Dortmund North Rine-Westphalia, Germany

Sustainable Research Development Portfolio By Taylah Fellows & Jordi Wolf

Figure 1: Dortmund Christmas City Centre. Source: Fandom

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Contents

Introduction 3 Situational Sketch and Profile 4 Population 6 Economic History and Transitions 8 Unemployment 10 Environmental Background 11 Regional Program, Timeframe and Targets 12 EU Funding 13 Projects in Dortmund 14 Stakeholder Analysis for E-Health Technologies 15 Interview Summaries 17 Source Database 19

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Introduction

Germany is currently facing two major problems: An aging population that’s predicted

to grow until 2050 accompanied with issues of long-term unemployment. In this case

the unemployment issue includes shortage in doctors and nurses resulting in increased

pressures for costs and services within the healthcare business. Germany is lagging

behind in “E-Health” matters, especially in comparison to Nordic countries like

Denmark, Iceland and Norway and has now launched a project marketed at

implementing smart technologies in elderly homes, allowing them to remain there

instead of moving to care facilities. This huge transition towards a digitalised health care

industry is crucial for Germany’s aging population accompanied by its decline in its elite

working class. Dortmund in particular, has begun to adapt its industries since the

collapse of its century long steel and coal industries and shifted to science-orientated

productions including high technology biomedical technology and micro systems

technology. It is viewed as one of Germany’s most innovative cities however;

unemployment is on the rise in this region as it faced a huge loss of citizens over the past

decade. It now relies heavily on economic migrants to compensate for its shortage in

skilled workers. This unemployment issue has been prominent since the 1950’s

onwards when the first wave of structural change hit the region with layoffs in the

mining industry. Because Dortmund has been a traditional heavy industrial region,

failure to adhere to structural changes in terms of its industry progress will hurt its local

economy and create further financial tensions associated with its issue of population

decline.

This portfolio will assess Dortmund’s changing population demographic and its

pragmatic efforts to provide sustainable future for its elderly population through an

investment in smart technologies aimed at substituting a shortage of skilled workers.

The portfolio intends to look at how Dortmund plans to trial and implement new

technologies into an established health care system that is already moving towards an

electronic platform whilst additionally balancing issues of new-age data protection and

economic sustainability. Dortmund is a city of interest as it is one of three Smart Cities

within the European Union and has been chosen to pilot a smart technology program

that has the potential to be implemented EU wide.

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Situational Sketch and Profile

With 17.68 million inhabitants (European Commission, 2015), the federal state of North

Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) is the most populous of the 16 German federal states. In terms

of surface North Rhine Westphalia is the fourth largest region with 34,080 km² (519

inhabitants per km²). Germany’s former industrial core, the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan

region, with nearly 10m inhabitants is one of the 30 biggest metropolitan regions in the

world and lies in the middle of the central European economic area. The regional capital

is Düsseldorf with its currently 604.527 inhabitants (European Commission, 2014).

Figure 1: Map of Ruhr-Rhine Area. Source: Worldmaps

Dortmund is part of North Rhine-Westphalia region, one of the largest Urban Areas in

Western Europe. It is the largest city in the Ruhr area, a conurbation that includes

several cities, among which Bochum, Bottrop, Dortmund, Duisburg, Essen,

Gelsenkirchen, Hagen, Hamm, Herne, Mülheim an der Ruhr and Oberhausen. The area is

known for its long historic connection to the mining industry and is situated between

two main rivers. The northern part of the urban area stretches from the west bank of the

Rhine eastward along the Ruhr River Valley with the large municipality of Duisburg

anchoring the West and Dortmund the East. The southern part of the urban area

stretches along the Upper River Valley starting at Düsseldorf and continuing eastward to

south of Dortmund.

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Figure 2: Map of Rhine River. Source: Tauck

The elevation at the two river junctions is less than 40 meters. A transverse, low

mountain range (Rhenish Massif) separates the northern and southern parts of the

urban area with a maximum elevation reaching 300 meters, though much of the hilly

area is urban (Cox, 2013). Dortmund has a sub-oceanic climate. The weather is

influenced by the Atlantic Ocean providing Dortmund with a heavy rain season, mild

summers and cold winters.

