DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY, … · Development of latent finger prints: Conventional methods as fluorescent powder, magnetic powder. Fuming methods: Iodine and Cyno-acrylate

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DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY,

AURANGABAD

SYLLABUS

Of

M.Sc. II (Semester III and IV)

(Forensic Science)

Effective from Academic Year

2013-2014 onwards

Government Institute Of Forensic Science, Aurangabad M.Sc. II Year (Finger print and Questioned Document)

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Preamble

M.Sc.-II (Sem-III & IV) (Forensic Science)

Ordinance ------------:- Title of the Program: - M.Sc.-II (Sem-III & IV) (Forensic Science)

Ordinance ------------:-- Eligibility: - M.Sc.-I (Forensic Science)

Regulation no. ----------- : Specializations :- Four Specializations viz. Finger print and Questioned Document, Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology, Forensic Biology, Serology and DNA Finger Printing, Cyber Space, IT Security and Cyber Forensic may be offered subject to the availability of students as mentioned in the preceding Para/ regulation.

Regulation no. -----------:- Minimum intake capacity for each specialization: - There shall be minimum 25% of the intake capacity of the students for each specialization.

Regulation no. ----------- :-Allotment of specialization :- The specialization to the students will be allotted on the basis of choice and merit (M.Sc.-I) of the students. However, if the criterion of minimum intake capacity for a particular specialization as mentioned above is not full filled, in such case the students will be diverted to other specialization strictly based on the marks obtained by him/her at M.Sc.-I examination. In such situation the decision of the Head of the concerned Institution shall be final.

Regulation no.-------------- :- Course structure

Each semester will have four theory papers and two theory based practical papers. In the fourth semester students will carry out Dissertation instead of one practical paper. Each paper shall be of 75 marks.

Total Marks for M. Sc.-II (Forensic Science), III and IV Semester

Semester

Theory (4 Papers per semester each of 75marks)

Practical/ Dissertation (2 Papers per semester

each of 75 marks)

Total

Marks Marks Marks III 300 150 450 IV 300 150 450

Total 600 300 900


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Specialization-I: Fingerprint and Questioned Document

Semester – III

Paper Code Title Hrs./ week Marks

MFSQD301 Fingerprint Examination 4 75

MFSQD302 Questioned Documents and Photography 4 75

MFSQD303 Document forgery and it’s detection 4 75

MFSQD304 Forensic Linguistics and Stylistic 4 75

MFSQD305 Practical paper-I 4/Batch 75

MFSQD306 Practical paper-II 4/Batch 75

Total 24 450

Semester - IV

Paper Code Title Hrs./ week Marks

MFSQD401 Advanced document examination and Quality Assurance 4 75

MFSQD402 Methods of Fingerprint development 4 75

MFSQD403 Automated Fingerprint identification System 4 75

MFSQD404 Forensic Accounting, Statistics and Auditing 4 75

MFSQD405 Practical Paper-III 4/Batch 75

MFSQD406 Dissertation 4/Batch 75

Total 24 450


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Syllabus

Semester III

Paper-I (MFSQD301): Fingerprint Examination

Hrs./week-4 Marks-75

Unit I: History and development of finger prints: Introduction, Evolution and the Elliptical, whorl, Neolithic Bricks, Prehistoric Carvings, Mummies, Fingerprint Imprints on artifacts in antiquity, Grauballe Man, Philosophical Transaction, De externo tactus Organo, William of orange, Thomas bewick. Fingerprint classification, early fingerprint usages in other country structure of ridged skin, morphological plan of volar pads and configurational areas. Development of volar pads, ridges, factor affecting alignment of ridges. Unit II: Basics of taking inked prints, taking inked prints of living and dead: Plain and rolled prints, other devices and material for recording prints. Classification of finger Prints, pattern types, pattern area, single digit and Henry system of classification (Primary to tertiary and key classification) extension of Henry system searching of finger prints, classification system, single finger print, Finger Prints Bureau Unit III: Chance Finger Prints: Latent prints, plastic prints, causes, composition of sweat. Development of latent finger prints: Conventional methods as fluorescent powder, magnetic powder. Fuming methods: Iodine and Cyno-acrylate methods. Chemical methods: Ninhydrin and its analogue silver nitrate, enhancement of latent prints, application of laser technologies, metal deposition method. Biological methods of development of latent prints on skin. Unit IV: Systematic approach to latent print processing, preserving and lifting of finger prints. Photography of Finger Prints, comparison of finger prints: basis of comparison, class characteristics, individual characteristics, various types of ridge characteristics. Automatic Finger Print Identification system (AFIS) and its variants, digital Image processing of finger prints and their enhancement. Presentation of expert evidence on finger prints in court. Unit V: Research Methodology: Meaning of Research in QDFT; Process of research; Identification and criteria of selecting a research problem (Hypothesis); Formulation of objectives; Research plan and its components; Methods of Research and Difficulties fingerprint and questioned document research; Research Proposal and experimental design: Key elements- Objective, Introduction, Design or Rationale of work, Guidelines for design of experiments, Material and methods, Compilation and documentation of data; , Major research institutes related to QD &F in India. A brief idea about government research agencies such as DBT, DST, ICMR, CSIR and UGC.

