DM Models DM Models and and ConceptsConcepts

Traditional Model – DM CycleTraditional Model – DM Cycle

The traditional approach to disaster management has been to regard it as a number of phased sequences of action or a continuum.

These can be represented as a cycle.

Traditional Model – DM CycleTraditional Model – DM Cycle

DISASTER

Response/Relief

Rehabilitation

Reconstruction

Development

Prevention

Mitigation

Preparedness

Preparedness

Mitigation

Reconstruction

Rehabilitation

Relief

Disaster impact

Recovery phase

DisasterDisaster

Preparedness

Prevention/Mitigation

Reconstruction

Emergency Response

Early Warning

Rehabilitation

Risk Assessment

Awareness and Capacity Building

Think of some other forms of Think of some other forms of DM Models??? DM Models???

Theory/Model is the "road map" by which we navigate Theory/Model is the "road map" by which we navigate through the chaos of disaster and risk situations and through the chaos of disaster and risk situations and

are thus able to manage them.are thus able to manage them.(David Alexander)(David Alexander)

Expand Contract ModelExpand Contract Model

In this model, disaster management is seen as a continuous process.

There is a series of activities that run parallel to each other rather than as a sequence

Expand Contract ModelExpand Contract Model

Expand Contract DM ModelExpand Contract DM Model

Think of some other forms of Think of some other forms of DM Models??? DM Models???

Theory/Model is the "road map" by which we navigate Theory/Model is the "road map" by which we navigate through the chaos of disaster and risk situations and through the chaos of disaster and risk situations and

are thus able to manage them.are thus able to manage them.(David Alexander)(David Alexander)

Disaster Crunch ModelDisaster Crunch Model

It is a framework for understanding and explaining the causes of disaster and adopts a cause-effect perspectivecause-effect perspective. It is a pressure modelpressure model. Vulnerability (pressure) is seen as rooted in socio-economic and political processes. These have to be addressed (released) for disaster risk reduction.

The model reveals a progression of vulnerabilityprogression of vulnerability. It begins with underlying causes in society that prevents satisfying demands of the people.

The low-income people may occupy land with low demand that may be disaster-prone. They may not have the income to adhere to safe practices and building codes. They may not have proper sanitary conditions, water supply and other utilities. The local governments may come under pressure to provide them but would be unable to do so.

(Are these situation not uncommon???)(Are these situation not uncommon???) But these are dynamic communities that grow and change adding

more and more pressure on limited resources. They may show low literacy rates, lack of awareness of disaster potential or preparedness, lack of proper health care which decrease strengthdecrease strength to withstand disaster impact.

Disaster Crunch ModelDisaster Crunch Model

Disaster

Disaster Crunch ModelDisaster Crunch Model

Underlying Causes Poverty:PowerResourcesIdeologiesEconomic SystemsGeneral Pre-Conditioning Factors

Dynamic Pressures Lack of:Local institutionsEducationTrainingsAppropriate skillsLocal investmentsLocal marketsPress freedomMacro Forces:Population expansionUrbanizationEnvironmental Degradation

Unsafe Conditions / Vulnerabilities

 Fragile physical environment:Dangerous locationsDangerous buildings and InfrastructuresFragile local economy:Livelihood at riskLow income levelsPoor Public Actions/Failed Institutions

Trigger events: FloodsEarthquakesHigh Winds/StormsDroughtLandslidesVolcanic EruptionsWar/civil conflictsTechnological accidents

11 22 33

Progression of VulnerabilityProgression of Vulnerability Disaster HazardsHazards

Disaster Crunch ModelDisaster Crunch Model

Release of ‘Pressures’ to reduce flood disaster riskRelease of ‘Pressures’ to reduce flood disaster risk

Progression of safetyProgression of safety

Reduce Reduce HazardHazard

a range of measures to reduce the intensity of certainhazard:

•Dams•Channeling•Water storage etc.

Achieve Safe Achieve Safe ConditionsConditions

ReduceReducePressuresPressures

Address Root Address Root CausesCauses

• Safe place to go• Warning system• Diversify sources of livelihood• Raise public awareness• Community organizing• high Literacy • Skilled community• Health Workers• Community spirit

• Protected environment

• Flood plain management

• Participation in political decision making

• Capacity to negotiate resources from GO / NGOs

• Advocacy on local level With Resettlement human rights, land tenure, etc.

• Employment Opportunities

Increase the access & control of vulnerable groups to power structures and resources (land, services, budget, markets, etc.)

Through advocacy challenging any ideology, political or economic system that causes or increase vulnerability

ReducedReducedDisaster RiskDisaster Risk

A Resilient community

Minimize loss of life Limited damage Sustained family

Income, social fallback mechanisms

Aware of hazard risks Counter disaster

plan exists Functional

community organization

etc.

Progression of Progression of Hazard ReductionHazard Reduction

DRM ModelsDRM Models

All disasters are emergencies but not all emergencies are necessary to be converted to disasters

A paradigm shift has been observed in disaster risk management in the recent past. It started with provision of humanitarian aid. Now, it has grown in to a discipline where many inputs are required by different professionals.

It encompasses techniques for hazard assessment, risk It encompasses techniques for hazard assessment, risk reduction, prevention and early warning, social and economic reduction, prevention and early warning, social and economic interventions, support from health workers, engineers, interventions, support from health workers, engineers, information scientists, land use planners, policy markers and information scientists, land use planners, policy markers and political authorities, and political authorities, and why not GIS professionals!!!why not GIS professionals!!!

All of them have to contribute to total risk management process.

Evolution of Disaster Evolution of Disaster Management PracticesManagement Practices

The architecture and metamorphosis of The architecture and metamorphosis of human culturehuman culture

Possible evolutions of models of disasterPossible evolutions of models of disaster