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-Indonesian Water Theatre-
Kirsty Sarah Williams
Unit 22
DR Report
-Contents-
IntroductionSite Local Planning Context The Citarum River Ciwalengke Village, Sukamaju Site Plan The Climate of West Java Further site considerationsProgramme Analysis Water Treatment Shadow Theatre Incense GardensThe Design Precedents Building development Basic structural strategy Basic environmental strategy Acoustic Strategy Disabled Access Means of escape M&E and Sanitation Systems Construction Sequence Health and safety in construction General Arrangement Drawings Building Construction Columns & Cables Bamboo Enclosures Building Details Further structural considerations
Section 1-
Form, Systems, Planning & Context
Section 2-
Construction
Section 3-
Perfromance
Section 4-
Delivery
Building performance Energy strategy Building lifecycle Cooling Stratgy Water Supply Shading the theatrePrototype Building delivery Indonesian financial and planning context Roles within the building completion Contractual relationship with the client Risk Assessments
Bibliography &Image Credits
p1
p7 p9 p11 p13 p17 p19 p21 p29 p31
p37 p41 p53 p59 p63 p65 p67 p71 p73 p75 p77 p87 p89 p93 p105
p109 p111 p113 p119 p121 p125
p145 p151 p153 p155 p157
-Unit 22 Brief and Focus-
Unit 22, operating under the theme of ‘wood
and fire’, is working towards defining a ‘mild
architecture’ - one that welcomes users through
small details and comfortable materials. In
early exploratory exercises we created dwellings
based on the themes of tree house, chocolate
and chimneys. These have led to the final
building project based on the concept of a
‘harbour’. This is to be a more complex project
incorporating the ideas of ‘crafts’ developed in
the earlier work, ‘decks’ referring to open air
and landscaped areas, and ‘provisioning’ meaning
it will acknowledge the complex interchanges
the building will have with supplies and its
environment.
The unit is developing the harbour project in
tropical locations around the globe, mine in
Indonesia. However, for the purposes of the DR
report I will be adhering to British building
regulations.
1.
a. Tree House Dwelling Project:
Musical Play House
b. Chimney Dwelling Project: Ghost
Story Pavilion
c. Theatre Pavilion, Puerto MAMM
Collaboration, Night time facade
d. Theatre Pavilion, Puerto MAMM
Collaboration, ‘Squashy’ furniture
e. Chocolate Dwelling Project: Incense Stall
a
e
b c d
Wood and Fire
-Introduction-
Emerging from earlier studies into performance based
architecture the programme is for a theatre, housing
the traditional Indonesian shadow art, Wayang Kulit.
Sited in Java, the island most associated with this
tradition,1 it is situated along the Citarum river,
widely acknowledged as the most polluted river in the
world.2 The river is a convergence of many current
challenges facing Indonesia - the state of the river
which has deteriorated steadily since the 1980’s3
being a reflection of the rapid population growth,
rapid industrialisation and extensive deforestation
occurring in the archipelago.4
Taking this context into account the programme became
a combination of the Javanese theatre and a water
treatment centre, combining traditional arts and
contemporary issues.
The purpose of a shadow theatre is both to entertain
and to educate,5 and I intend to apply this mantra to
the water treatment facility, the water travelling a
highly choreographed procession around waterwheels and
down waterfalls. This process will be driven by a waste-
to-power plant, the idea of which is to encourage the
local residents to dispose of waste here - currently
it is the river which acts as a garbage disposal and
sewer6,7 - and get clean water in return.
Early concept sketch for a highly ornate theatre, suspended above the polluted river with a scientific language
mediating between the two.
1. Hobart 1987, p22
2. Agence France-Presse 2012
3.Roadmap Coordination and Management Unit and Program
Coordination and Management Unit 2011
4 ibid
5 People Like Me 2005
6 Cita-Citarum 2012
7 Agence France-Presse 2012
3.
-Site-
“ At first glance the village of Sukamaju in western Java has all the charms of rural Indonesia...”Agence France-Presse
-BAPPENAS-
Safe
gu
ard
ing
Ver
nac
ula
r
Tr
adit
ion
s
Pres
erv
ing
Bio
log
ical
Div
ersi
ty
For
est
Reh
abil
itat
ion
Ru
ral
Ir
rig
atio
n
Fun
ds
for
th
e ‘w
elfa
re
of
the
co
mm
un
ity’
Local Planning ContextThe Indonesian Planning System operates under the
title ‘National Development Planning Agency’, BAPPENAS1.
