DRILLING AND BLASTING OF ROCKS

CARLOS LOPEZ JIMENO Project Director for EPM, S.A

EMILIO LOPEZ JIMENO

FRANCISCO JAVIER AYALA CARCEDO Project Director for ITGE

4f--

Translated by

YVONNE VISSER DE RAMIRO v i

A. A. B ALKEMA / ROTTERDAM / BROOKFIELD / 1995

Contents Us. • - •

FOREWORD IX 4 ROTARY DRILLING WITH ROLLING TRIGONE BITS 48

PREFACE XI 4.1 Introduction 48 4.2 Mounting and propulsion systems 48

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xni 4.3 Power sources 48 4.4 Rotation systems 49

1 ROCK DRILLING METHODS I 4.5 Pulldown/hoisting systems 50 L I Introduction I 4.6 Mast and pipe changer 51 1.2 Types of drilling operations used in rock 4.7 Control cabin 52

breakage I 4.8 System for flushing drill cuttings 52 1.3 Fields of application for the different drilling 4.9 Drill string 53

methods 1 4.10 Auxiliary elements 55 1.4 Classification of the rocks and their 4.11 Operative practice. Drilling parameters 56

principal physical properties 3 4.12 Penetration rate 59 References 7 4.13 Calculation of drilling costs 61

References 63 2 ROTARY PERCUSSIVE DRILLING 8

2.1 Introduction 8 5 ROLLING CONE ROCK BITS 64 2.2 Fundamentals of rotary percussive drilling 8 5.1 Rolling cone rock bits 64 2.3 Top hammer drilling 10 5.2 Major components and design features 64 2.4 Drilling with down the hole hammer 16 5.3 The metallurgy of rolling cone rock bits 66 2.5 Advance systems 18 5.4 Types of rolling cone bits 67 2.6 Mounting systems 19 5.5 Bit type selection 67 2.7 Dust collectors 28 5.6 Effects of the operating parameters on the 2.8 Inclination instruments 30 rolling cone bits 69 2.9 Penetration rate 30 5.7 Nozzle selection 69 2.10 Average penetration rate 33 5.8 Evaluation of dull rolling cones 70 2.11 Calculation of drilling costs 34 5.9 Example of roller tricone bit selection 71 References 35 5.10 IDAC Codes 71

References 71 3 ROTARY PERCUSSIVE DRILLING

ACCESSORIES 36 6 ROTARY DRILLING WITH CUTTING 3.1 Introduction 36 ACTION 72 3.2 Types of threads 36 6.1 Introduction 72 3.3 Shank adaptors 37 6.2 Fundamentals of drilling with cutting action 72 3.4 Drill steel 38 6.3 Flushing of drill cuttings 75 3.5 Couplings 40 6.4 Cutting tools 75 3.6 Drill bits 41 References 76 3.7 Calculation of the necessary drilling

accessories 43 7 SPECIAL DRILLING METHODS AND 3.8 Care and maintenance of the bits 43 MOUNTING SYSTEMS 77 3.9 Care and maintenance of drill steel 47 7.1 Introduction 77 3.10 Guide for identifying accessory failure 7.2 Drilling through overburden 77

and its causes 47 7.3 Shaft sinking 79 References 47 7.4 Raise driving 80

V

V I Contents

7.5 Jet piercing JH 7.6 Water-jet drilling 84 7.7 Drilling ornamental rock 85 References 86

8 COMPRESSORS 17 8.1 Introduction S7 8.2 Types of compressors 87 8.3 Drive m 8.4 Auxiliary elements 89 8.5 Calculating pressure drops 90 References 91

9 THERMOCHEMISTRY OE EXPLOSIVES AND THE DETONATION PROCESS 92 9.1 Introduction 92 9.2 Deflagration and detonation 92 9.3 Detonation process of an explosive 93 9.4 Thermochemistry of the explosives 94 9.5 Heat of explosion 94 9.6 Oxygen balance 95 9.7 Volume of explosion 95 9.8 Minimum energy available 96 9.9 Temperature of the explosion 96 9.10 Pressure of the explosion 96 References 97

10 PROPERTIES OF EXPLOSIVES 98 10.1 Introduction 98 10.2 Strength and energy 98 10.3 Detonation velocity 101 10.4 Density 102 10.5 Detonation pressure 102 10.6 Stability 102 10.7 Water resistance 102 10.8 Sensitivity 102 10.9 Detonation transmission 103 10.10 Desensitization 104

