Twelfth International Conference

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEEXPERT SYSTEMS

NATURAL LANGUAGE

Avignon, France - June 1-6, 1992

SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE

Douziemes Journees Internationales

INTELLIGENCE ARTIFICIELLESYSTEMES EXPERTSLANGAGE NATUREL

Avignon, France -1-6 juin 1992

CONFERENCE SCIENTIFIQUE

UB/TIB Hannover 89110314077

VOLUME 1

TABLE DES MATIERES

OUVERTURE DES JOURNEES

CONFERENCES INVITEES

• Enterprise modelling : issues & directions p. 23M.S. Fox - University of Toronto (CDN)

• De I'lA a I'lA - Le point de vue d'un utilisateur p. 31C. Jablon - Directeur Scientifique du Groupe Elf (Paris, F)

• Les entreprises dans une nouvelle boucle de distribution et d'echange de p. 33s avoirsJ. Perriault - Directeur du Departement Recherche et Innovation, CNED(Vanves, F)

• Genie logiciel & genie cognitif: vers Pingenierie de systemes p. 35B. Lepape - CCE (Bruxelles, B)

SESSION 1 : MODELISATION DES CONNAISSANCES - 1Environnements

President: W. Horn - Austrian Research Institutefor Artificial Intelligence (Vienne, A)

• TheME : an environment for building formal KADS-II models of expertise p. 39J. Balder & H. Akkermans - Netherlands Energy Research Foundation-ECN(Petten, NL)

• The Knowledge Engineering Workbench : experiences from building the p. 53knowledge base of a help desk applicationO. J. Mengshoel, I. Nordbo & I. Salvberg - Sintef Delab (Trondheim, N)

• Modelling at the knowledge level: the shell AIDE p. 67C. Greboval & G. Kassel - Universite de Technologie de Compiegne (Compie-gne, F)

SESSION 2 : EXPLICATION & DIALOGUEPresident: P. Torasso - Universita di Torino (I)

• Place des explications dans la conception d'une interface intelligente entre p. 81une base de donnees et un usagerB. Safar - Universite de Paris Sud/LRI (Orsay, F), P. Berthault & J. Sylvestre -SDC Informatique (Paris, F)

• Construction d'explications pour un systeme expert p. 93D. Carcagno & I. Thomas - Alcatel Alsthom Recherche (Marcoussis, F)

• A dialogue game for dialectical interaction with expert systems p. 105T.J.M. Bench-Capon, P.E.S. Dunne & P.H. Leng - University of Liverpool (GB)

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CONTENTS

GENERAL OPENING

INVITED LECTURES

• Enterprise modelling : issues & directions p 23M.S. Fox - University of Toronto (CDN)

• From Al to advanced information technology : a user's point of view p. 31C. Jablon - Directeur Scientifique du Groupe Elf (Paris, F)

• Organizations facing new modes of knowledge exchange & distribution p. 33J. Perriault - Directeur du Departement Recherche et Innovation, CNED(Vanves, F)

• Software engineering & knowledge engineering : towards system enginee- p. 35ringB. Lepape - CEC (Brussels, B)

SESSION 1: KNOWLEDGE MODELLING -1Environments

Chair: W. Horn - Austrian Research Institutefor Artificial Intelligence (Vienna, A)

• TheME : an environment for building formal KADS-II models of expertise p- 39J. Balder & H. Akkermans - Netherlands Energy Research Foundation-ECN(Petten, NL)

• The Knowledge Engineering Workbench : experiences from building the p. 53knowledge base of a help desk applicationO. J. Mengshoel, I. Nordbe & I. Solvberg - Sintef Delab (Trondheim, N)

• Modelling at the knowledge level: the shell AIDE P 67C. Greboval & G. Kassel - Universite de Technologie de Compiegne (F)

SESSION 2 : EXPLANATION & DIALOGUEChair: P. Torasso - Universita di Torino (I)

• The place of explanatbns in the design of a database user interface p. 81B. Safar - Universite de Paris Sud/LRI (Orsay, F), P. Berthault & J. Sylvestre -SDC Informatique (Paris, F)

' Building explanations for an expert system p. 93D. Carcagno & I. Thomas - Alcatel Alsthom Recherche (Marcoussis, F)