Suggested readings:-


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1. H.C. Lee and R.E. Gaensslen eds “Advances in Fingerprint Technology”, second ed. New York: CRC Press, 2001.

2. S.A. Cole, Suspect Identities: A History of Fingerprint and Criminal Identification. Harvard Univ. Press, May 2001

3. Federal Bureau of Investigation. www.fbi.gov, 2002 4. A.K. Jain and S. Pankanti, ªBiometrics Systems: Anatomy of Performance,º IEICE Trans.

Fundamentals, special issue on Biometrics, 5. D.A. Stoney and J.I. Thornton, ªA Critical Analysis of Quantitative Fingerprint

Individuality Modelsº J. Forensic Sciences, vol. 31, no. 4 6. B. Wentworth and H.H. Wilder, Personal Identification. Boston: R.G. Badger, 1918 7. H. Cummins and C. Midlo, Fingerprints, Palms and Soles. Philadelphia: Blakiston, 1943. 8. C. Champod and P.A. Margot, ªComputer Assisted Analysis of Minutiae Occurrences on

Fingerprints,º Proc. Int'l Symp. Finger-print Detection and Identification, J. Almog and E. Spinger,

9. S.L. Sclove, ªThe Occurrence of Fingerprint Characteristics as a Two Dimensional Process,º J. Am. Statistical Assoc., vol. 74.

10. D.A. Stoney, ªDistribution of Epidermal Ridge Minutiae,º Am. J. Physical Anthropology 11. A.K. Jain, S. Prabhakar, L. Hong, and S. Pankanti, ªFilterbank-Based Fingerprint

Matching,º IEEE Trans. Image Processing, 12. A.K. Jain, S. Prabhakar, and S. Pankanti, ªTwin Test: On Discriminability of

Fingerprints,º Proc. Third Int'l Conf. Audio-and Video-Based Person Authentication

Paper-II (MFSQD302): Questioned Documents and Photography


Unit I: Forensic Document Examination and its scope & importance; Classification of documents; Care, handling, preservation of documents; Observation tests and their application in handwriting examination; Preliminary examination of documents; examination of paper & inks, Process of comparison of handwriting; Principle of handwriting examination; Importance of natural variations and disguise in hand writing examination; Latest technological developments in the field of document examination with reference to office automation; Quality Assurance in document Examination; Document Expert in trial courts Unit II: Evaluation of Handwriting: Pre-alphabet writing, alphabetical system, Early European development-Medieval period, renaissance, advent of mechanical writing. Variation in writing, Writing Instruments, classification of Handwriting, principle of handwriting identification, variables of handwriting, writing system, Physiological constrains, genetic factor, physical Normal and abnormal state of health, medication, Infirmity, Injury. Intrinsical variables of handwriting. Unit III: Handwriting identification, class or system characteristics, national characteristics ,Individual characteristics, accidentals in writing, fundamental and significant difference in writing, circumstances contribute to the production of apparent difference in writing, Phases of document examination, statistical inference, logic and reasoning of handwriting identification,