* 10.11 Resistance to low temperatures 104 10.12 Eumes 104 References 105

11 INDUSTRIAL EXPLOSIVES 106 11.1 Introduction 106 11.2 Dry blasting agents 106 11.3 Slurries 110 11.4 Emulsions I I I 11.5 Heavy ANFO 113 11.6 Gelatin dynamites 115 11.7 Granular dynamite 115 11.8 Permissible explosives 116 11.9 Blackpowders 116 11.10 Two-component explosives 117 11.11 Explosives commercialized in Spain 117 References 117

12 EXPLOSIVE SELECTION CRITERIA 119 12.1 Introduction 119

12.2 Explosive cost 119 12.3 Charge diameter 119 12.4 Rock characteristics 119 12.5 Volume of rock to be blasted 121 12.6 Atmospheric conditions 121 12.7 Presence of water 121 12.8 Environmental problems 121 12.9 Fumes 122 12.10 Safety conditions 122 12.11 Explosive atmospheres 122 12.12 Supply problems 122 References 122

13 BLASTING ACCESSORIES 123 13.1 Introduction 123 13.2 Nonelectric initiation systems 123 13.3 Electric initiation systems 127 13.4 Sources of energy 130 13.5 Other accessories 132 References 135

14 INITIATION AND PRIMING SYSTEMS 136 14.1 Introduction 136

• 14.2 Priming and boostering bulk ANEO-type blasting agents 136

J 14.3 Priming cartridge ANFO type blasting agents 138

14.4 Priming pumped or poured slurry and emulsion blasting agents 139

14.5 Priming cartridged watergel and emulsion blasting agents 140

14.6 Location of primers 140 14.7 Priming conventional cartridged

explosives 143 References 143

15 MECHANIZED SYSTEMS EOR CHARGING AND DEWATERING BLASTHOLES 144 15.1 Introduction 144 15.2 Mechanized blasthole charging systems 144 15.3 Blasthole dewatering systems 152 References 153

16 MECHANISMS OF ROCK BREAKAGE 154 16.1 Introduction 154 16.2 Rock breakage mechanisms 154 16.3 Transmission of the strain wave through

the rock mass 156 16.4 Energetic yield of the blastings 157 References 159

17 ROCK AND ROCK MASS PROPERTIES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE RESULTS OF BLASTING 160 17.1 Introduction 160 17.2 Rock properties 160 17.3 Properties of the rock mass 161 References 166

Contents V l l

18 CHARAC I'bRIZATION OF THE ROCK 213 Trench blastine ^ X * X X WX IWX X x/xxxo xxxx^^

208 MASSES FOR BLAST DESIGNING 167 9 1 4 R a m n hlasHnp ('sinking ciiO

^ L .~ I X U l l l L / L / l x X o L l x l ^ l O l l l n . l l l g 210

' i 18.1 Introduction 167 9 1 S RlfiQtincT T o r orniinH l/*vf*lin<7 212 18.2 Diamond drilling with core recovery and 9 1 (S RlflstiriQs "for fniinHations 213

•~r geomechanic testing 10/ z i . / iviini-noic Diasung 214 ;. 18.3 Characteristics of the joint systems 167 9 1 8 Prphla<;Hnp<! 4, L .o L I d J i a a i i i i g o 215

. ;. 18.4 Seismic survey 1 7 0 216 18.5 Geophysical techniques to obtain rock

• mass data 1 7 0 L f\J

22 Bl A STING FOR TUNNELS AND DRIFTS U l _ ^ x V O 1 1 1 1 V J 1 A 7 1 X 1 \ _ / 1 1 1 1 L ^ l _ ( x J ILL. 1 1 7 1 ^ 1 X 1 1 1 \J

217 18.6 Logging of production blastholes 170 22 1 Introduction

X XXI LX V/\X XXV/XM 217

18.7 Characterization of the rock mass during 22 2 Advance svstems . L . I XXX V LXXX^Xp' Cf T OX^ '̂XXXkX

217 blasthole drilling 171 9 9 9 Rlactino nattpmQ for tiinnplQ 218

18.8 The attempt to correlate drilling indexes 9 9 4 Ti/npc /ifpiifc QTiH pialfiil Q t i n n irf tfip hlactc l y p c s KJL C U l d a l i U C a l L U i a l l U l l U l L l i C U l a o t d 219 with the blasting design parameters 174 1 9 9 ^ Rniiinmpnt fr\r miirlcinfr nut Hrillino 4.4..O I Z / i ^ U i p i U C U L i U l l U c U K l l l g U U L U i l l l l l l g