• A dialogue game for dialectical interaction with expert systems P- 105T.J.M. Bench-Capon, P.E.S. Dunne & P.H. Leng - University of Liverpool (GB)

SESSION 3 : PROGRAMMATION AVEC CONTRAINTES - 1President: J.-J. Chabrier - Universite de Dijon (F)

• Optimisation lineaire industrielle en Prolog III p. 117R. Bisdorff, A. Gabriel & S. Laurent - Centre de Recherche Public (Luxem-bourg, L)

• La programmation par contrainte orientee objets p. 129J.-F. Puget - Hog (Gentilly, F)

SESSION 4 : MODELISATION DES CONNAISSANCES - 2Methodes

President: J.-M. David - Renault (Boulogne-Billancourt, F)

• Reflecting about expert systems in MODEL-K p. 141W. Karbach & A. VoG - GMD (Sankt Augustin, D)

• Dynamic method selection in diagnostic reasoning p. 153V.R. Benjamins, A. Abu-Hanna & W.N.H. Jansweijer - University of Amster-dam (NL)

• Operationnalisation du modele conceptuel: vers une architecture permettant p. 165une meilleure cooperation systeme-utilisateurI. Delouis - Universite de Paris-Sud & EDF (Clamart, F) & J.-P. Krivine - EDF(Clamart, F)

• C-KAT : un outil d'aide a I'acquisition des connaissances pour les systemes p. 177en classification heuristiqueM. Zacklad - Onera (Chatillon, F) & Universite de Technologie de Compiegne(F) & D. Fontaine - Universite de Technologie de Compiegne (F)

SESSION 5 : MAINTIEN DE COHERENCEPresident: T.S. Dillon - La Trobe University (Bundoora, AUS)

• Integrer le maintien de coherence dans un systems combinant inferences p. 197expertes et propagation de contraintesN. Pfeffer - Alcatel Alsthom Recherche (Marcoussis, F)

• Logique possibiliste et gestion d'hypotheses multiples : application a un p. 209proWeme de fusion da donneesF.F. Monai, B. Pochez & T. Chehire - Thomson-CSF/RCC (Colombes, F)

• A distributed constraint maintenance system p. 221P. Prosser, C. Conway & C. Muller - University of Strathclyde (Glasgow, GB)

SESSION 6 : RAISONNEMENT QUALITATIFPresident: P. TaiHibert - Dassault Electronique (Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, F)

• Raisonnement temporel et hypothetique comme support du raisonnement p. 235qualKatifC. Loesel, F. CharpHtet & J.-P. Haton - CRIN/CNRS & INRIA Lorraine (Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, F)

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SESSION 3: CONSTRAINT PROGRAMMING - 1Chair: J.-J. Chabrier - Universite de Dijon (F)

• Industrial linear optimization in Prolog III p. 117R. Bisdorff, A. Gabriel & S. Laurent - Centre de Recherche Public (Luxem-bourg, L)

• Object-oriented constraint programming p. 129J.-F. Puget - Hog (Gentilly, F)

SESSION 4: KNOWLEDGE MODELLING - 2Methods

Chair: J.-M. David - Renault (Boubgne-Billancourt, F)

• Reflecting about expert systems in MODEL-K p. 141W. Karbach & A. VoB - GMD (Sankt Augustin, D)

• Dynamic method selection in diagnostic reasoning p. 153V.R. Benjamins, A. Abu-Hanna & W.N.H. Jansweijer - University of Amster-dam (NL)

• Implementing a conceptual model: towards an architecture that allows better p. 165cooperation between the user and the systemI. Delouis - Universite de Paris-Sud & EDF (Clamart, F) & J.-P. Krivine - EDF(Clamart, F)

• C-KAT: a knowledge acquisition tool for heuristic classification systems p. 177M. Zacklad - Onera (Chatillon, F) & Universite de Technologie de Compiegne(F) & D. Fontaine - Universite de Technologie de Compiegne (F)

SESSION 5: CONSISTENCY MAINTENANCEChair: T.S. Dillon - La Trobe University (Bundoora, AUS)

• Integrating consistency maintenance in a system combining expert inferen- p. 197ces and constraint propagationN. Pfeffer - Alcatel Alsthom Recherche (Marcoussis, F)

• Possibilistic logic and multiple assumptions management: an application to p. 209data fusionF. Fulvio Monai, B. Pochez & T. Chehire - Thomson-CSF/RCC (Colombes, F)