Its current agenda’s that are pertinent to the water
theatre project are2;
Infrastructure development is focussed on improving the
irrigation sector in rural areas. My project, offering
a small scale water treatment facility is a new way
of addressing this problem. Previous attempts to bring
water to rural areas by a network of channels have
proved unsuccessful.3 BAPPENAS also aims to improve
transportation infrastructure with the aim of developing
tourism, which my project may be able to benefit from in
the future (see building delivery section)
The economic development of the country is currently
emphasising forest development and rehabilitation of
“critical land, construction and industrial timber
plantation forests”. I will address this issue by careful
selection of materials, for example using fast growing
bamboo grass over the popular tropical hardwoods.
Fund loans and foreign grants have been designated to
“finance productive development activities and produce the
maximum benefit amount for the welfare of the community”.
An aim which is arguable in accordance with the aims of
the water theatre.
BAPPENAS works in collaboration with the ‘Japan-Indonesia
Technical Cooperation Project’, JICA. This body aims to
formulate climate change strategies in Indonesia and
Japan. Acknowledging the substantial greenhouse gas
emissions in Indonesia and its global position of being
particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change
amongst its poorer communities, the government committed
to reduce GHG emissions by 26% by its independent means and
41% with international support by 2020.4 My project will
try to be in accordance with these aims by;
Sourcing local materials
Creating architecture with low energy demands, for example
being naturally ventilated and preventing solar gain.
Incorporating a small scale waste-to-energy plant. 7.
In the last couple of decades, the vernacular traditions of
Indonesia have seen unprecedented levels of abandonment
and decay in favour of the more ‘modern’, but less
sustainable, architecture. As a consequence, there are
government programmes in place that aim to conserve and
further develop vernacular traditions.5 This often results
in exaggerated forms divorced from their original symbolic
meaning, for example the roof of the ‘West Sumatra
Representative Office’ in Jakarta. My project aims to
integrate features of the vernacular traditions that help
it become a sustainable architecture.
The specific site of the Citarum is host to various
political agendas. The river is a strategically important
one, its basic being home to some 9 million people.6 In
addition, it provides a habitat for numerous endangered
species. The organisational body ‘Integrated Water
Resources Management (IWRM) provides funding to projects
with “The objective... to achieve clean, healthy and
productive catchments and rivers, while conserving
globally and locally significant biological diversity and
bringing about sustainable benefits to all people of the
Citarum River Basin through collaborative efforts between
government and the community”
The Cita-Citarum roadmap is a 15 year programme with
substantial funding that aims “to achieve, in the
future, better integrated water resources management in
the Citarum”. Planning numerous interventions along the
length of the river and with an excess of $3.5 billion at
its disposal, this body is most likely to be the client
for the project.
1
2
24
3
3
4
5
1
6
5
7
8
6
7
8
BAPPENAS
Client
Pagaruyung Palace- original form dating from 1347
West Sumatra Representative Office- Modern government building
“A bamboo plantation of 1000 hectares
can provide about 30,000 tons of
wood resources, and thus renders
unnecessary the cutting of over 50
thousand hardwood trees per year”
Tropical hardwoods
Republic of Indonesia - Ministry of the Environment
Provides funding for projects that aim to conserve the biological diverstiy of the Citarum basin
Aims to reduce GHG emissions by 26% by its independent means and 41% with international support by 2020.
Javanese Hawk Eagle- One of the rarest birds in the world
Site- I plan to cultivate rare Javanese flora
Surili Leaf Monkey
1. Blöndal et al 2009
2. State Minister for the Chairperson of The National
Development Planning Agency 2010
3. Fauzan 2011
4. BAPPENAS and Japan International Cooperation Agency 20115.
5. Nas 2007, p42
6. Admin 2013
7.Bamboo quote (opposite) Oprins
-The Citarum River Basin-
The Citarum river, christened ‘the most polluted
river in the world’ by local government agencies
and NGO’s,1 was once a historical boundary between
the two domains of the Tarumanagara kingdom.2
The remnants of this civilisation, including the
oldest Hindu-Buddhist temple complex in Southeast
Asia, still endure along the banks, meaning that
there is the potential for the Citarum to be the
focus of tourism, as the Nile is for Egypt.
