Unit 2 (Ch 2 – 3) Energy& Exchanges

Characteristics of Life (Covered in 2.1, but we won’t use the book’s information) 8 Characteristics will be given in class – NOT based on the same ones in the book!!

2.2 Energy and NutrientsA. Energy & livings thingsB. Chemical Energy

1. Definition2. Where it comes from?3. Free energy

Definition & example4. Energy use by cells – 3 examples & descriptions5. Obtaining Energy

a. Heterotrophy: definition & examplesb. Autotrophy: definition, examples, & 2 specific kinds:

i. Photoautotrophsii. Chemoautotrophs

c. Heterotroph – autotroph relationship (see Figure 2.5)5. Cellular Respiration

2.3 Energy and Ecosystems(Define all BOLD items in the section & give examples where applicable)Be sure to read/do your best to understand the food web in figure 2.6

2.4 Energy ConversionsA. First Law of Thermodynamics

1. log example2. in organisms (wolf)3. log vs. wolf (or living vs. nonliving)

2.5 Energy and EntropyA. Second Law of Thermodynamics

1. log example2. Entropy and an organism3. Organization in living things

a. loss of heat energy(ten percent rule…leave space for this – not covered in book!)

B. Energy flow in food webs1. 2nd Law of themodynamics and living systems2. 1st and 2nd laws in the universe

2.6 Enzymes and EnergyA. Chemical reactions in living things: what conditions are needed & why?B. Enzyme descriptionC. Catalyst definitionD. Functioning of enzymes

1. the active site2. substrate3. chemical reactions4. description of figures 2.12 & 2.13

D. Environmental conditions and enzymes

2.7 Chemical Reactions in OrganismsA. Metabolism

1. synthesis reactions – definition/descriptiona. example

2.decomposition reactions – definition/descriptiona. example

Focus On: Oxidation and ReductionA. Oxidation vs. ReductionB. Involvement of Energy

2.8 Energy Transfer and ATPA. OxidationB. ATP formationC. What is ATP

1. structure of ATP moleculeD. ADPE. ADP - ATP CycleF. ATP and living things

3.1 Exchanged MaterialsA. Cell parts involved & roles

1. cytoplasm2. cell membrane

B. List of materials that are exchanged and why

3.2 Membrane as a BarrierA. Phospholipid bilayer (name of the structure of the cell membrane)

1. Description of what it’s composed of & how parts interact (Fig 3.3 may * may want to revisit Fig 1.20 on phospholipids help)

B. Non-polar tails1. interaction with other molecules based on properties

C. Use of transport proteinsD. Selective permeability – definition (Fig 3.2 contains good info about what can

and cannot move through freely)E. Glycoproteins/glycolipids – structure & function

3.3 Diffusion and OsmosisA. Diffusion, description & example

1. Why does it occur?2. Final state

B. Concentration gradient1. Definition, description2. In relation to cell membranes

C. Osmosis, description & example (**pay attention to Fig 3.7)1. Turgor pressure – explanation2. Cytolysis – explanation – (this word isn’t found in book – I will explain)

D. Rate of diffusion/osmosis is dependent on

3.4 Passive and Active TransportDefine & describe all BOLD vocabulary words in section/use examples & pictures.