• A distributed constraint maintenance system p. 221P. Prosser, C. Conway & C. Mailer - University of Strathclyde (Glasgow, GB)

SESSION 6 : QUALITATIVE REASONINGChair: P. Taillibert • Dassault Electronique - (Saint-Ouentin-en-Yvelines, F)

' Hypothetical and temporal reasoning as a support for qualitative reasoning p. 235C. Loesel, F. Charpillet & J.-P. Haton - CRIN/CNRS & INRIA Lorraine (Vandceuvre-les-Nancy, F)

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* An application of the depth first approach to qualitative modelling of cell p. 247growthM. Giacomini, C. Ruggiero - Universita di Genoa (Genoa, I) & S. Gaglio -Universita di Palermo (Palerme, I)

SESSION 7 : DIAGNOSTICPresident: O. Raiman - Xerox (Palo Alto, USA)

• Comportements et pannes dynamiques dans le diagnostic a partir du modele p. 257L. Maleysson - Ecole des Mines de Saint-Etienne & RSAutomation Ind.(Sorbiers, F)

• Implementation d'une methode de diagnostic selon les premiers principes p. 269integrant le tempsS. Piechowiak - Universite de Valenciennes (F), J. Rodriguez - INRETS(Villeneuve d'Ascq, F) & P. Millot - Universite de Valenciennes (F)

SESSION 8 : CONCEPTIONPresident: Y. Descotte - GSI (Grenoble, F)

• A compositional knowledge-based architecture - modelling process aspects p. 283of design tasksH. Brumsen, J. Pannekeet & J. Treur - Free University Amsterdam (NL)

• SHOOD : an object model for design applications p. 295D. Rieu, G.T. Nguyen & J. Escamilla - Irimag (Grenoble, F)

• RESYN : un systeme d'aide a la conception de plans de synthese en chimie p. 305organiqueP. Vismara, J.-C. Regin - LIRMM (Montpellier, F), J. Quinqueton - LIRMM(Montpellier, F) & INRIA (Le Chesnay, F), M. Py - LIRMM (Montpellier, F)& Framentec (Paris-La-Defense, F), C. Laurenco - LIRMM & CCIPE (Mont-pellier, F) & L. Lapied - Framentec (Paris-La-Defense, F)

SESSION 9 : ACQUISITION & STRUCTURATION DES CONNAISSANCESDeux exemples : textes prescriptifs & comptabilite d'entreprisePresident: D.H. Berman - Northeastern University (Boston, USA)

• The extended use of intensional reasoning and epistemologically adequate p. 321representations in knowledge-based accounting systemsG. Geerts - Free University Brussels (B) & W.E. McCarthy - Michigan StateUniversity (East Lansing, USA)

• Traitement des renvois dans les textes prescriptifs pour ('elaboration de p. 333bases de connaissances deontiquesB. Moulin & D. Rousseau - Universite Laval (Sainte-Foy, CDN)

• Une nouvelle definition de la notion de schema dans le langage OBJLOG+ : p. 351application aux categories de schemas permettant de realiser du filtrageC. Faucher - GRTC/CNRS (Marseille, F)

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• An application of the depth first approach to qualitative modelling of cell p. 247growthM. Giacomini, C. Ruggiero - Universita di Genoa (Genoa, I) & S. Gaglio -Universita di Palermo (Palermo, I)

SESSION 7: DIAGNOSISChair: O. Raiman - Xerox (Pah Alto, USA)

• Behavior & transient failures in model-based diagnosis p. 257L. Maleysson - Ecole des Mines de Saint-Etienne & RSAutomation Ind.(Sorbiers, F)

• Implementation of a diagnostic method based on first principles and inte- p. 269grating timeS. Piechowiak - Universite de Valenciennes (F), J. Rodriguez - INRETS (Ville-neuve d'Ascq, F) & P. Milbt - Universite de Valenciennes (F)

SESSION 8: DESIGNChair: Y. Descotte - GSI (Grenoble, F)

• A compositional knowledge-based architecture - modelling process aspects p. 283of design tasksH. Brumsen, J. Pannekeet & J. Treur - Free University Amsterdam (Amster-dam, NL)

• SHOOD : an object model for design applications p. 295D. Rieu, G. T. Nguyen & J. Escamilla - Irimag (Grenoble, F)