However, currently the waters are polluted
so badly with acres of waste and, even more
dangerous, dissolved pollutants such as mercury,
lead, zinc and chrome from the 280 tonnes of
toxic waste finding its way into the river from
the textile factories on a daily basis.3 The river
is the sole source of drinking water for 15
million Indonesians,4 and a source of power for
many more. The Cita-Citarum roadmap is a current
initiative charged with cleaning up the river
which is expected to take place over the next 15
years.
9.
1. Agence France-Presse 2012
2. Roadmap Coordination and Management Unit and Program Coordination and Management Unit 2011
3. Agence France-Presse 2012
4. ibid
5. Cita-Citarum 2012
Rapid population growth has led to unprecedented levels
of rubbish in the river.5
Deforestation on the hills of Pacet. The forests declined from 35,000 ha in 1992 to 19,000 in 2001. This has lead to a great number of landslides into the
Citarum and subsequent flooding and pollution.5
Fertilisers and over feeding in fish farms has led to uncontrolled weed growth and a proliferation of nitrogen, phosphorous and sulphur in the river, which is poisonous to fish.5P
roject Site
Cisanti springs- The area is used for vegetable farming and cows, polluting the river with pesticides and daily average of 82.4 tones of manure, right at the source
of the river.5
One of 600 textile factories in Majalaya. Just 10% meet
water treatment requirements.5
Karawang District- the ‘rice basket of west Java’- no longer has adequate water supply from the Citarum, if this continues more than 100,000 ha could stop
producing rice.5
-Ciwalengke Village-Sukamaju, West Java
Ciwalengke, a kampung of Sukamaju village is host to
the specific site. Here the problems of the river
are particularly pertinent. It is downstream from a
conglomeration of more than 40 textile factories,1 the
main source of employment in the area. Not being situated
close enough to a larger municipality such as Bandung to
benefit from treated water and the nearest spring offering
clean water being more than 5km away, residents have taken
to using a sock for filtration2 and boiling the water
in their homes to treat it. Such practice however does
nothing to remove, for example, the dangerous dissolved
metals from the factories. As well as the associated
dangers of these chemicals, the villagers, who make use
of communal washing facilities connected directly to the
Citarum, have begun to suffer from skin disorders and
stomach ulcers, appearing amongst the population after
the growth of the nearby textile industry.3
The residents of the area are mostly immigrants, going
to work in the factories or as food sellers.4 It is
alleged that the immigrant background has led to low
public awareness of how to conserve the neighbourhood.5
Therefore, a building that unites something as crucial
as provision of clean water with a traditional Javanese
pastime may help generate a sense of belonging for the
new residents. It is also essential that the water be
provided for a fair price.
Water can be currently
purchased at Rp. 3500/US gallon,6 but this represents
a disproportionate amount of
earnings - the monthly water
needs of one person costing
2736% of the average
earnings of a female factory
worker in West Java.7
1. Cavelle 2009
2. Sutton-Hibbert 2010
3. Agence France-Presse 2012
4. Ministry of National Development Planning/National
Development Planning Agency Directorate Water and Irrigation.
5. ibid
6.Ministry of National Development Planning/National
Development Planning Agency Directorate Water and Irrigation.
7. Hancock 2000 p13
a. View of the site looking south
b. Location of the village along the
Citarum
c. Current filtering system: a sock
over a communal pipe dirctly
from the river
d. Textile dye mixing with the water
in the river
a
b
c
d
Project Site11.
Site plan at 1:30000, showing some of the 600
textile factories in Majalaya. Just 10% meet
water treatment requirements.1
-Majalaya textile district-
North prevailing winds, November - March
Textile factories lining the Citarum
Site at 1:30,000
South prevailing winds, May - September
Water flow direction
Ciwalengke, 1:100013.
1. Cita-Citarum 2012
-Site Studies-
Information extrapolated from the sun path
diagrams for Jakarta.
