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7/25/2019 Do You Want to Improve Your Public Speaking and Presentation Skills
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For other uses, see Childhood (disambiguation).
Ralph Hedley, The Tournament, 1898
Childhoodis the age span ranging from birth toadolescence.1!"ccording to #iaget$s theory of cogniti%e
de%elopment, childhood consists of t&o stages'preoperational stage and concrete operational stage. n
de%elopmental psychology, childhood is di%ided up into the
de%elopmental stages of toddlerhood(learning to &al),early childhood(play age), middle childhood (school age), and adolescence (puberty through
post*puberty). +arious childhood factors could affect a person$s attitude formation.1!
he concept of childhood emerged during the 1-th and 18th centuries, particularly through the
educational theories of the philosopherohn /oceand the gro&th of boos for and about
children.
0!
#re%ious to this point, children &ere often seen as incomplete %ersions of adults.
Contents
1 "ge ranges of childhood
0 e%elopmental stages of childhood
o 0.1 2arly childhood
o 0.0 3iddle childhood
o 0.4 "dolescence
4 History
5 6eographies of childhood
o 5.1 3odern concepts of childhood
o 5.0 7ature deficit disorder
Healthy childhoods
o .1 Role of parents
o .0 Children$s health
o .4 Child protection
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_(disambiguation)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Hedleyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#cite_note-Students_Macmillan_1981_page_173-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piaget's_theory_of_cognitive_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piaget's_theory_of_cognitive_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toddlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_childhoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#cite_note-Students_Macmillan_1981_page_173-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lockehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lockehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lockehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Age_ranges_of_childhoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Developmental_stages_of_childhoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Early_childhoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Middle_childhoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Adolescencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Geographies_of_childhoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Modern_concepts_of_childhoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Nature_deficit_disorderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Healthy_childhoodshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Role_of_parentshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Children.27s_healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Child_protectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Hedleyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#cite_note-Students_Macmillan_1981_page_173-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piaget's_theory_of_cognitive_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piaget's_theory_of_cognitive_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toddlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_childhoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#cite_note-Students_Macmillan_1981_page_173-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lockehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Age_ranges_of_childhoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Developmental_stages_of_childhoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Early_childhoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Middle_childhoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Adolescencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Geographies_of_childhoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Modern_concepts_of_childhoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Nature_deficit_disorderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Healthy_childhoodshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Role_of_parentshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Children.27s_healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood#Child_protectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_(disambiguation)7/25/2019 Do You Want to Improve Your Public Speaking and Presentation Skills
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o .5 #lay
o . treet culture
: Children$s rights
- Research in social sciences
8 ee also
9 Footnotes
1; Further reading
11 2
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Children in 3adagascar
eenage boys in ndia
2arly childhood follo&s the infancystage and begins &ith toddlerhood&hen the childbeginsspeaing or taing steps independently. >hile toddlerhood ends around age three &hen the child
becomes less dependent on parental assistance for basic needs, early childhood continues
appro
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and by function, and e%en &ithin a single nation*state or culture there may be different ages at
&hich an indi%idual is considered to be (chronologically and the legally) mature enough to be
entrusted by society &ith certain tass.
History
3ain article' History of childhood
Playing Children, byong ynastyChinese artistu Hanchen, c. 11; ".
t has been argued that childhood is not a natural phenomenon but a creation of society. #hilippe
"ri@s, an important French medie%alistand historian, suggested this in his boo Centuries ofChildhood. his theme &as then taen up by Cunningham, in his boo theInvention of
Childhood(0;;:), &hich loos at the historical aspects of childhood from the3iddle "gesto
&hat he refers to as the #ost >ar #eriod of the 19;s, 19:;s and 19-;s.
"ri@s published a study in 19:1 of paintings, gra%estones, furniture, and school records. He
found that before the 1-th*century, children &ere represented as mini*adults. ince then,historians ha%e increasingly researched childhood in past times. Aefore "ri@s, 6eorge Aoashad
published The Cult of Childhood. uring the Renaissance,artistic depictions of childrenincreased dramatically in 2urope. his did not impact the social attitude to children much,
ho&e%er (see child labour).
uring the 1:;;s, the concept of childhood began to emerge in 2urope. "dults sa& children as
separate beings, innocent and in need of protection and training by the adults around them. he
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_childhoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Dynastyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Dynastyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Dynastyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Ari%C3%A8shttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Ari%C3%A8shttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medievalisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centuries_of_Childhoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centuries_of_Childhoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Boashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_childhoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Dynastyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Ari%C3%A8shttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Ari%C3%A8shttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medievalisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centuries_of_Childhoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centuries_of_Childhoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Boashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour7/25/2019 Do You Want to Improve Your Public Speaking and Presentation Skills
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2nglish philosopher ohn /oce&as particularly influential in defining this ne& attitude to&ards
children, especially &ith regard to his theory of the tabula rasa, &hich considered the mind at
birth to be a Bblan slateB. " corollary of this doctrine &as that the mind of the child &as bornblan, and that it &as the duty of the parents to imbue the child &ith correct notions. uring the
early period of capitalism, the rise of a large, commercial middle class, mainly in the#rotestant
countries of the utch Republicand 2ngland, brought about a ne& family ideology centredaround the upbringing of children. #uritanismstressed the importance of indi%idual sal%ation and
concern for the spiritual &elfare of children.4!