Table 1: Average temperatures – Dortmund Source: World Climate Guide

Dortmund Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Min (°C) -1 0 2 4 8 11 13 13 11 7 3 1

Max (°C) 4 5 9 13 18 21 22 22 19 14 8 5

Min (°F) 30 32 36 39 46 52 55 55 52 45 37 34

Max (°F) 39 41 48 55 64 70 72 72 66 57 46 41

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Population

Germany has the highest percentage of immigrants in its population when compared

with all other EU member states. Over 10 million people living in Germany today were

born outside of Germany making up 12% of the German population. Most immigrants

come from other European countries, particularly from Turkey, Russia, Poland and Italy.

Germany is the second most popular destination for immigrants in the world after

the United States (Federal Statistical Office-Destatis). Germany has been working hard

to encourage immigration and improve integration in order to address the long-term

demographic problem. Germany has low birth rates and labour shortages that mean it

will need to create an environment that encourages immigrants to fill vacant skill jobs.

Table 2: Dortmund Population Decline. Source: Stadt Dortmund

In its most recent census Germany found that it has lost over 1 million people from its

assumed population. Germany had not conducted a census since the fall of the Berlin

Wall and its reunification in 1989 (The Guardian, 2009).

1961 2011 Change %

Bochum 441,000 362,000 (79,000) -17.9%

Dortmund 645,000 571,000 (74,000) -11.5%

Duisburg 504,000 488,000 (16,000) -3.2%

Dusseldorf 705,000 586,000 (119,000) -16.9%

Essen 730,000 566,000 (164,000) -22.5%

Gelsenkirchen 384,000 259,000 (125,000) -32.6%

Oberhausen 258,000 210,000 (48,000) -18.6%

Wuppertal 422,000 343,000 (79,000) -18.7%

Total 4,089,000 3,385,000 (704,000) -17.2%

Table 3: Larger Rhine-Ruhr Municipalities: Population 1961-2011. Source: New Geography

Name Status

Population

Estimate

1995-12-31

Population

Estimate

2001-12-31

Population

Census

2011-05-09

Population

Estimate

2015-12-31

Dortmund County-level

City

598,840 589,240 571,143 586,181

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The Dortmund congress launched a plan in 2008 aimed at increasing the intercultural

dialogue in the city with the prospect of welcoming more migrants. Dortmund hosted

approximated 4000 refugees during the year 2015 and expects numbers to continue to

grow however support for Angela Merkel’s immigration policy has since fallen and the

Willkommenskultur (welcome culture) attitude held by Germans is now in decline. This

has and will inevitable impact the integration process, which Germany desperately

needs to improve in order to save its shrinking population (Wagstyl, 2014).

Figure 3: Dortmund Welcomes Refugees in 2015. Source: The Guardian

Figure 5: Dortmund Foreign

Population. Source: Stadt Dortmund

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Economic History and Transitions

In spite of substantial structural changes and many years of below average economic

growth, North Rhine-Westphalia remains one of Europe's most important economic

centres with a regional GDP of € 624.7b in 2014. In 2014, the state contributed 21.5% of

the German GDP maintaining its status as the country's economically strongest region.

As regards GDP per capita (€ 33,963), however, North Rhine-Westphalia belongs to the

economically rather weak states of West Germany. In 2014, the regional labour force

amounted to 9.18m, 21.3 % of the national total. Most employees work in the service

sector (76.0%), while 23.1% work in industry and construction and only 0.9% in the

agricultural sector (European Commission, 2014). The economy of North Rhine-

Westphalia comprises a mixture of large corporations and small and medium-sized

enterprises (SMEs). Its 584,668 firms between 20 and 250 employees provide about

47.9% of all jobs. Twenty-four of the 50 largest German companies are based here (e.g.

E.ON, Metro, Deutsche Telekom, Deutsche Post DHL, ThyssenKrupp, Rewe, RWE,

Deutsche BP, Bayer, Bertelsmann). Service providers generate over 70% of the region’s

economic output and providing jobs to 6.5 million people. Big employers in the service

sector in North Rhine-Westphalia include: Deutsche Telekom, Deutsche Post, Deutsche

Lufthansa, Bertelsmann, and Vodafone D2. The biggest industrial employer is

mechanical engineering with more than 197,000 employees, with the chemical and

automotive industries also playing a large role in the region (European Commission,

2017).