• 18.9 System of drilling data management in 230 actual time 177

III R XXTPfCXtm̂ C i x C i C l C l i C C i S 230

References 178 I / O

9 T ^ H A F T ^TNICINri A N D R A T 8 F D R T V I N G 4.D o n / x r 1 o i i i r v i i i v j / x i i i 7 r w x i o i j 1 7 1 X 1 V l i i x j 231 19 CONTROLLABLE PARAMETERS OF 9 T 1 TntrnHiirtioti

XM7> 1 l l l L l v / v x U x . ' L l A / l l

231 BLASTING 170 1 ly 23.2 Shaft sinking 231 19.1 Introduction 170 1 ly 23.3 Raise driving 232 19.2 Blasthole diameter 179 References 237 19.3 Height of bench 1 8 1 l O 1

19.4 Blasthole inclination 181 1 O 1

24 UNDERGROUND PRODUC l ION BLASTING 19.5 Stemming length 1 8 9 I N MINING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING 239 19.6 Subdrilling 1 8 9

1-04. 24.1 Introduction 239

19.7 Burden and spacing 1 8 T lOJ

24.2 Crater retreat method 239 19.8 Blasthole patterns 1 8 T 24.3 Longhole method 243 19.9 Geometry of the free face 184 24.4 Sublevel stoping with blastholes in fan 19.10 Size and shape of the blast 18S

1 O J pattern 245

19.11 Available expansion volume 186 1 ou

24.5 Room and pillar mining 248 19.12 Charge configuration 1 a/t

1(30 24.6 Cut and fill mining 248

19.13 Decoupling of the charges 1 86 1 ou 24.7 Underground chambers in civil 19.14 Explosives 1 87 l O / engineering projects 249 19.15 Distribution of explosives in the References 251

blastholes 187 1 o /

19.16 Powder factor 188 1 oo

25 CONTOUR BLASTING 252 i 19.17 Initiation and priming 1 88 1 oo 25.1 Introduction 252 , 19.18 Delay timing and initiation sequences 1 88 1 oo 25.2 Mechanisms responsable for overbreak 252

19.19 Influence of loading equipment on the 25.3 The theory of contour blasting 253 design of the blasts 1 ao

toy 25.4 Types of contour blasts 254

• 19.20 Specific drilling 1 ao lo!7

25.5 The parameters that intervene in a 19.21 Blasthole deviation ion contour blasting 256 References 190

1 y\j 25.6 Tendencies in the field of contour blasting 264 25.7 Evaluation of the results 267

20 BENCH BLASTING 191 25.8 Example 268 20.1 Introduction 191 25.9 Extraction of ornamental rock with 20.2 Small diameter bench blasting 191

1 7 1 contour blasting 268

20.3 Large diameter blasting 1 Q T 1 7 J

References 270 20.4 Bench blasting with horizontal blastholes 195 20.5 Rip-rap production blasting 195 26 UNDERWATER BLASTING 272 20.6 Cast blasting 196

1 yyj 26.1 Introduction 272

Appendix 1: Eormulas to calculate bench 26.2 Methods of execution 272 blasting patterns 1 7 7 26.3 Calculations for charges and drilling References Z U J patterns 247

26.4 Charging the blastholes and priming 21 BLASTING IN OTHER SUREACE systems 275

OPERATIONS 205 26.5 Types of explosives 276 21.1 Introduction 205 26.6 Environmental effects associated with 21.2 Excavations for highways and railways 205 underwater blastings 276

VIII Contents

26.7 Shaped or concussion charges 278 32 OPTIMIZING COSTS OE FRAGMENTATION References 279 WITH DRILLING AND BLAS1ING

32.1 Introduction ooo 323 323

INITIATION SEQUENCE AND DELAY 32.2 Economical aspects of drilling and TIMING OO 1

281 blasting 1/11 323 27.1 Introduction oo 1

281 32.3 Model for determining cost optimization T - ) C

325 27.2 Single-row delayed blast OO 1

281 32.4 Predicting the fragmentation 326 27.3 Multi-row sequenced bench blastings 282 / i / i c r> u . X* 1 *• ..x.»-xJ.-.i