• RESYN : a system for aiding the design of synthesis plans in organic p. 305chemistryP. Vismara, J.-C. Regin - LIRMM (Montpellier, F), J. Ouinqueton - LIRMM(Montpellier, F) & INRIA (Le Chesnay, F), M. Py - LIRMM (Montpellier, F)& Framentec (Paris-La-Defense, F), C. Laurengo - LIRMM & CCIPE (Mont-pellier, F) & L. Lapied - Framentec (Paris-La-Defense, F)

SESSION 9 : KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION & STRUCTURINGTwo cases : prescriptive texts & accounting

Chair: D.H. Berman - Northeastern University (Boston, USA)

• The extended use of intensional reasoning and epistemologically adequate p. 321representations in knowledge-based accounting systemsG. Geerts - Free University Brussels (B) & W.E. McCarthy - Michigan StateUniversity (East Lansing, USA)

• Processing feedback in prescriptive texts for building deontological know- p. 333ledge basesB. Moulin & D. Rousseau - University Laval (Sainte-Foy, CDN)

• A new definition of the frame notion in the OBJLOG+ language : applications p. 351to the categories of frames allowing filteringC. Faucher - GRTC/CNRS (Marseilles, F)

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SESSION 10 : PROGRAMMATION AVEC CONTRAINTES - 2President: P. Jenkins - Logica Cambridge Ltd (Cambrige, GB)

• PROSE : un langage de contraintes integrable dans un systeme a base de p. 365connaissancesP. Berlandier, B. Neveu & B. Trousse - Inria/Cermics (Valbonne, F)

• Approche multi-agent d'un probleme de satisfaction de contraintes : p. 377optimalite & reactiviteK. Ghedira & G. Verfaillie - Onera/Cert (Toulouse, F)

• Using planning techniques to solve CSP P- 391B. Fromont - MIT (Cambridge, USA) & Aerospatiale (Cannes-la-Bocca, F)& D. Sriram - MIT (Cambridge, USA)

• Solving constraint satisfaction problems with simulated annealing : the car p. 405sequencing problem revisitedT.-L. Chew, J.-M. David, A. Nguyen & Y. Tourbier - Renault (Boulogne-Billan-court, F)

• Une consistance partielle pour les problemes de satisfaction de contraintes p. 417sur intervallesO. Lhomme - Dassault Electronique (Saint-Cloud, F) & Universite de Nice(Valbonne, F)

SESSION 11 : DEVELOPPEMENT, VALIDATION& EXPLOITATION DE SYSTEMES EXPERTS

President: M. Dulieu - SD-Scicon (Camberley, GB)

• A client-centred approach to the development of expert systems p. 433I.D. Watson, A. Basden & P.S. Brandon - University of Salford (GB)

• Decision automation : case studies in the successful deployment of busi- p. 445ness-critical expert systemsA. Jacobson - Inference Corporation (El Segundo, USA) & P. Klahr - InferenceEurope (Slough, GB)

• Mise au point d'un atelier de validation des connaissances sur systeme p. 457multi-processeurC. Nottola - Banque de France (Paris, F), C. Vicat - Banque de France(Marne-La-Vallee, F) & Universite de Paris 6 (F) & B. Fillette - CDI (Paris, F)

SESSION 12 : FLOU & INCERTAINPresident: H. Prade - Universite Paul Sabatier (Toulouse, F)

• Commande qualitative et commande floue : vers une methode d'ecriture p. 471L. Foulloy - Universite de Savoie / LAMI (Annecy, F)

• SURTEL : un outil pour la programmation de connaissances temporelles et p. 485incertainesZ. Chen & F. Terrier - CEA (Gif-sur-Yvette, F)

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SESSION 10 : CONSTRAINT PROGRAMMING • 2Chair: P. Jenkins - Logica Cambridge Ltd (Cambrige, GB)

• PROSE: a constraint language that can be integrated in a knowledge-based p. 365systemP. Berlandier, B. Neveu & B. Trousse - Inria/Cermics (Valbonne, F)

• Multi-agent approach to a constraint satisfaction problem : optimality and p. 377reactivityK. Ghedira & G. Verfaillie - Onera-Cert (Toulouse, F)