Dortmund’s economic structure is characterised by small and medium enterprises. This

is mainly because its geographical history is comprised of 8 municipalities that link up

the region through urbanisation. During the 20th century Dortmund and its surrounding

neighbours were well known for having successful manufacturing and coal mining

industries. After the Second World War, when the demand for coal and steel began to

drop Dortmund was faced with a huge challenge regarding industry transition. Coal-

mining, steel factories and breweries lost 80,000 jobs within 25 years leaving urban

areas in a state of distress. The result has been an expansion in multiple sectors

including the logistics, information and communication technologies, micro and

nanotechnologies, biotechnologies, financial services, health care and banks and

insurance sectors. Around 20,000 new jobs have been created in the IT, logistics and

biotechnology fields. This strategy towards economic diversity has heavily benefited the

region with its export rate increasing from 25.6% in 1997 to 50% in 2016 (Van der Berg

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& Van Der Meer, 2016). A lot of the credit can be given to small business start-ups and

its political ability to limit public debt. The current economic development relating to

the smart technology initiatives within Dortmund is focused on a combined strategy

including: investing in sustainable housing options for the elderly population, allowing

them to live independently and safely (in their own homes) for longer periods of time

and economic growth for the digital industries and businesses who produce the

technology that substitutes the lack of skilled labour in the medical fields i.e. nurses and

home carers.

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Unemployment

In February 2017, the unemployment rate in North Rhine-Westphalia was 7.7 %, the

national rate being 6.3 %. This represents a year-on-year decrease of 3.0 %. North

Rhine-Westphalia’s unemployment rate is considerably higher than those of the other

non-city states of western Germany, primarily because of its problem areas in the Ruhr

Valley. Although Dortmund is considerably successful in industry transition due to the

prosperous science and technology industries is still suffers high long-term

unemployment rates, which sits at 12.7 per cent - twice the national average (European

Commission, 2017).

Accompanying the issue of unemployment in the region there are also massive job

vacancies in the following areas: Care for the elderly, train driving, healthcare, nursing,

emergency medical services, midwifery, mechatronics and automation, energy

engineering, plumbing, sanitation, heating and air-conditioning activities, medical

treatment or care not performed by a doctor, plastics, rubber manufacturing, tax

consultancy, monitoring and maintenance of transport infrastructure (European

Commission, 2017).

Table 4: Unemployment rate at the end of March 2017. Source: Federal Returning Officer

Total 11.5 %

Male 12.1 %

Female 10.8 %

Ages 15 to 19 years 10.9 %

Ages 55 to 64 years 10.8 %

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Environmental Background

Through industry transition North Rhine Westphalia region has managed to bring down

C02 emissions by 27% from 1990 -2011 (Wuppertal Institute, 2016). Dortmund has

responded to Germany's energy revolution with a citywide consultation process

involving citizens, scientists, the energy industry and the business and political

communities. Germany's decision to shut down all nuclear power stations by 2022 and

switch from fossil and nuclear to renewable power and greater energy efficiency

presented a challenge for the whole country. In Dortmund, the city organised a series of

workshops to explore this transition together with citizens and other stakeholders. This

was part of Dortmund's Masterplan Energy Transition, where stakeholders were invited

to share their ideas, experiences and visions for the city. More than 400 people got

involved in these workshops, to explore the risks, threats and opportunities of issues

such as energy education, energy poverty and climate change. This helped citizens to

understand the connections between the issues being discussed and their everyday

lives, which helped to promote a change in attitude and behaviour (Climate Group,

2016). One project that has been implemented is a mobile app for young people to learn

about the benefits of renewable energy. Another project is helping companies jointly

analyse energy issues in the supply chain, to find more efficient ways of producing,

transporting, storing and selling goods. Over 100 new homes capable of generating

more energy than they use are built in the city and companies are being challenged to

reduce their carbon emissions and energy costs to establish a precedent that can be

copied across the city’s industrial parks. As a result of the range and quality of projects

generated, the city has decided to integrate many of these into Dortmund’s Urban

Development Plan. This will see half of the city become a demonstration area for

innovative projects. The Masterplan project has also given the city the smart ideas,

participation structures and impetus to apply for further EU funding (Eurocities:

Masterplan Energy Transition, 2015).