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Language of letter- Discriminating element, element of style: arrangement, class of allograph, connection, design of allograph and their construction, Dimensions, slant or slope, spacing. Element of execution :abbreviation, alignment, commencement and termination, diacritics and punctuation, embellishment, legibility, line continuity, line quality and pen control, writing movement, writing habit-consistency, persistency. Combination of writing habit, lateral expansion and letter proportion. Unit IV: Basic principles and techniques of Black & White and color photography, cameras and lenses, filter and films Exposing, development and printing, different kinds of developers and fixtures, Modern developments in photography, linkage of cameras and film negatives, digital photography, digital water marking and digital imaging, potogrammetry, videography / high speed videography, crime scene and laboratory photography. Photography of objects- Close up, normal, telephoto and processing. Document and finger print photography. Photography in identification of docile and hostile human objects. Photography – Multicolor surface, on mirror, revenue stamp. Unit V: Forensic Photography: Introduction, Photographic instruments, fundamentals of light and vision, light source, geometry and photometry of image formation, types of camera, features, camera movement, and Optical filters. Specialized photography - UV, IR, transmitted light and side light photography, close up photography, trick photography, contact photography, Digital photography, software for digital photography, file formats for digital photographs – jpg, gif , bmp, tiff, mpeg etc. , radiography, Photomicrography, microphotography, photography using scientific equipment, juxtapose charts and demonstrative photographs, photographs as secondary evidence, case studies

*** Suggested readings:-

1. Osborn, A.S. (1929). Questioned Documents, 2nd ed. Albany, New York: Boyd Printing Company. Reprinted, Chicago: Nelson-Hall Co.

2. Harrison, W.R. (1958). Suspect Documents: Their Scientific Examination. New York: Praeger.

3. Conway, J.V.P. (1959). Evidential Documents. Illinois: Charles C Thomas.

4. Hilton, O. (1982). Scientific Examination of Questioned Documents. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co.

5. Huber R.A. & Headrick A.M. (1999). Handwriting Identification: Facts and Fundamentals. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

6. Ellen, D. (2005). Scientific Examination of Documents: Methods and Techniques, Third Edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

7. Morris, R. (2000). Forensic Handwriting Identification: Fundamental Concepts and Principles. Academic Press.

8. Levinson, J. (2001). Questioned Documents: A Lawyer's Handbook. San Diego: Academic Press.


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9. Koppenhaver, K. (2007) Forensic Document Examination, Principles and Practice Humana Press.

Paper- III (MFSQD303): Document forgery and its detection


Unit I: Introduction and definition of forgery, auto forgery, types of forgery, attributes of assisted hand signatures, disguise, discriminators of device, flag of forgery, and characters of genuineness, indicators of illiteracy, sign of senility, symbol of sinistrality, symptoms of sex. Scope of document examination. Anachronistic features and their importance, detection and decipherment of alterations and erasures including additions, over writings, obliterations, examination of carbon copies and carbonless copies Unit II: Corporate frauds, forensic accounting and auditing, forgeries & their detection, examination of signatures – characteristics of genuine & forged signatures examination of built-up documents, identification of writer of forged writings/signatures. Importance of tremor in identification of writings and signatures, difference between tremors of fraud and genuine tremors in writings and signatures Unit III: Use of computers in document examination, automated Signature verification system, determination of age of documents- relative and absolute age of documents, case studies. Examination of security documents including currency notes, travel documents - passports, visas, air - tickets, identity cards , lottery tickets, different types of security features and their examination including watermarks, security fibre/threads /Ghost/imitated marks/ security printing, holograms etc Unit IV: Examination of credit, debit and other plastic cards, examination of photocopies, scanned documents, Fax copies etc., and case studies. Numismatic forgery- Introduction, tool, equipments and other resource, method of forgery- alteration, tooling, embossing, application and plating, Casting: Rubber mold model, wax model from mold, Burn out wax, treatment of casting, Creating dye- Cutting by hand, plating, casting and hubbing. Explosive impact copying Unit V: Types and working of Photostat machine, fax machine, identification of Photocopies and photocopier, fax machine, Desktop printing including image processing device, their role in counterfeit currency and certificate etc. Plastic currency: examination of credit cards and similar materials, Holographic mark and their examination, preparation of detail report with reasons and illustrative charts, uses of standard terminology.


1. Joe Nickell (2005) Detecting Forgery: Forensic Investigation Of Documents University press of Tenkucty

2. Daniel T. Ames. - Ames on forgery: its detection and illustration, with numerous causes 3. Joseph T. Wells (2011 ) Corporate Fraud Handbook: Prevention and Detection


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4. Osborn, A.S. (1929). Questioned Documents, 2nd ed. Albany, New York: Boyd Printing Company. Reprinted, Chicago: Nelson-Hall Co.

