Drug And Alcohol Testing Policy For Ballico Cressey … CRESSEY DO… · Drug And Alcohol Testing Policy For Ballico Cressey School District Bus Drivers THE OMNIBUS ACT The Omnibus

Drug And Alcohol Testing Policy For Ballico Cressey School District Bus Drivers

INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................2 PROGRAM ADMINISTRATOR.....................................................................................................................2 THE OMNIBUS ACT .....................................................................................................................................3 THE RULES ..................................................................................................................................................3 PART 382.601(b) ..........................................................................................................................................3 WHO IS AFFECTED BY THESE RULES? ...................................................................................................4 WHEN AM I SUBJECT TO THESE RULES? ...............................................................................................4 DRUG TESTING ...........................................................................................................................................5 PRE-EMPLOYMENT TESTS........................................................................................................................5 REQUIRED ALCOHOL AND CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE TESTS...........................................................6 WHAT ALCOHOL USE IS PROHIBITED? ...................................................................................................8 THE CONSEQUENCES OF ALCOHOL MISUSE ........................................................................................8 WHAT DRUG USE IS PROHIBITED? ..........................................................................................................9 WHAT DRUGS ARE TESTED FOR? ...........................................................................................................9 THE CONSEQUENCES OF A POSITIVE DRUG TEST ..............................................................................9 HOW DOES RANDOM TESTING WORK? ................................................................................................10 HOW WILL ALCOHOL TESTING BE DONE?............................................................................................10 HOW IS DRUG TESTING DONE? .............................................................................................................11 WHO DOES THE TESTING? .....................................................................................................................11 WHO REVIEWS AND INTERPRETS THE LABORATORY RESULTS?....................................................11 WHAT IF I REFUSE TO SUBMIT TO DRUG OR ALCOHOL TESTING?..................................................12 WHAT IS A REFUSAL TO SUBMIT TO DRUG OR ALCOHOL TESTING? ..............................................12 CONFIDENTIALITY OF DRIVER ALCOHOL OR CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE TESTING RECORDS..13 HOW WILL THE FHWA KNOW IF THESE RULES ARE BEING FOLLOWED? .......................................13 ARE EMPLOYEES ENTITLED TO REHABILITATION? ............................................................................14 INTERVENTION .........................................................................................................................................14 EMPLOYEE EDUCATION AND TRAINING ...............................................................................................14 DANGERS AND EFFECTS OF DOT PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES.........................................................15 SUBSTANCE ABUSE PROFESSIONALS AND REHABILITATION RESOURCES..................................16

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INTRODUCTION

The Ballico Cressey School District Board desires to take all possible steps to ensure transportation safety for Ballico Cressey School District students and staff. The Superintendent has established a drug and alcohol testing program for all school bus drivers and any other employees who hold a commercial driver's license that is necessary to perform duties related to their employment with the Ballico CresseySchool District. This program is designed to fulfill the requirements of federal law and regulations.

Drivers who test positive for alcohol or drugs shall be removed from safety-sensitive functions and subject to termination from employment with Ballico Cressey School District.

Legal Reference:

EDUCATION CODE 35160 Authority of Ballico Cressey School District boards

VEHICLE CODE 34500 Applicable vehicles 34501.12 Motor carrier definition 34520 Motor carrier and driver compliance with federal testing requirements

UNITED STATES CODE, TITLE 49 2717 Alcohol and controlled substances testing (Omnibus Transportation Employee Testing Act of 1991)

CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS, TITLE 49 40 Procedures for Transportation Workplace Drug and Alcohol Testing Programs 382 Controlled Substance and Alcohol Use and Testing 395 Hours of Service of Drivers

PROGRAM ADMINISTRATOR Jose Gonaalez is the person designated by Ballico Cressey School District to answer driver questions about these materials and the drug and alcohol testing program. 382.601(b)(1)

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THE OMNIBUS ACT The Omnibus Transportation Employee Testing Act of 1991 requires alcohol and drug testing of safety-sensitive employees in the aviation, motor carrier, railroad, and mass transit industries. The DOT published rules mandating anti-drug and alcohol misuse prevention programs in February 1994. The rules also expand and supplement existing drug testing rules published in November 1988 that mandated drug testing of aviation, interstate motor carrier, railroad, pipeline, and commercial marine employees. The February 1994 rules generally require implementation beginning on January 1, 1995 for large employers (generally, 50 or more safety-sensitive drivers) and January 1, 1996 for all other employers.

THE RULES The FHWA has issued a rule requiring alcohol and drug testing of drivers who are required to have a CDL. The DOT rules include procedures for urine drug testing and breath alcohol testing. The urine testing rule was issued in December 1989 and governs drug testing programs mandated by the FHWA. The 1994 amendments to Part 40 add breath alcohol testing procedures and additional urine specimen collection procedures that provide for split urine specimens. Screen device procedures for non-evidential breath and saliva tests were added to Part 40 in April 1995.