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Regional Program, Timeframe and Targets

OP Nordrhein-Westfalen ERDF 2014-2020

The Programme aims to foster economic growth in North Rhine-Westphalia and to

contribute to achieving the Europe 2020 targets for smart, sustainable and inclusive

growth. It should create jobs and boost productivity, particularly in SMEs, reduce

CO2 emissions in the region and support integrative concepts for sustainable urban

development to promote the integration of disadvantaged groups in labour and

education. The programme's target is to reduce CO2 emissions by 260,000 tons,

In line with North Rhine-Westphalia's prevention strategy, selected cities will be

upgraded through economic, structural and ecological measures, which will improve the

participation and inclusion of disadvantaged persons in education, health care and

employment. In the frame of the law for climate protection in North Rhine-Westphalia,

pilot and model projects for the reduction of CO2 emissions will be initiated and the

expansion of climate-friendly technologies and energy efficiency are supported

(European Commission, 2017). The regional project aims to improve the innovative

capacity of businesses, increase of innovative and high-growth start-ups, increase the

value of SMEs through skills development and financing aids, enhance the

competitiveness of SMEs through the development of innovative tourism-Roommate

infrastructure and services, reduce greenhouse gas emissions through the use of

renewable energy, reduce greenhouse gas emissions by companies, reduce greenhouse

gas emissions in cities and regions and provide efficient use of cogeneration linked to

heating and cooling networks (Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2015). All projects will have

timeframes associated with their implementation rate, per region and are decided upon

during implementation period however all aim to be completed before the overall

projects end in 2020 (aligning with the European 2020 targets).

The Programme will focus on four main priority targets:

1. Strengthening of research, technological development and innovation

2. Enhancing the competitiveness of SMEs

3. Support for the efforts for a reduction of CO2 emissions

4. Sustainable urban development / prevention

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EU Funding

Fund: European Regional Development Fund

Operational programme: Nordrhein-Westfalen - ERDF

Programming period: 2014-2020

Project duration: 10/2016 - 09/2019

Total Investment: EUR 2 808 606

EU Investment: EUR 1 404 303

Figure 6: Funding Breakup within four priorities. Source: Ministry of Economic Affairs

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Projects in Dortmund

ICT for Health: Strengthening social capacities for the use of e-Health technologies by the

ageing population (Finished in 2012)

A consequence of an ageing population is the greater prevalence of citizens with chronic

diseases, particularly among the elderly, in all partner regions. Therefore, prevention

and treatment of chronic diseases is an important market and implementation area. The

investment in E-Health technologies allows mutually beneficial collaboration with the

involvement of patients and medical professionals in prevention and treatment. These

technologies allow patients to take more responsibility for their own health and quality

of life, and lead to improved cost-efficiency in the health sector (European Commission,

2013).

Smart Service Power: winner in the Category 5 for RegioStars- Cities in Digital Transition

(Current)

This project based in Germany is harnessing an array of IT technologies to help elderly

people stay in their own homes for longer. The all-in system should take the pressure off

hard-pressed care workers and health providers. Smart Service Power is looking to

integrate functions from the fields of e-health, smart homes, ambient assisted living,

emergency call systems and concierge services. The resulting ‘internet-of-things’

platform will make it possible to monitor an elderly individual’s condition and help

them live life to the fullest. The smart technology project beginning to be trialled in

Dortmund is on hold due to the complex economic models needed to be put in place to

avoid past mistakes and to ensure long-term implementation once the project is

officially made accessible to the public. At the moment a model home has been

established and trial technology placed inside with testing being done to establish a data

separation and collection system in order to protect client privacy (Horster, 2017).

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Stakeholder Analysis for E-health Technologies

During the last years, under German law, the framework of Electronic Health Records

within the broader concept of an “Electronic Health Card” was installed within the

German healthcare system. The proceedings in that area serve the goal to create an

arrangement of regulations and interconnectedness within the German Social Security

Code so that doctors, practitioners, nurses, hospitals and statutory health insurance

companies, can introduce the use of information and communication technologies

within the public health domain. The most important stakeholders are the German

Federal Ministry of Health, which is responsible for the design of the legal framework of

the telematics infrastructure and the German Society for Telematics (gematik), the latter

being an umbrella organization formed by the most important stakeholders and unions

in the German social security and particularly health insurance area. Gematik is

responsible for concrete undertakings in elaborating and implementing the telematics

infrastructure. The idea of Electronic Health Records and ePrescriptions in Germany is

embedded in the concept of an “Electronic Health Card”. The legal basis for this card has

been set out in the beginning of 2004 within the “Law to modernize the Statutory Health