5. Harrison, W.R. (1958). Suspect Documents: Their Scientific Examination. New York: Praeger.

6. Conway, J.V.P. (1959). Evidential Documents. Illinois: Charles C Thomas. 7. Hilton, O. (1982). Scientific Examination of Questioned Documents. New York: Elsevier

Science Publishing Co. 8. Huber R.A. & Headrick A.M. (1999). Handwriting Identification: Facts and

Fundamentals. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 9. Ellen, D. (2005). Scientific Examination of Documents: Methods and Techniques, Third

Edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 10. Morris, R. (2000). Forensic Handwriting Identification: Fundamental Concepts and

Principles. Academic Press. 11. Levinson, J. (2001). Questioned Documents: A Lawyer's Handbook. San Diego:

Academic Press.

12. Koppenhaver, K. (2007) Forensic Document Examination, Principles and Practice Humana Press.

Paper-IV (MFSQD304): Forensic Linguistics and Stylistic


Unit I: Language- Language form, function, acquisition, variation and written language. Linguistic variation and variation in language, language and dialect, Idiolect, analysis of variation- Hierarchical model for the study of variation, discrete combinational system, area of forensic linguistics- Auditory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, semantics, Discourse and pragmatics, stylistics and questioned authorship, plagiarism detection, psycholinguistics. Style- concept of style, style in language, evaluation vis-à-vis description of style, group vis-à-vis individual style, Unit II: History, Definition and disciplines of Forensic linguistics, types of Forensic text, History of Computational Linguistics, Stylistic Profiling, Intuitive and Statistical method, Individual and Language use, language of legal processes, text analysis, phonetics Language acquisition, Universal education and language Homogeneity, Authorship profiling, Veracity of Language, Forensic text type, Unit III: Stylistics: Introduction, style in language, linguistic stylistic, models of analysis, Authorship identification studies- Organization of case, problem, method, findings, conclusion and opinion, report, Qualitative and quantitative analysis of style, style markers- text format, number and symbol, abbreviation, punctuation, Capitalization, Spelling, word formation, Syntax, error and correction, High frequency word and phrases. Stylistic features of various languages writing.


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Unit IV: Forensic aspect of communication science: Profile of communication science and disorder-Discipline, professional responsibility of speech language pathologist and audiologist, educational and clinical requirements, Categories of communication disorder-Neurogenic, dysphagia, communication disorder due to neck and head injury, voice and resonance, childhood communication disorder, dementia. Unit V: Investigative Linguistics – phonetic analysis, ransom demand and other threat communication, Suicide letter, Final death raw statement, confession and denial by public Figure, Detecting plagiarism, authorship inquiry. Sampling and authorship, single text inquiry, evidence admissibility in court Graphology: Introduction, elements of graphemes of writing and lettering, their design, construction and correlation.

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1. Gerald R. McMenamin (2002) : Forensic Linguistics: Advances in Forensic Stylistics. 2. John Gibbons, Maria Teresa Turell (2008): Dimensions of forensic linguistics – 3. Gerald R. McMenamin – 1993: Forensic stylistics 4. John Olsson - 2004 Forensic Linguistics: An Introduction to Language, Crime and the

Law 5. Malcom Coulthard - 2007 An introduction to forensic linguistics: language in evidence 6. Alan Davies - 2007 An introduction to applied linguistics: from practice to theory. 7. Henry G. Widdowson, Guy Cook, Barbara Seidlhofer - 1995 Principle and Practice in

Applied Linguistics: Studies in Honour 8. Lawrence M. Solan, Peter M. Tiersma - 2010 Speaking of Crime: The Language of

Criminal Justice

Paper-V (MFSQD305): Practical paper –I


(Minimum 12 experiments)

1. To study the initials and handwriting written on unusual surfaces. 2. To perform TLC of inks used in printing documents. 3. To study alterations in the document. 4. To study the indented and invisible writings. 5. To photograph watermarks in the document. 6. To examine currency notes. 7. To study the type scripts and printed matter from various computer printing devices. 8. To study sequence of intersecting strokes. 9. To perform Cyno-acrylate method to develop latent finger prints. 10. To classify the fingerprints from Primary classification to Key classification. 11. Examination of computer printouts.