32.5 Probabilistic analysis optimization model 111

331 /^^^ 4 T"\ 1 1 1 . ' f 1

27.4 Bench blasting sequences for under­XI 7

References 1 1 1

331 ground stopes 284

27.5 Delay timings 285 0 T T A M T A \ / T D D A X T / A M C A T D D T A C T A X T H

33 LAND VlBRAflONS, AIR BLAS 1 AND 27.6 Underground blasts m tunnels and dnfts O OO

287 T T T D T D X / T A T T D d T

THEIR CON 1ROL 3 3 3

References O O O

289 33.1 Introduction o o o r \ X 1 ' 1 74? X ' i _ X •

33.2 Parameters which affect vibration

1 1 1

333 1*11 T X X T T X rxix>—V V T x̂"vx"i x-\ X X / i n 1 T1 x*i/IX Tx rx i/ i

EVALUATION OE BLAST RESULTS 290 characteristics 333 28.1 Introduction 290 33.3 Charactenstics ot ground vibrations i n

337 /I i i /I 1 « 1 11' I* tt

28.2 Fragmentation and swelling of the O O A A * L 1 ... X _ a, aa aaA. -a. - ' a. 4. ^ aa aa

33.4 Air blast charactenstics 339 muckpile 290 a a ' C 1" 1

33.5 Instrumentation for recording and A /I ^ ^—s i->l 1 *1 * . 1 * 1 .

28.3 Geometry of the muckpile, its height analyzing vibrations and air blast 3 4 0

and displacement 293 1 ^ 7 71 1 1 . 7 . ' 1 7 1 1

33.6 Calculators of propogation laws for land 28.4 Condition of the remaining mass 294 and air vibrations 342 28.5 Analysis of the bench floor 295 -11 71. 1* 7 '1 .' 1 • 1 1 J

33.7 Studies of vibration and air blast 1 A 7

346 28.6 Boulders in the muckpile 295 33.8 Damage prevention cntena tor buildings 1 c r \

350 /I 1-1 1̂ X T ' l * I ' l l .

28.7 Vibrations and airblast 296 1 1 (1 T*" 77 x _ IT * l _ - .X* 1 X

33.9 Effects of vibrations and air blast on /I H /-| XI /II /* 1 1 . •

28.8 Profiles of underground excavations 296 people 357 28.9 Conclusions 296 33.10 Effects of vibrations on rock masses 3 5 8

References on^ 296

33.11 Effect of vibrations on freshly poured concrete 360

SECONDARY FRAGMENTATION AND 1 1 11 n j x ' C i _ " 1

33.12 Recommendations for reducing ground HXIX'l̂ 'IX X X XIX X xi rxix'X T 71 XI

SPECIAL BLASTINGS 299 vibration and air blast levels 361 29.1 Introduction 299 References 364 29.2 Pop shooting 299

1 Xi 1 1 1 1 1 * 1

29.3 Secondary breakage by mechanical .1 A •' n T r x i 71 7*1 X 7 71 X V TX1 Pill XX"»XX1 71 71^ If ̂ 1 1 71X

34 FLYROCKS AND THEIR CONTROL 366 means and special methods 299 34.1 Introduction 366

29.4 Special blastings 302 /I A /I 1 X 1 1 1 1 . . I .1 7 /I 1

34.2 Models to calculate the throw of flyrock 366 References 304 1 X 1 71

34.3 Covenngs 1 A 4 XI I x * 7 • x l 1

34.4 Recommendations for carrying out bench

1 7 O

368 X1T A X TX T T X T 71 XnX X XI X X T 71 XI X X 71XI X-X XI XX X X ̂ T 71

PLANNING THE WORK OF DRILLING blastings 370 AND BLASTING 305 References 51\J

30.1 Introduction T O C

305 /I 7\ y1 XI .1.1 • n a 1

30.2 Factors that have influence on the /I ̂ 71 X • IPWIX t 1 7in X 71X TXI XI71 XI7-1XI XIXI XX X XI T7n X 1 TX1

35 SAFETY MEASURES EOR DRILLING AND planning of drillling and blasting 305 XIX X nTITI T7~< TITIXTI A T'T71'A.TO

BLASTING OPERATIONS n 1

371 30.3 Planning the stages of excavation 308 35.1 Introduction 371 References 311 35.2 Blasthole drilling

1 C 1 XI1

35.3 Blastings

371 375

STRUCTURE AND BUILDING References 381 DEMOLITION 312 31.1 Introduction 312 CONVERSION FACTORS 382 31.2 Drilling diameters and types of explosives 312 31.3 Demolition of structural elements 313 GENERAL INFORMATION, WEIGHT OF

383 31.4 Demolition of structures 316 MATERIALS 383 31.5 Demolition of buildings 31.6 Demolition of steel structures

320 322 GLOSSARY 385

References 322 SUBJECT INDEX 389

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