3D Construction of the site
n
Sun Path for 21 June
Sunrise 6:02
9:00 am
Midday
Midday
3:00
pm 6:05
pm
9:00 am
5:36 am
3:00
pm
5:47
pm
Sun Path for 21 December
-Climate of West Java-
Indonesia’s proximity to the equator and the fact that uniformly
warm waters make up 81% of the archipelago’s area mean that there
is little variation in temperature.1 The average mean temperature
is 26-29˚C,2 with diurnal changes making very little impact on
this figure - the city of Jakarta, also located in west Java,
is known for having particularly high night-time temperatures of
25˚C.3
The real seasonal variations of the area are a result of the inter-
tropical convergence zone, ITCZ, which dictates the rainy seasons
and the two distinct prevailing winds.4 The ITCZ moves back and
forth over the equator, creating a pattern where northerly winds
dominate between November and March and southerly winds prevail
between May to September, which is likely to impact any natural
cooling strategies developed for the building. Also significant,
is that as the weather system passes over the archipelago there
are a few weeks in April and October which have very light winds,
known as the doldrums.5
In western Java, the monsoon season accompanies the northern
winds, the average annual rainfall being 1650mm.6 In comparison,
the average annual rainfall for London is 752mm.7 Indonesia’s
rainfall also tends to be accompanied by thunderstorms and wind
squalls, though the tropical cyclones tend to be restricted to the
extreme southerly islands of the archipelago.8 The main problem
with the rainfall in western Java is the subsequent floods.
Solar gain is also likely to be a problem, as when it is not
raining it is generally sunny. The discomfort that could come
from constant high temperatures and solar gain is likely to be
exacerbated by the high average relative humidity, which is
between 70% and 90%.10
According to the department of energy and climate change the hot
climate is likely to increase in the future, there has been a
notable warming trend since the 1960’s, and rainfall could be
set to increase 10- 20%, resulting in an increase of extreme
flooding.11 1. Frederick and Worden 1993
2. Met Office 2011
3. ibid
4. ibid
5. ibid
6.ibid
7. World Climate
8. Met Office 2011
9. ibid
10. AsianInfo.org 2010
11. Met Office 2011
In 2001, 100 people were killed,
20,000 homes and thousands of hectares
of rice fields were destroyed on the
island of Java.9
a.Diagram showing the extent of the inter-tropical convergence zone.
b.Average temperature and rainfall for Jakarta- the nearest major city to the site.
c.Rainfall throughout the Citarum River Basin.
Indonesia
Site
e
b
b
ca
17.
-Further Site Conditions-
As well as challenging climatic conditions, the site
has other considerations that should be accounted
for in the building fabric.
The archipelago is tectonically unstable; it has
more than 100 volcanoes of which more than 25% are
active.1 Java, the proposed site, is the most unstable
and is host to Merapi, ‘mountain of fire’, the most
active, having at least 12 recorded eruptions that
have resulted in fatalities.2 The earthquakes that
accompany the shifting tectonic plates will have to
play a large part in dictating the structural logic
of the building.
The shaded orange areas in the diagram indicate
places that the NHS has considered a high risk
malaria zones.3 Though more common in urban areas,
there is also the risk of dengue fever, for which
there is no vaccine.4 This problem is particularly
pertinent within my project, as it involves a large
gathering of people at night (dusk till dawn is the
peak activity time of a mosquito) in an illuminated
structure above a freshwater river. Since most of
the literature on avoiding mosquito bites advises to
rid the vicinity of standing fresh water5 (impossible
with both my programme and site) the architecture
should offer an alternative.
A house by Andrade Morettin Architects in Brazil offers
one such possibility, having façades composed solely
out of 50-foot-tall mosquito nets.6 This prevents
mosquitos entering and does little to encumber the
passage of light and natural air currents. Other
options could be to use light coloured finishes and
grow citronella grass in the gardens, a tropical
plant which naturally deters mosquitoes.7
Malaria, earthquakes, volcanoes & dengue fever
1. Shipdetective.com 2013
2. Chillymanjaro 2011
3. Fit for Travel
4. ibid
5. Sun Sentinel 2009
6. Kraemer 2010
7. L.M. 2007
a. Own diagram locating active volcanos, recorded earthquake epicentres and high risk malaria zones in relation to the site.b. Mosquito net house, Andrade Morettin Architects, Brazil
Earthquake epicentres
Active volcanos
high risk malaria
site
Merapi
a
b b
Project Site
19.
-Programme-Shadow theatre and water treatment plant
-Choreographing the water-
Coagulants mixed with the water Particles to sink to the bottom.Cleaner water is siphoned off at the top. The proposed tank can hold 58.7m3, accounting for losses of particles approximately 58,000l can be cleaned at once. To meet the required total, there needs to be 6 rotations a week, taking 2 hours each.
