains in the 1930’s. The gray wolf was listed as an endangered species in 1974. In an effort to increase their numbers, a small number of gray wolves were re-released into Yellowstone

• National Park in 1995. The wolves prey on elk, deer, moose, and bison. They have decimated some coyote populations and also threaten some rancher’s livestock. – Identify and describe TWO major causes for the original decline

of this species. – Describe TWO measures that have been taken to protect this

species. – Make an ecological argument for protecting the gray wolf OR

make an economic argument against protecting the gray wolf.

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Do Now Answers:• Originally the gray wolf was trapped, poisoned, snared, and hunted

to extinction in most places by fur traders and ranchers.• Under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act, wolves in the

northern Rocky Mountains were listed as endangered in 1974. Because the gray wolf is on the endangered species list, the Endangered Species Act forbids killing of an endangered species. In addition, a program to reintroduce a small number of gray wolves into Yellowstone National Park has helped the population of wolves thrive. In the Yellowstone park area, the wolf was declared an “experimental nonessential in the area so that ranchers can kill Yellowstone wolves that attack their cattle and sheep, and federal officers can remove any wolf that threatens humans or livestock.

• FOR: The intensive hunting by wolf packs has helped reduce the all-time high Yellowstone’s elk population, which in turn has relieved heavy grazing pressure by elks on aspen, willow, and cottonwood. As a result of a more lush and varied plant composition, herbivores such as beavers and snow hares have increased in number, which in turn support small predators such as foxes, badgers, and martens.

• The reduction of the coyote population has allowed an increase in coyote

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Case Study "The Effects of Coyote

Removal in Texas:A Case Study in

Conservation Biology"by

Margaret CarrollDepartment of Biology

Framingham State College

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Case Study The Wolf, the Moose, and the Fir

Tree:Who Controls Whom on Isle

Royale?A case study of trophic interactions

byGary M. Fortier

Department of Small Animal Science Delaware Valley College

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Do Now:

Reintroduction plans?Grand Mesa Colorado is drawing up a proposal to adopt the procedures used by

Yellowstone National ParkTo reestablish a Grey Wolf population.

What factors would you need to consider for this plan to be successful.

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Do Now Answers: things to consider…

Yellowstone National Park

• Mountain lions• Major Prey species:

– Bison– Moose– Elk (migratory)– Mule Deer– White Tail Deer– Antelope

• Large protected geography• Varied topography

(elevations)

Grand Mesa Colorado (Western CO)

• Mountain lions• Major Prey Species

– Elk (migratory)– Mule Deer

• Major Cattle Farming• Fragmented lands

– Private + commercial properties

Page 91: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Do Now:

• List and describe three animal prey defenses against predators.

Page 92: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Answer:

• When confronted by a predator, animals have many defensive adaptations. Woodchucks flee into their underground burrows. Porcupines and turtles have mechanical defenses, barbed quills and hard shells.

• Some animals live in groups for protection. This social behavior decreases the likelihood of a predator catching one of them. The South American poison arrow frog has poison glands in its skin and bright warning coloration. Other animals use camouflage to blend into their surroundings

Page 93: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Do Now:

• Explain the circumstances under which a prey organism would have coloration that would make it more visible to a predator.

• Include three specific examples of organisms that use this strategy.

Page 94: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Do Now Answers;

• If a prey has a chemical defense such as a poison, toxin, or acrid spray, then it can afford to have a bright warning coloration that would caution experienced predators to avoid it. For example the white stripe on a black skunk is very recognizable and associated with acrid chemicals sprayed from its anal glands.

• The poison arrow frog is brightly colored and has poison glands in its skin. Likewise some poisonous snakes have bright coloration

Page 95: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Defensive Adaptations

• Defenses against Predators – Warning coloration

• poison, toxin, or acrid spray

– Camouflage • Mimicry• Cryptic

• Plant defenses against herbivores – Thorns, toxins, poison berrys

Page 96: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Defensive Adaptations in AnimalsDefensive Adaptations in AnimalsMimicry: resemblance to another species.

• Ex: Io moth

Page 97: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Defensive Adaptations in Animals

Mimicry: resemblance to another species.

• Ex: Monarch and Vicorory Butterfly Danaus plexippus Limenitis archippus

Page 98: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Observational Extra credit: Identify these 2 snakes. How do you know which one is venous?

Page 99: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Defensive Adaptations in AnimalsMimicry: resemblance to another species.

• Ex: Coral snake vs. King Snake

Page 100: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Defensive Adaptations in AnimalsDefensive Adaptations in Animals• Chemical defenses: Sprays or by…

• Warning Coloration: avoidance of predators by unpalatable animals. – Ex: Poison Dart Frog.

Page 101: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Defensive Adaptations in Defensive Adaptations in AnimalsAnimals

Blending into the surroundings for avoidance Blending into the surroundings for avoidance of predators by palatable animals.of predators by palatable animals.

• Ex: Leafy Sea DragonEx: Leafy Sea Dragon

Crypsis (cryptic coloration) (Camouflage):Crypsis (cryptic coloration) (Camouflage):

Page 102: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Defensive Adaptations in AnimalsCrypsis(cryptic coloration) (Camouflage):

Blending into the surroundings for avoidance of predators by palatable animals.

• Ex: Weedy Sea Dragon

Page 103: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

What do you see?What do you see?

Page 104: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

What do you see?

Page 105: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

What do you see?

Page 106: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Predator/Prey Relationships!

Page 107: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Predator/Prey Relationships Data collected from fur pelts from the Hudson Bay Company

Page 108: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Studies have shown that Endocrine changes in populations may produce

behavioral changes which tend to limit population growth. Therefore all

population changes may not be due to predator/prey relationships alone.

Page 109: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Green Anole (indigenous) restricted by the Brown Anole (foreign).

Brown Anole Brown Anole Green AnoleGreen Anole

Brown Anoles affected the realized Niche of the Brown Anoles affected the realized Niche of the Green Anoles.Green Anoles.

Page 110: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

CichlidsCichlids (indigenous) restricted by the

Nile PerchNile Perch (foreign).

http://www.african-angler.co.uk/210.jpg

Page 111: Do Now: 1.Identify each animal & identify each as either a primary consumer or secondary consumer. 2.Identify the relationship between them. 3.Explain

Lake Victoria is about the size of the Republic of Lake Victoria is about the size of the Republic of Ireland, forms the headwaters of the River Nile.Ireland, forms the headwaters of the River Nile.