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12. Examination of photocopies and scanned documents. 13. Examination of fax copies. 14. Examination of Security Documents – Indian Bank Notes. 15. Examination of Travel Documents – Indian Passports and Visas.

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Paper-VI (MFSQD306): Practical paper-II Hrs./week-4 Marks-75

(Minimum 12 experiments) 1. To perform SPR method to develop latent prints. 2. Fingerprint identification and comparison. 3. Working and handling of Stereo Zoom Microscope and Comparison Microscope, 4. Working and handling of Video Spectral Comparator, Electrostatic Detection Apparatus, 5. Working and handling of UV – Vis, TLC. 6. Examination of Charred Documents. 7. Reconstruction of torn sheets of paper. 8. Examination of creases and folds and determination of sequence of strokes. 9. Examination of paper. 10. Examination of inks. 11. Examination of Plastic Cards. 12. Examination of Stamp Papers and Lottery Tickets. 13. Dating of documents. 14. Preparation of fingerprint Powder. 15. Examination of torn Document.


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SEMESTER-IV

Paper-I (MFSQD401): Advanced Document examination and Quality Assurance


Unit I: Simon New Comb theory of probability, examination of vernacular scripts, effect of mother tongue on foreign language , effect of age, illness, posture, emotions and writing instrument on handwriting. Preliminary examination of documents- various points to be considered during examination, examination of alphabets and numerals, case studies. Working and handling of Stereo Zoom Microscopes, Comparison Microscope, Video Spectral Comparator, Electrostatic Detection Apparatus, UV – Vis, TLC. Unit II: Quality management in Document Laboratories, safety management in document laboratories, NABL guidelines for accreditation of document laboratories. Final examination and report writing - opinion writing and writing of reasons for opinion, importance of no opinion / qualified opinion, marking of photographs and their presentation, preparation of juxtapose charts in support of reasons, case studies. Debonair of expert and preparation for presentation of evidence in trial courts, examination-in-chief, cross examination by defense and cross examination by expert, Unit III: Luminescence, Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, types of paper and Inks, techniques used in the analysis of paper & inks- raw materials, ingredients, and tagging materials etc. including NAA techniques. Examination of mechanical impressions - examination of indentation marks, secret writings, examination of rubber stamp and seal impressions, embossed impressions. Determination of sequence of intersecting strokes – all types, examination of creases and folds, determination of sequence of writings over creases & folds. Unit IV: Ink analysis: Historical development- Dating of fountain pen ink, ballpoint and Non ball point ink, Ink analysis and forensic document examination, coordination with handwriting comparison and latent print processing, Ink chemistry- recognition of ink source, chemical composition of Ink. Preliminary method of analysis- Introduction, Pen line microscopy, Ink colour assessment, microscopic specular reflectance, Video spectral analysis, Laser induced fluorescence, Infrared luminescences. Unit V: Forensic comparison and identification of writing ink by TLC. Instrumental analysis of Ink, Ink dating- aging process, first date of production method, Ink tag method, relative age comparison method, determination of age of ink by statistical analysis of densitometry data, Reconstruction and examination of torn documents, stabilization and examination of charred documents, case studies. Daubert guidelines and various court rulings. Limitations of forensic document expert, moot Courts.


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Suggested readings:- 1. Huber, A. R. and Headride, A.M. (1999) : Handwriting identification : facts and fundamental

CRC LLC 2. Ellen, D (1997) : The scientific examination of Documents, Methods and techniques. 2nd ed.,

Taylor & Francis Ltd. 3. Morris (2000) : Forensic Handwriting Identification (fundamental concepts and Principals) 4. Harrison, W.R. : Suspect Documents & their Scientific Examination, 1966, Sweet &

Maxwell Ltd., London. 5. Hilton, O : The Scientific Examination of Questioned Document, 1982, Elsaevier North

Holland Inc., New York. 6. Sulner, H.F. : Dispated Document, 1966 Oceana Publications Inc., New York. 7. Saxena’s : Saxena’s Law & Techniques Relating to Finger Prints, Foot Prints & Detection of

Forgery, Central Law Agency, Allahabd (Ed. A.K. Singla). 8. Quirke, A.J. : Forged, Anonymous & Suspet Documents, 1930, Reorge Rontledge & Sons

Ltd., London. 9. Osborn, A. S. : Questioned Documents 1929, Boyd Printing Co., Chicago. 10. Levinson, J: Questioned Documents, 2000, Academic Press, Tokyo. 11. Kelly,J.S and Lindblom, B.S: Scientific Examination of Questioned Documents, 2006,

Taylor & Francis, New York. 12. Brunelle, R.L. and Reed, R.W: Forensic Examination of Ink and Paper, 1984, Charles C

Thomas Publisher, U.S.A. 13. Baker, J.N: Law of Disputed and Forged Documents, 1955, The Michie Company, Virginia.