Ultraviolet rays kill suspended bacteria and viruses by destroying their DNA. Design proposes a 1200l unit, capable of cleaning 12,516l a week. To meet the weekly requirement there would need to be 25 units.
Filters can pass 2.5m3 per m2 of cross section area per day. The design proposal has an area of 11m2, capable of passing 171,875l per day.
Removes dissolved particles that cannot be removed by filtration. The proposed tank requires 2 daily rotations a week to provide the weekly requirement.
The Citarum is slightly alkaline, pH8.3, so chambers provide space to mix in acid en route to the next tank. The proposed design of 2 tanks can hold 70,000l and would require 1 rotation to fill the coagulation tank.
Constructed wetlands have plants which provide oxygen and microbes living on their roots which remove pollutants. The process takes 2-3 days. The proposed design has 2 lagoons holding 115,000l each; there must be 2 weekly cycles to provide the required amount.
M T W Th F S Su
The 311 villagers of the kampung of Ciwalengke require 114 litres per person per day, requiring a weekly reservoir
315,000 litres.
sequence of the 2 weekly rotaions
-Water Treatment Diagram-
Wat
er F
eed
Archimedes screw
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-Water Treatment-pH AdjustmentThe Citarum being slightly alkaline, pH 8.3,1 means it is necessary to provide space to mix in acid to neutralise it. This process is relatively quick and has no by-products.
Coagulation TankHere the chemicals aluminium sulphate and iron chloride are added to the water. They are mixed in and cause the solid particles in the water to clump together and sink to the bottom of the tank.2 The water pressure causes the cleaner water to be siphoned off at the top of the tank, and here I have taken the
opportunity to create a waterfall feature out of the tank, as it is pushed out of the top and falls to the next stage of the process. This is potentially the most environmentally unfriendly aspect of the treatment as there are large amounts of ‘sludge’ drawn out at the bottom of the tanks. So as not to place the particles and waste chemicals back into the river, there is an option to dry out the waste and burn
it in the waste-to-energy plant, though care must be taken to ensure filters stop any hazardous gases
escaping from the burning chemicals.
LagooningThe ‘lagoons’ are constructed wetlands of reeds, where microbes living on the plants and their roots clean much smaller particles from the water.3 These are very environmentally friendly and unlike most aspects of a water treatment plant, their efficiency improves over time as the wetland becomes established.4
They are not often used in big plants as they require a lot of space, however the amount of water needed to be produced for the kampung is relatively small and the lagoons can form part of the landscape of gardens and waterfalls. Though slower than more industrial options, lagoons are popular in rural areas as they are very economical and their efficiency can be improved with the addition of bio-domes. These are equally economical, requiring only the amount of energy that is needed to power a 75watt bulb and can vastly improve the water turnover as they create ideal conditions between aerated layers of plastic for the microbes to grow. The lagoons can also make use of the algae fern, azolla, which can further purify the water, and, like most algae, is capable of dramatic growth, so that it will create a source of biofuel for the plant.
Biodome Biodome sectionConstructed wetland
Lava rock Water filter-cut through
Exchange process
UV treatment of water
Rainbow trout in atreatment centre
Rainbow trout
UV paint fluorescing flower
Coagulation tank- plan view
Iron chlorideAluminium sulphate
Hydrochloric acid
Coagulation tank- section
Azolla
FiltrationFiltration is the final stage of removing undissolved particles. Whist many plants incorporate sand filters I have chosen to use naturally porous lava rocks, which are used in the construction of the project and is locally available in this highly seismic region.
ElectrodeionizationWater is held in a tank with charged cathodes and anodes which remove dissolved metals that could not be removed by any level of filtration.5 This is a particularly important step here as the metals from the textile factories, mercury, lead, zinc and chrome, have very high levels here and are linked to cancer and organ damage.
UV treatmentThe final stage of treatment is to disinfect the water with ultraviolet light - the waves of radiation kill off the dissolved bacteria and viruses that are too small to be filtered out.6 There are other alternatives to this process which are cheaper such as adding chlorine,7 but these leave chemical residues in the drinking water and using UV lights offer the chance to enhance the gardens surrounding the theatre, as simply adding tonic water (which contains quinine) can make the flowers fluoresce under the lights. The tanks would have to be surrounded by glass that filters out any potentially harmful radiation.