Insurance”. This law seeks to advance the concept of the former “Health Insurance Card”

and adapt its rules to the modern information society as well as establish a telematics

infrastructure in the public health domain. The various reactions to the draft bill were

largely critical, mainly for insufficiently protecting medical data and for patients not

having access to their data (Rehmann & Heimhalt, 2017). The key element, the “E-Health

Card” allows for digital storage and retrieval of patient data. According to a study by the

European Commission, a comprehensive data-exchange in Germany’s health sector in

most cases fails at the outset because of the lack of IT-infrastructure in hospitals and

little interconnection to other regional and national health institutions (Rehmann &

Heimhalt, 2017).

Alongside the German issue of citizens not using IT systems is a potential failure to meet

an effective economic business model. This will result in a shortage of government

funds, which will limit the smart technology (in elderly homes) project’s ability to be

replicated and adapted in other regions both within and outside German borders. The

city of Dortmund is well suited for this type of “leap of faith” as their community

openness toward technology innovation allows potential for the project to flourish here.

The main challenge for this project (separate from the formulation of an economic

sustainable model) is the issue of data collection, protection and preservation.

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“Its interesting because from our research we’ve found that older people are more

conservative with their data and younger people just don’t care so were aiming to

provide a safe solution in regards to what the technology can record and send to

our data servers, something we need in to do order to improve our services and

maintain health standards and regulations for the customers. We don’t want to

invade people’s privacy so we’ve created a traffic light system, which indicates

that certain levels are fine. That way family and friends don’t need to ask

questions but will still know their loved one is okay” (Löhrke, 2017).

Aligning smart technology stakeholders is crucial for the success of the current project.

Stakeholders and sponsors listed include:

VIVAI Software AG

InHaus GmbH

Fraunhofer InHaus Zentrum

InHaus Consult

FH Dortmund

Pflegedienst Hubenthal

DOGEWO21 (Dortmund Gesellschaft fur Wohnen mbH)

Stadt Dortmund

Stadt Arnsberg

Barmer GEK, Kliniken, de

Smarthome Deutschland e.V

Trilux gmbH

Eco – Verband der Internetwirtschaft e.V

Schamp und Schmaloer, Architekten

AXA Versicherungen

Smart Living – Anwendungen fur Servuce Wohnen GmbH

Covibo GmbH

Microsoft

The project stakeholders are now tasked with encouraging data protection as well as

maximising technology production that will work alongside proposed economic

business models. This will ensure a fair distribution model between partners and

stakeholders and will hopefully result in a fair market price once the technology

becomes available to the public. Conflicting partners include regional workers union

who may argue (post product launch) that the job economy will suffer due to a rise in

technology use (Horster, 2017). Project stakeholders are therefore looking to work

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closely with University partners to initiate job growth and allow the project further

rollover into other market demographics such as disability care.

Interview Summaries

Dr Bettina Horster

Bettina is a graduate computer scientist and Head of Business Development and

Consulting at VIVAI Software AG and also responsible for the M-Business division. She is

a firm believer in data protection and is excited to meet the 2020 project targets in

order to become the first project pioneers to successfully implement smart technology

in Germany. She is excited to provide an innovative service to the elderly demographic

however her first priority is not to ensure client happiness of approval but to make

money. This is to ensure the rollout of the project across multiple regional platforms and

to cement the projects success in Germany for both its citizens and current stakeholders.

Bettina gave great insight on the challenges within the smart technology industry.

Michaela Bonan

Michaela is head coordinator of the “northwards”(nordwarts) government based

project. It is a ten-year project that focuses on the strengths of Northern Dortmund

districts with an aim to harmonise the cities quality of life. The coordinating team

pushes for urban development, social innovations and is excited to get behind the

launch of the smart technology initiative in Dortmund. Michaela is passionate about

improving city dialogue and participation between stakeholders and with over 200

projects to be launched within the ten-year plan she hopes to achieve majority

completion by 2025. Michaela was an interesting source in relation to the cities long-

term plans and goals.