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Paper-II (MFSQD402): Methods of Fingerprint development


Unit I: Miscellaneous methods and challenging surface: Radioactive technique, Biological technique, reflected ultraviolet Imaging system, X-ray fluorescence, Chemical imaging. Challenging surface: Thermal Surface- Solvent treatment, amino acid/Protein reagent, Fuming method. Metallic reagent- Gun bleaching method, Oxidation reduction method, Electrochemical/corrosion method, Fuming method. Glows- Deposition and development latent print on glows. Adhesive tape-Tape separation method, processing the adhesive and non adhesive side of tape. Skin- Iodine silver plate transfer, Electronography, Powder method, Cyno-acrylate fuming, Iodine-Napthoflavone, Direct lifting method. Unit II: Powder method:-Traditional powder, Magnetic Powder, Luminescent powder, Thermoplastic Powder, Nanotechnology Powder, Anti stroke Powder. Powder suspension technique:-Small particle reagent, Black powder suspension, White powder suspension, fluorescent suspension, Operational usages and sequencing. Unit III: Amino acid reagent: Ninhydrin-Chemistry and reaction Mechanism, Forensic application. Metal salt enhancement, Ninhydrin analogous, first analogous, aryl, alkyl and alkoxy analogous, Chemistry and reaction mechanism and Forensic application of 1,8-Diazafluoren-9-One and 1,2-Indanedione , miscellaneous amino acid reagent-p-Dimethylaminocinamaldehyde, NBD chloride, Dansyal chloride, o-Phthalaldehyde, Fluorescamine, Genipin. Unit IV: Metal deposition method: Silver nitrate, Physical developer-Chemistry and mechanism, Sequencing, regent reliability test, bleach toning, potassium iodide toning, other toning process. Multi-metal deposition- I, II, III, IV, fluorescent and single metal deposition. Vacuum metal deposition-reaction mechanism, conventional gold zinc process, sequencing. Lipid Reagent: Sudan black, chemistry and mechanism of Oil red O, nile red, Europian chelate. Unit V:Chemistry and mechanism of Cyanoacrylate fuming, health and safety precaution, Cyanoacrylate pretreatment, atmospheric and vacuum CA fuming, Chemistry of CA dye stains- Ardrox, basic yellow 40, MBD, Rhodamine 6G, MRM 10, RAY, thenoyl europium chelate, gentian violet, sudan black. Chemistry and mechanism of Iodine fuming, Iodine fixation, Operational uses- vapor method, dusting method, Solution method, miscellaneous fuming method-Osmium/ruthenium Tetroxide, soot method, Disulfur dinitrite.

***


1. David R. Ashbaugh; Quantitative and Qualtative Friction Ridge Analysis, CRC Press, 1999.

2. E. Roland Menzel; Fingerprint Detection with Loseres; Second edition; Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1999.

3. James F. cowger; Friction Ridge skin CRC Press London, 1993.


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4. Cummins & Midlo : Finger Prints, Palms and Soles, 1943, The Blakiston office London. 5. Cherril, F.R. : The Finger Prints. System at Scotland Yard, 1954; Her Majestuy’s office,

London. 6. Wentworth & Wilder : Personal Identification, 1948. R. G. Badger. Boston. 7. Mehta, M. K. : Identification of Thumb Impression & Cross Examination of Finger

Prints, 1980 N. M. Tripathi (P) Ltd. Bombay. 8. Moenssens : Finger Prints Techniques, 1975, Chitton Book Co., Philadelphia, New York. 9. Allison : Personal Identification. 10. Chatterjee S.K. and Hagne R.V. (1988) : Finger Print or Dactyloscopy and Ridgeoscopy.