Safety ControlsSome plants use rainbow trout, a fish particularly sensitive to chemicals, to detect acute water pollution.8 This would not only be a check that the plant is functioning properly, it also offers the opportunity to have aquariums amongst the gardens.
The Selected Processes1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1. Roadmap Coordination and Management Unit and
Program Coordination and Management Unit 2011
2. HM Revenue & Customs 2011
3. City of Onkaparinga 2010
4. Lesikar
5. Merit Partnership Pollution Prevention
Project for Metal Finishers 1997
6. US Environmental Protection Agency 2006
7. West 2013
8. Salehimad 2010
25.
-Water Treatment-
Text
Within Building Context
-Wayang Kulit-
Javanese shadow theatre, the most famous among
the archipelago, is unusual as spectators choose
to watch the show from both sides of the screen.
The arrangement of the audience is very loose
compared to traditional western theatre with rows
of seats and stalls - a performance begins at
around 9pm and often goes on until dawn with the
audience coming and going as they please. Other
activities around the standing spectators such
as card games are played and stalls sell food
and drink (as shown opposite). The only fixed
arrangement is the area of the screen and the
arrangement of the ‘dalang’ (puppet master) the
two ‘tututan’ (assistants) and the four ‘juru
gender’ (musicians).1
There is need to use the theatre in the day as
well, as ‘wayang lemah’, the daytime performance
without a screen, though primarily a religious
exercise, also draws spectators.2
In larger cities the crowds drawn can be from
300 to 500 spectators, though the size of the
kampung that the water theatre serves and the
fact that it is mostly men who attend the wayang
kulit suggests a theatre catering for 150-200
spectators would be more than sufficient.
The art of shadow theatre
1. Hobart 1987, p129
2. ibid p130
Theatre viewing area behind the ‘dalang’
Screen (removed for daytime performance}
Traditional layout of ‘dalang’ and ‘juru gender’
Cafe
Theatre viewing area infront of the screen
a. Image showing the informal nature of the performances.
b. Other on-going activities in the theatre.
c. The ‘Gagunungan’- representing the mountain of the gods. It is the most significant puppet and indicates the beginning and scene changes.
Opposite. Layout of theatre activities
lime juice coffee tea betel-nuts
fruit and nutsceki rice cakes
ac
b
b b b
b b b
29.
-Incense Gardens-
The plants have been chosen for various reasons.
The river is a notorious dumping ground and all
the flowers have been chosen for their strong
fragrance. All the plants are able to grow in
tropical regions, many indigenous to Java. The
grasses have been chosen not only as attractive
foliage, a way to create shade and provide
evaporative cooling, but also to deter mosquitos
and provide replacement structural materials.
The Javanese edelweiss is an endangered species,
and providing an area to cultivate this plant
may appease the ‘Integrated Water Resources
Management’ which provides funding to conserve
the biological diversity of the Citarum river
basin.1 Bambusa blumeana Cymbopogon citratus Anaphalis javanicaPeniocereus. johnstonii
PassifloraBamboo grass Citronella Grass Javanese Edelweiss night-blooming
cereus Passion Flower
Citronella’s lemon fragrance acts as a natural mosquito repellent.4
It will be grown in small clusters and hanging baskets around the entire complex. There is to be a particular concentration around the lagoons, where there is the largest concentration of stagnant water (and therefore the most attractive location to mosquitos).
A small bamboo plantation, with strips of beds of different ages ensures a supply of replacement materials for the secondary structural pieces.
(see materials and lifespan- performance section)
Native to Java. It thrives in moist conditions with sandy loam and needs partial shade to full sun.3
The white Javanese edelweiss has a natural fluorescence that makes it a popular souvenir. It has been declared an endangered and protected species.5 Here it can be cultivated and may deter people from picking them in the wild. It is a fragrant flower and is placed around the UV treatment area which should enhance the glowing qualities of the flowers.
The night blooming cereus is a large white fragrant flower. Being white it has been placed near the UV gardens. The flowers go programmatically with the theatre, beginning to rapidly bloom at around 9pm (the time when performances start) and lasting only until dawn,2 it is often seen as a dramatic event.
The fragrant flowers of passionflowers are vines that would be trained around the lagoon area. Any resulting fruit can be taken into the fruit and coffee bar below the theatre.
The plants occur naturally in Indonesia,6 they will require some shade from the intense heat, moist soil with good drainage.