• Using planning techniques to solve CSP p. 391B. Fromont - MIT (Cambridge, USA) & Aerospatiale (Cannes-la-Bocca, F) &D. Sriram - MIT (Cambridge, USA)

• Solving constraint satisfaction problems with simulated annealing : The car p. 405sequencing problem revisitedT.-L. Chew, J.-M. David, A. Nguyen & Y. Tourbier - Renault (Boulogne-Billan-court, F)

• Partial consistency for constraint satisfaction on intervals p. 417O. Lhomme - Dassault Electronique (Saint-Cloud, F) & University de Nice(Valbonne, F)

SESSION 11 : DEVELOPMENT, VALIDATION& DEPLOYMENT OF EXPERT SYSTEMS

Chair: M. Dulieu - SD-Scicon (Camberley, GB)

• A client-centred approach to the development of expert systems p. 433I.D. Watson, A. Basden & P.S. Brandon - University of Salford (GB)

• Decision automation : case studies in the successful deployment of busi- p. 445ness-critical expert systemsA. Jacobson - Inference Corporation (El Segundo, USA) & P. Klahr - InferenceEurope (Slough, GB)

• Implementing a knowledge validation system on a multiprocessor system p. 457C. Nottola - Banque de France (Paris, F), C. Vicat - Banque de France(Marne-La-Vallee, F) & Universite de Paris 6 (F) & B. Fillette - CDI (Paris, F)

SESSION 12: FUZZINESS & UNCERTAINTYChair: H. Prade - Universite Paul Sabatier (Toulouse, F)

• Qualitative control & fuzzy control: towards a method for writing p. 471L. Foulloy - Universite de Savoie / LAMI (Annecy, F)

• SURTEL : a tool for programming temporal and uncertain knowledge p. 485Z. Chen & F. Terrier- CEA (Gif-sur-Yvette, F)

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SESSION 13 : ROBOTIQUEPresident: J.F. Gilmore - Georgia Tech (Atlanta, USA)

• A distributed kinematics expert system p. 499G. Stocker, P. Kovacs & G. Hommel - Technische Universitat Berlin (D)

• Systeme expert temps reel: application a la commande d'un robot mobile p. 509J.-J. Montois, Y. Amirat, J. Pontnau - IUT de Creteil (F) & J.-B. Amouriaux -GSI Erli (Charenton, F)

SESSION 14 : COOPERATION& INTELLIGENCE ARTIFICIELLE REPARTIE

President: A.J.P. Morgan - SD-Scicon (Camberley, GB)

• Coordinating autonomous problem solvers with iterative negotiations & p. 525partial global plansS. Kirn & G. Schlageter - FernUniversitat Hagen (D)

• Une societe d'acteurs pour la conduite de calculs non lineaires p. 535Y. Desplanques - LMT (Cachan, F) & Ecole Centrale de Lille (F)

• Integrating neural networks into a distributed knowledge-based system p. 547J. Dunker, A. Scherer & G. Schlageter - FernUniversitat Hagen (Hagen, D)

SESSION 15 : EAO & ANALOGIEPresident: R. Harrington - Quay Systems (Chichester, GB)

• Aspects statique et dynamique de I'analogie P 559L. Bourrelly & J. Savelli - CNRS/GRTC (Marseille, F)

• Raisonnement a partir de cas pour resoudre des problemes de geometrie p 571E. Chouraqui & C. Inghilterra - CNRS/GRTC (Marseille, F)

• A genetic model of the knowledge to be taught p. 583J.-F. Nicaud - Universite de Paris-Sud/LRI (Orsay, F)

SESSION 16 : TEMPS REEL & PARALLELISMEPresident: M. Boasson - HSA (Hengelo, NL)

• Un modele de raisonnement pour garantir le temps de reponse dans un p. 597systeme temps r6elA.-l. Mouaddib, F. CharpUlet & J.-P. Haton - Crin/lnria Lorraine (Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, F)

• Generalizing Uni-RETE P 609G. Verteneul - Alcatel Elin (Vienne, A)

• A data-driven parallel Prolog for an acoustic-phonetic decoding system p. 619T. Herve - Cnet (Lannion, F)

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SESSION 13: ROBOTICSChair: J.F. Gilmore - Georgia Tech (Atlanta, USA)

• A distributed kinematics expert system p. 499G. Stocker, P. Kovacs & G. Hommel - Technische Universitat Berlin (D)