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Paper III (MFSQD403): Automated Fingerprint Identification System


Unit-I Introduction of Fingerprints and AFIS, History of automated identification system: Early print, single database, growth and development of AFIS system, Transmission standard, ANSI standard, compression standard. NCIC classification system, Henry and American classification system, working of AFIS- Database, processing ten print, latent print processing, latent search. Types of AFIS searches: Ten print to Ten print search, Latent to ten print search, Latent to latent search. AFIS report: Ten print report and latent print report. Unit-II:- Identification of latent print: Introduction, recognition and examination, Identification and Individualization by Osborn grid method, Seymour method, Photographic strip method, Polygon method, Overlay method, Osterburg method, microscopic triangulation method, conventional method. Identification protocol and reconstruction of latent print. Fingerprint quality assessment: Introduction, assessing fingerprint quality, non uniform contact, Inconsistent contact, enhancing Fingerprint image by Directional flourier filtering. Unit-III:-. The expert fingerprint witness: Definition of expert, Qualification, Knowledge- History and classification of fingerprint, latent print procedure. Evidence examination, pretrial conference with prosecuting attorney and defense attorney. Courtroom methodology: Direct examination, Swearing In, assuming the witness stand, courtroom communication, credentials, response to the jury, courtroom courtesy. Verbal and non verbal Court presentation, Unit-IV:- Friction ridge skin: structure of skin, morphogenesis of friction ridge skin, Primary ridge development, Factor affecting the general pattern and configuration of minutiae, secondary dermal ridge development and dermal papillae, relationship with uniqueness and permanency. Friction ridge identification process: analysis, comparison, evaluation and verification. Advances in Fingerprint sensor using RF Imaging Technique- Introduction, taxonomy of Fingerprint sensing method, Intrinsic advances of Electric sensing, Commercial capacitive sensor implementation, RF Imaging, RF electric field model, Circuit model. Unit-V:- Automated Fingerprint classification system: History of pattern recognition-development of fingerprint classification system, forensic fingerprint classification system, Forensic Fingerprint Identification, Diffusion of Fingerprint system, Automation fingerprint system. Mathematical model of fingerprint topology, Fingerprint verification system, Fingerprint representation, Fingerprint matching. Transition of configuration, types, and variations in finger prints: Causes and genetics, population variations, challenges to the fingerprint science, commonly used courtroom terms.

***

Suggested readings:- 1. David R. Ashbaugh; Quantitative and Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, CRC Press,

1999.


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2. E. Roland Menzel; Fingerprint Detection with Loseres; Second edition; Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1999.

3. James F. Cowger; Friction Ridge skin CRC Press London, 1993. 4. Cummins & Midlo : Finger Prints, Palms and Soles, 1943, The Blakiston office London. 5. Cherril, F.R.: The Finger Prints. System at Scotland Yard, 1954; Her Majestuy’s office,

London. 6. Wentworth & Wilder : Personal Identification, 1948. R. G. Badger. Boston. 7. Mehta, M. K. : Identification of Thumb Impression & Cross Examination of Finger

Prints, 1980 N. M. Tripathi (P) Ltd. Bombay. 8. Moenssens : Finger Prints Techniques, 1975, Chitton Book Co., Philadelphia, New York.

Allison : Personal Identification. 10. Chatterjee S.K. and Hagne R.V. (1988) : Finger Print or Dactyloscopy and Ridgeoscopy


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Paper-IV (MFSQD404): Forensic Accounting, Statistics and Auditing