Enrico Löhrke

Enrico Löhrke has been the Managing Director for inHaus GmbH since 2007 and co-

partner since 2010. He studied industrial engineering (telecommunications, informatics,

new media) at the Technical University Wildau. In 2005 he worked as a sales and

system engineer in inHaus GmbH. Enrico was fantastic at explaining the different

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aspects of smart technology in relation to privacy and data collection. He clarified the

need for trial testing, market evaluation and model perfection before public

implementation and the difficulties of timeframes within the smart technology business.

He also explained that even though technologies may be readily available, the projects

survival and overall success depends whole-heartedly on partner research collaboration

and a near perfect implementation method.

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Source Database

SOURCES FORMAT TYPE REFERENCE

NAME/ DATE AUDIO/VISUAL/REPORT/DATA/WEBSITE

PRIMARY/SECONDARY

APA

1 Bonan, Michaela, Head Coordinator Northwards Dortmund (2017)

Interview Primary, Government Associate

Michaela Bonan, [Personal Interview]. (2017, December 5).

2 Horster, Bettina, Head of Business Development VIVAI Software (2017)

Interview Primary, Smart Technology Developer and Business model producer

Bettina Horster, [Personal Interview]. (2017, November 29).

3 Climate Group (2016) Website Secondary Climate Group (2016). Industry in Transition: North Rhine-Westphalia. Retrieved December 18, 2017, from https://www.theclimategroup.org/news/industry-transition-north-rhine-westphalia

4 Cox, Wendell (2013) Website Secondary Cox, W. (2013). The Evolving Urban Form: The Rhine-Ruhr (Essen-Dusseldorf). Retrieved December 12, 2017, from http://www.newgeography.com/content/003769-the-evolving-urban-form-the-rhine-ruhr-essen-d-sseldorf

5 Eurocities (Cities in Action) (2015)

PDF Report Secondary, Government Sponsored

Eurocities (2015). Masterplan Energy Transition Dortmund [PDF]. Retrieved December 14, 2017, from http://nws.eurocities.eu/MediaShell/media/October15_citiesinaction_Dortmund.pdf

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6 European Commission (2015)

Report/Data Secondary, Government Sponsored

European Commission (2015). Growth: Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs. Retrieved December 18, 2017, from https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/regional-innovation-monitor/base-profile/north-rhine-westphalia

7 European Commission (2014)

Report Secondary, Government Sponsored

European Hospital Survey - Benchmarking Deployment of eHealth services (2012-2013)(Rep.). (2014). European Commission: Digital Market Sector. Retrieved December 12, 2017, from https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/news/european-hospital-survey-benchmarking-deployment-ehealth-services-2012-2013

8 Fachhochschule Dortmund (2016)

Website Secondary, Government Sponsored

Fachhochschule Dortmund (2016). Smart Service Power - Intelligent data aggregation and utilization of innovative features when age-appropriate technology-based Living in the Neighborhood. Retrieved December 18, 2017, from https://www.fhdortmund.de/en/fb/4/einrichtungen/laboratorien/imsl/Projekte/SmartServicePower/index.php

9 Federal Returning Office (2016)

Data Set Secondary Federal Returning Office (2016). Dortmund Structural constituency data. Retrieved December 16, 2017, from https://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/en/bundestagswahlen/2017/strukturdaten/bund-99/land-5/wahlkreis-142.html

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10 The Guardian (n.d.) New Article Secondary The Guardian: East Germans lost much in 1989 (n.d). Retrieved December 18. 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/nov/08/1989-berlin-wall

11 European Commission (2012)

Website Secondary, Government Sponsored

ICT for Health: Strengthening social capacities for the use of e-Health technologies by the ageing population. European Commission: Regional Policy. Retrieved November 12, 2017, from http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/projects/latvia/ict-for-health-strengthening-social-capacities-for-the-use-of-e-health-technologies-by-the-ageing-population

12 Löhrke, Enrico, Managing Director inHaus (2017)

Interview Primary, Smart Technology data design/stakeholder

Enrico Löhrke, [Personal Interview]. (2017, November 29).