It requires a hot environment, so full sun should be fine, and as a cactus it needs to be kept dry, so the pots should have ample drainage to allow the plants to survive the rainfall of Java.
Indigenous to Java it should thrive here, however it tends to grow in the cooler mountainous regions so it should be placed out of the direct sunlight.
As a tropical plant it should thrive in the local environment. It needs to be placed in full sun and provided with minimum of 30 inches of water per annum.
Name: Name: Name: Name: Name:
Function: Function: Function:Function:
Function:
Conditions:
Conditions: Conditions:
Conditions:
Conditions:
1. Admin 2013
2. Wern 2012
3. BackyardGardener.com
4. L.M. 2007
5. Panse
6. Ary 2012
31.
The water fluoresces under the black light but there was no effect on the flowers
No effect on water or flowers
The water fluoresces under the black light but there was no effect on the flowers
The light effect is displayed, particularly in the leaves and sepal. These were the most successful tests and dictated the colour scheme of the project.
-Ultraviolet Experiments-
The ultraviolet treatment of the water offers
theatrical opportunities when combined with the
flower gardens, as various chemicals added to
the water supply of the plants can be taken up
into the flowers by capillary action and cause
parts of the flowers to fluoresce under a black
light. The tests to left show the effect on the
same type of flowers after a few hours of being
fed different chemical diets.
UV treatment gardens
UV Experiments
Pink and orange dyes
Blue dyes
Tonic water containing the chemical quinine
Yellow and green dyes33.
-Design Development-
My project aims to take these ancient forms as a starting point for an ecological architectureand drive this forward with the technological capabilities offered today.
-Indonesian Vernacular-
Being stylistically open-ended, most new
buildings in tropical cities “adopt air-
conditioning as a panacea”1 However, with
tropical countries poised to become world
leaders in terms of economic and urban
development,2 it seems imperative that new
architecture in these places is equally
forward thinking, creating a more sustainable
typology for the tropics.
In shaping a new environmental architecture,
however, my project looked back to the
archipelago’s rich vernacular tradition.
This enabled many generations to inhabit the
islands comfortably before the emergence and
reliance on air conditioning.
There is staggering variety amongst the
indigenous buildings, from the tongkonan,
ancestral houses of the Toraja3 to the tiered
pagodas of Bali. Something that unites many
of them however are the features of being
raised off the ground, on stone platforms or numerous wooden posts, and the presence of
a large overhanging pitched roof. 4
The buildings being lifted off the ground
is testament to the numerous wild snakes on
the islands and a tendency to flood, whist
the huge roof constructions not only provide
a strategy to protect from the considerable
rainfall but are also a means of natural
ventilation, through the stack effect.
My project aims to take these ancient forms
as a starting point for an ecological
architecture, and drive this forward with the
technological capabilities offered today.
Komodo Dragon
Long-nosed whip snake
Floods
1. Bay and Ong 2006, p32. ibid3. May 2010, p1584. Sidharta 2006, p12
Ventilation
Rainfall
Creatures & floods
a b
d
e
f
g
g
g
c
a.Sumba House
b.Bali Pagoda
c.Tongkonan
d.Nias House, constructed without nails
e.Diagrams of the tongkonan house
f.Application of vernacular logic to my project
g.Dangers on ground level in Indonesia
Adjustable inlet
Stack effect ventilation
37.
“There is staggering variety amongst the indigenous buildings... Something that unites many of them however are the features of being raised off the ground, and the presence of a large overhanging pitched roof.”
-Architectural Precedent-
Abu Dhabi Louvre- Jean NouvelThe layered lace-like construction of Jean
Nouvel’s Abu Dhabi Louvre is designed to
mediate the harsh desert solar radiation and
create an interior illuminated by a ‘rain of
light’.
Also positioned above a body of water, it has
been calculated that the enormous metal canopy
will amass vast quantities of condensation.1 My
much smaller scale project can take advantage
of other materials, for example layers of
delicately carved wood which could, rather than
be a surface to condense against, act rather
as a sink for the humidity. Intricate patterns
could serve my building similarly in reducing
solar gain, and this aesthetic resonates with
the largely Islamic cultural heritage of the
island.
1.Personal knowledge gained on a Unit trip to Abu
Dhabi
a
d
e
b
c
Rain of light
Humidity
Metal contruction leads to
excessive condensation in
humidity
My smaller construction can
take advantage of other
materials
f
g
h39.