The Age of Innocencec.1-88. Reynolds emphasiDed the natural grace of children in his
paintings
he modern notion of childhood &ith its o&n autonomy and goals began to emerge during the
2nlightenmentand the Romantic periodthat follo&ed it. ean acEues Rousseauformulated the
romantic attitude to&ards children in his famous 1-:0 no%elEmile: or, On Education. Auilding
on the ideas of ohn /oceand other 1-th*century thiners, Rousseau described childhood as a
brief period of sanctuary before people encounter the perils and hardships of adulthood.
5!
iroshua Reynolds$ eith the onset ofindustrialisationin 2ngland, a gro&ing di%ergence bet&een high*minded
romantic ideals of childhood and the reality of the gro&ing magnitude of child e
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he modern attitude to children emerged by the late 19th century the +ictorian middle and upper
classes emphasiDed the role of the family and the sanctity of the child, G an attitude that has
remained dominant in >estern societies e%er since.1;!he genre of children$s literaturetoo off,&ith a proliferation of humorous, child*oriented boos attuned to the child$s imagination. /e&is
Carroll$s fantasyAlice's Adventures in Wonderland,published in 18: in 2ngland, &as a
landmar in the genre regarded as the first B2nglish masterpiece &ritten for childrenB, itspublication opened the BFirst 6olden "geB of children$s literature.
he latter half of the century also sa& the introduction of compulsory state schooling of children
across 2urope, &hich decisi%ely remo%ed children from the &orplace into schools. he maret
economy of the 19th century enabled the concept of childhood as a time of fun of happiness.Factory*made dolls and doll houses delighted the girls and organiDed sports and acti%ities &ere
played by the boys.11!he Aoy couts&as founded by ir Robert Aaden*#o&ellin 19;8,10!
&hich pro%ided young boys &ith outdoor acti%ities aiming at de%eloping character, citiDenship,and personal fitness Eualities.14!
Geographies of childhood
he geographies of childhood in%ol%es ho& (adult) society percei%es the %ery idea of childhood
and the many &ays the attitudes and beha%iors of adults affects children$s li%es. his includesideas about the surrounding en%ironment of children and its related implications. his is similar
in some respects to children$s geographies&hich e
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he concept of childhood appears to e%ol%e and change shape as lifestyles change and adult
e
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#eru%ian girls studying
Role of parents
3ain article' #arenting
Children's health
Further information' Childhood obesity, Childhood immuniDationsand /ist of childhooddiseases
Children$s health includes the physical, mental and social &ell*being of children. 3aintaining
children$s health implies offering them healthy foods, insuring they get enough sleep and
e
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Hararigirls in 2thiopia.
#lay is essential to the cogniti%e, physical, social, and emotional &ell*being of children.
04!
toffers children opportunities for physical (running, =umping, climbing, etc.), intellectual (social
sills, community norms, ethics and general no&ledge) and emotional de%elopment (empathy,compassion, and friendships). nstructured play encourages creati%ity and imagination. #laying
and interacting &ith other children, as &ell as some adults, pro%ides opportunities for
friendships, social interactions, conflicts and resolutions.
t is through play that children at a %ery early age engage and interact in the &orld around them.#lay allo&s children to create and e
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ha%e less access to boos and computers &hich effects their de%elopment as they do not ha%e
access to resources that &ould enhance their de%elopment.0:!
treet culture
3ain articles' Children$s street cultureand Children$s street games
Children in front of a mo%ie theatre, oronto, 190;s.
Children$s street culture refers to the cumulati%e culturecreated by young childrenand is
sometimes referred to as theirsecret %orld. t is most common in children bet&een the ages ofse%en and t&el%e. t is strongest in urban &oring classindustrial districts&here children are
traditionally free to play out in the streets for long periods &ithout super%ision. t is in%ented and
largely sustained by children themsel%es &ith little adult interference.
?oung children$s street culture usually taes place on Euiet bacstreets and pa%ements, and alongroutes that %enture out into localpars,playgrounds, scrub and &asteland, and to local shops. t
often imposes imaginati%e status on certain sections of the urban realm (local buildings, erbs,
street ob=ects, etc.). Children designate specific areas that ser%e as informal meeting and
rela
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n recent years there has been a rapid gro&th of interest in the sociological study of adulthood.
Reaching on a large body of contemporary sociological and anthropologicalresearch, people
ha%e de%eloped ey lins bet&een the study of childhood andsocial theory,e