• A real-time expert system applied to the control of a mobile robot p. 509J.-J. Montois, Y. Amirat, J. Pontnau - IUT de Creteil (F) & J.-B. Amouriaux -GSI Erli (Charenton, F)

SESSION 14 : COOPERATION & DISTRIBUTED AlChair: A.J.P. Morgan - SD-Scicon (Camberley, GB)

• Coordinating autonomous problem solvers with iterative negotiations p. 525& partial global plansS. Kirn & G. Schlageter - FernUniversitat Hagen (D)

• An actor-based system for running non-linear computations p. 535Y. Desplanques - LMT (Cachan, F) & Ecole Centrale de Lille (F)

• Integrating neural networks into a distributed knowledge-based system p. 547J. Dunker, A. Scherer & G. Schlageter - FernUniversitat Hagen (D)

SESSION 15 : CAI & ANALOGYChair: R. Harrington - Quay Systems (Chichester, GB)

• Static and dynamic aspects of analogy p. 559L Bourrelly & J. Savelli - CNRS/GRTC (Marseilles, F)

• Solving geometric problems by case-based reasoning p. 571E. Chouraqui S C. Inghilterra - CNRS/GRTC (Marseilles, F)

' A genetic model of the knowledge to be taught p. 583J.-F. Nicaud - Universite de Paris-Sud/LRI (Orsay, F)

SESSION 16 : REAL-TIME & PARALLELISMChair: M. Boasson - HSA (Hengelo, NL)

• A reasoning model to ensure response time in a real-time system p. 597A.-l. Mouaddib, F. Charpillet & J.-P. Haton - Crin/lnria Lorraine (Vandceuvre-les-Nancy, F)

• Generalizing Uni-RETE p. 609G. Verteneul - Alcatel Elin (Vienna, A)

• A data-driven parallel Prolog for an acoustic-phonetic decoding system p. 619T. Herve - Cnet (Lannion, F)

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SESSION 17: APPRENTISSAGEPresident: P. Corsi - CCE (Bruxelles, B)

• Un systeme qui resoud un probleme combinatoire en s'y adaptant dynami- p. 635quementM. Bardinet - Universite Paris 6/LAFORIA, ACKIA (Paris, F) & EDF (Clamart, F)

• Automated knowledge acquisition of rules with continuously valued attributes p. 645S. Sestito & T. Dillon - La Trobe University (Bundoora, AUS)

• Guiding the acquisition of learning examples p. 657Y. Niquil - Alcatel Alsthom Recherche (Marcoussis, F)

SESSION 18 : TABLEAU NOIR & TEMPS REELPresident: M. Gallanti - CISE (Milan, I)

• Une architecture temps reel a base de tableau noir p. 671P. Lalanda, F. Charpillet & J.-P. Haton - CRIN/INRIA Lorraine (Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, F)

• ATOME-TR : a real-time control for blackboard scheduling p. 683J.-C. Le Mentec - CRIN/INRIA Lorraine (Vandceuvre-les-Nancy, F) &S. Brunessaux - Matra Defense (Velizy, F)

INDEX

Auteurs p. 699Organismes p. 700Sujets p. 702

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SESSION 17: LEARNINGChair: P. Corsi - CEC (Brussels, B)

• A system that solves combinatory problems by dynamic adaptation p. 635M. Bardinet - Universite Paris 6/LAFORIA, ACKIA (Paris, F) & EDF (Clamart, F)

• Automated knowledge acquisition of rules with continuously valued attributes p 645S. Sestito & T. Dillon - La Trobe University (Bundoora, AUS)

• Guiding the acquisition of learning examples p. 657Y. Niquil - Alcatel Alsthom Recherche (Marcoussis, F)

SESSION 18: BLACKBOARD & REAL-TIMEChair: M. Gallanti - CISE (Milan, I)

• A blackboard based real-time architecture P 671P. Lalanda, F. Charpillet & J.-P. Haton - CRIN/INRIA Lorraine (Vandceuvre-les-Nancy, F)

• ATOME-TR : a real-time control for blackboard scheduling p. 683J.-C. Le Mentec - CRIN/INRIA Lorraine (Vandceuvre-les-Nancy, F) &S. Brunessaux - Matra Defense (Velizy, F)

INDEX

Authors p. 699Organizations . P- 700Topics P- ̂ 02

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