Unit I: Forensic Statistics: - Types of data, Basic concepts of frequency distribution, measure of central values – Mean, media and mode, measures of dispersion, Range, Mean deviation and standard deviation, Correlation and Regression analysis. Probability: Theory, Classical definition of Probability. Basic terms – Events, Trials, Mutually exclusives events, Favorable events, Exhaustive events etc., Baye’s Theorems of probability, Addition Theorem, Multiplication Theorem, Conditional Probability & Coincidence Probabilities. Unit II: Variance- Coefficient of Variation, Moment, Skew-ness and Kurtosis, binomial distribution, normal distribution, hyper geometric distribution, correlated measurements. Discriminating power- Derivation, evaluation of evidence by discriminating powers, combination of independent systems, correlated attributes, Transfer of evidence- Likelihood ratio, probability of guilt, correspondence probabilities, and direction of transfer. Tests of hypothesis – Test of significant of attributes, Z-test of significance and coefficient of correlation, small sample test, T-test, Paired Test, Chi-square test, F Test for equality of variance, Large sample test. Normal Test Unit III: Introduction to role of forensic accountant, Economic damages calculations, whether suffered through tort or breach of contract, Post-acquisition disputes, Bankruptcy, insolvency, and reorganization, Securities fraud, Business valuation; and Computer forensics/discovery. Insurance claim, personnel injury claim, fraud, royalty audit, money laundering , proceed of crime act 2002, economic theories, financial reporting, data management and electronic discoveries, data analysis technique for fraud detection, fraud deterrence, Management accounting principle, Financial accountancy and its historical time lines Unit IV: Fraud examination and Financial Forensic: basics of Fraud and its legal element, categories of fraud, difference between fraud and abuse, fraud triangle, , fraud risk factor, element of fraud, importance of non financial data, fraud examination methodology. Definition of Financial Forensic, financial crime, organized crime, drug trafficking, terrorism financing, money laundering, financial statement fraud, detection and investigative tool and techniques, interviewing and interrogation, use of information technology for fraud examination and financial forensic. Unit V: Forensic auditing: Introduction, early history of audit, Importance and objective of Audit, Role of auditor in detecting errors and fraud, Basics principle of Governing an audit, postulates of auditing, scope and procedure of audit, Social objective of audit, advantage and limitation of audit, Qualities of auditor, classification of audit, classification on basis of Organization, basis of practical approach and audit dimension. Principle and technique of auditing.


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Suggested readings:- 1. Tommie W. Singleton, Aaron J. Singleton – 2010 Fraud Auditing and Forensic

Accounting. 2. Mark Nigrini - 2011 Forensic Analytics: Methods and Techniques for Forensic

Accounting. 3. Joseph Petrucelli – 2013 Detecting Fraud in Organizations: Techniques, Tools, and

Resources. 4. Mary-Jo Kranacher, Richard Riley, Joseph T. Wells – 2010 Forensic Accounting and

Fraud Examination. 5. Steven L. Skalak, Thomas W. Golden, Mona M. Clayton – 2011 A Guide to Forensic

Accounting Investigation 6. Larry E. Rittenberg, Karla M. Johnstone, Audrey A. Gramling – 2011 Auditing: A

Business Risk Approach 7. George A. Manning, Ph.D, CFE, EA - 2010 Financial Investigation and Forensic

Accounting, Second Edition 8. Saurav K. Dutta – 2013 Statistical Techniques for Forensic Accounting 9. K. H. Spencer Pickett – 2010 The Internal Auditing Handbook 10. Joseph T. Wells – 2007 Corporate Fraud Handbook: Prevention and Detection 11. Walter J. Pagano, Thomas A Expert Witnessing in Forensic Accounting 12. Jack Bologna, Robert J. Lindquist - 1995 Fraud auditing and forensic accounting:

new tools and techniques 13. Xenia Ley Parker, Lynford Graham – 2007 Information Technology Audits


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Paper V (MFSQD405): Practical Paper-III Hrs./week-4 Marks-75

(Minimum 12 experiments) 1. Document photographic techniques – Close up photography , UV , IR, Transmitted and

oblique light photography

2. Contact and trick photography. 3. Preparation of Juxtapose charts.

4. Photography of Watermarks and wire marks. 5. Photography of secret writings.

6. Identification of normal / disguised writings. 7. Detection of Forgeries including freehand and traced forgery.

8. Detection of simulated forgery. 9. Detection of built-up documents.

10. Examination of anonymous letters 11. Application of Forensic Stylistics in personal identification.

12. Effect of writing instruments, posture and emotions on handwriting. 13. Examination of alterations, additions, obliterations, overwriting and erasures.

14. Examination of rubber stamp impressions and other mechanical impressions. 15. Examination of typescripts and printed matters.

16. Preparation of Fingerprint Powder

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Paper VI (MFSQD406):- Dissertation

Hrs./week-4 Marks-75 Dissertation will be compulsory to all students. Students will carry out dissertation work individually or in the group of not more than three students. Concerned department shall provide all required infrastructure to carry out dissertation work. The format for dissertation report will be similar to the research thesis style; incorporating chapters on: Introduction, Review of Literature, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion and References / Bibliography. The dissertation will be submitted in a typewritten and bound form. Copy of each dissertation will be


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submitted to the respective department and the centre will store it permanently. Project work on forensically significant and need based problems in the area of Questioned Document, Handwriting analysis and Fingerprint examination etc.