13 Ministry of Economic Affairs (2013)

Website Secondary, Government Sponsored

Ministry of Economic Affairs (2013). OP EFRE NRW. Retrieved December 18, 2017, from https://www.efre.nrw.de/efre-programm/op-efre-nrw/

14 Ministry of Economy, Energy, Industry, Small Business and Crafts of North Rhine-Westphalia (2014)

Report Secondary, Government Sponsored

Evaluation plan of the OP ERDF NRW 2014-2020(Rep.). (2014). Ministry of Economy, Energy, Industry, Small Business and Crafts of North Rhine-Westphalia Retrieved December 18, 2017, from https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com.au&sl=de&sp=nmt4&u=https://www.efre.nrw.de/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/Bewertungsplan_OP_ERFRE_NRW_2014-2020.pdf&usg=ALkJrhgQ6YaYE47h9WooYuZo6VeIy

22

sNMag

15 European Commission (2014)

Website Secondary, Government Sponsored

OP Nordrhein-Westfalen ERDF 2014-2020. European Commission: Regional Policy. Retrieved Novemeber 12, 2017, from http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/atls/programmes/2014-2020/germany/2014de16rfop009

16 Milieu Ltd & Time.lex (2013)

Report Secondary, Government Sponsored, Contract driven

Overview of the national laws on electronic health records in the EU Member States (Rep.). (2013). Milieu Ltd & Time.lex. Retrieved December 18, 2017, from https://ec.europa.eu/health//sites/health/files/ehealth/docs/laws_germany_en.pdf

17 European Commission (2017)

Website Secondary, Government Sponsored

RegioStar Awards: Smart Service Power - North-Rhine Westphalia / Dortmund, DE. European Commission: Regional Policy. Retrieved November 12, 2017, from http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/regio-stars-awards/ also from http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/projects/germany/smart-technology-tested-in-germany-allows-older-people-to-live-independently

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18 Rehmann, W & Heimhalt, D (2017)

Website Secondary Rehmann, W & Heimhalt, D (2017). E-Health Law in Germany. Retrieved November 28, 2017, from https://united-kingdom.taylorwessing.com/synapse/ti-ehealth-law-germany.html

19 European Commission (2017)

Report/Data Secondary, Government Sponsored

Short overview of the Labour Market (Rep.). (2017). Euopean Commission: European Jobs and Mobility Sector. Retrieved December 18, 2017, from https://ec.europa.eu/eures/printLMIText.jsp?lmiLang=en&regionId=DE5&catId=362, also fromhttps://ec.europa.eu/eures/main.jsp?countryId=DE&acro=lmi&showRegion=true&lang=en&mode=text&regionId=DE0&nuts2Code=%20&nuts3Code=null&catId=362

20 VIVAI Software AG (2017) Report Secondary, Government Sponsored

Smart Service Power (Rep.). (2017). VIVAI Software AG Smart Service Power. Retrieved November 29, 2017, from http://dortmund.ioeexperience.com/pdf/smart-service-power.pdf

21 Spannagel, Dorothee (2013)

Report Secondary Spannagel, D. (2013). COPE: Local Report: Germany. Retrieved on November 22, 2017, from https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiLnK7m6K_YAhXCUZQKHVdvA_gQFggnMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcope-research.eu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F11%2FCOPE_WP6_Germany_Dortmund.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3nioFr1QtpNEdWzHj6QY0a

24

22 Statd Dortmund (2017) Data Set Secondary, Government Sponsored

Statd Dortmund (2017). Dortmund Foreign Population. Retrieved December 19, 2017, from https://www.dortmund.de/de/index.html

23 Statistiches Bundesamt Deutschland (2017

Data Set Secondary, Government Sponsored

Statistiches Bundesamt Deutschland (2017). Population Based on the 2011 Census. Retrieved December 18, 2017, from https://www.destatis.de/EN/FactsFigures/SocietyState/Population/CurrentPopulation/Tables/Census_SexAndCitizenship.html

24 Van den Berg, Leo & Van der Meer, Jan (2016)

Website/Book Secondary Van den Berg, L & Van der Meer, J (2016). Cities as Engines of Sustainable Competitiveness: European Urban Policy in Practice. Retrieved November 22, 2017, from https://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&lr=&id=9HeUBAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Cities+as+Engines+of+Sustainable+Competitiveness:+European+Urban+Policy+in+Practice.&ots=r1UwpgEOZE&sig=ICvZqOn6NoR1tqnaZ8C2IZbTuaw#v=onepage&q=Dortmund&f=false

25 Wagstyl, Stefan Website Secondary Wagstyl, S. (2014). Germany, the immigrant influence. Retrieved November 28, 2017, from https://www.ft.com/content/87b900a8-db05-11e3-8273-00144feabdc0