PART 382.601(b) Part 382.601 obligates the Ballico Cressey School District to promulgate a policy on the misuse of alcohol and use of controlled substances. The required content is covered under the 11 sections of 382.601(b). These 11 requirements are referenced in bold face throughout this policy.

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WHO IS AFFECTED BY THESE RULES? The FHWA rules cover safety-sensitive employees in transportation who drive commercial motor vehicles requiring a CDL to operate. The Ballico Cressey School District's drug and alcohol testing program shall apply to all employees who operate a commercial motor vehicle, including any vehicle designed to transport 16 or more passengers. This includes casual, intermittent or occasional drivers as well as full-time, driver trainees, regularly employed drivers. 382.601(b)(2) All persons employed as school bus drivers who operate commercial motor vehicles as defined in 49 CFR 382.107, for Ballico Cressey School District are affected by these rules. Only school bus drivers who hold a CDL and drive for Ballico Cressey School District are required to submit to alcohol and controlled substances tests administered in accordance with the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations of the U.S. Department of Transportation Part 382. (382.601(b)(7).

WHEN AM I SUBJECT TO THESE RULES? Operating a school bus is a safety sensitive function. All employees of Ballico Cressey School District are required to be in compliance with this policy during all regularly scheduled working hours. Safety-sensitive functions include all on-duty functions performed from the time a driver begins work or is required to be ready to work until he/she is relieved from work and all responsibility for performing work. It includes driving; waiting to be dispatched; inspecting and servicing equipment; supervising, performing or assisting in loading and unloading; repairing or obtaining and waiting for help with a disabled vehicle; performing driver requirements related to accidents; and performing any other work for the Ballico Cressey School District. 382.601(b)(3) Drivers shall inform their supervisors if at any time they are using a controlled substance that their physician has prescribed for therapeutic purposes. Drivers using such a substance may continue to perform safety-sensitive functions only if the physician has advised the driver that the substance will not adversely affect his/her ability to safely operate a commercial motor vehicle.

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DRUG TESTING The drug testing rules issued by FHWA in November 1988, with later amendments, remain in effect. The FHWA's new controlled substances and alcohol testing rule will take effect beginning in January 1995 for all drivers of vehicles requiring a commercial driver's license employed or used by large employers. However, drug testing split samples are required to be collected starting on August 15, 1994. The drug testing rules cover the same drivers as the alcohol testing rules. The types of tests required are: pre-employment; reasonable suspicion; post-accident; random; return-to-duty; and follow-up. 382.601(b)(5)

PRE-EMPLOYMENT TESTS Drug tests shall be conducted before the first time a driver performs any safety-sensitive function for the Ballico Cressey School District. Exceptions may be made for drivers who have participated in the drug testing program required by law within the previous 30 days, provided that the Ballico Cressey School District has been able to make all verifications required by law. Pre-employment testing shall also be required of employees returning to work after a layoff period if the employee was removed from the random testing pool. If the employee remains in the random testing pool, additional testing shall not be necessary. 382.601(b)(5)

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REQUIRED ALCOHOL AND CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE TESTS The following alcohol and controlled substance tests are required: 382.601(b)(5)

POST-ACCIDENT TESTS Post-accident - conducted after accidents on drivers whose performance could have contributed to the accident (as determined by a citation for a moving traffic violation) and for all fatal accidents even if the driver is not cited for a moving traffic violation. Alcohol and controlled substance tests shall be conducted as soon after an accident as practicable on any surviving commercial driver:

(1) If the accident involved the loss of human life; or (2) If the bus driver receives a citation under State or local law for a moving traffic

violation arising from the accident and if the accident involved: (i) Bodily injury to any person who, as a result of the injury, immediately receives

medical treatment away from the scene of the accident; or (ii) One or more motor vehicle incurring disabling damage as a result of the

accident, is transported away from the scene by a tow truck or other motor vehicle."

382.601(b)(5)

The table below indicates what conditions require testing:

Citation issued to Drug and alcohol test Accident involved the bus driver must be performed Human Fatality YES YES NO YES Bodily injury with YES YES medical treatment NO NO away from the scene Disabling damage to any YES YES motor vehicle requiring NO NO tow away.

Drivers shall make themselves readily available for testing, absent the need for immediate medical attention. No such driver shall use alcohol for eight hours after the accident, or until after he/she undergoes a post-accident alcohol test, whichever occurs first.

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If an alcohol test is not administered within two hours of the accident or if a drug test is not administered within 32 hours, the Ballico Cressey School District shall prepare and maintain records explaining why the test was not conducted. Tests shall not be given if not administered within eight hours after the accident for alcohol or within 32 hours for drugs. Tests conducted by authorized federal, state or local officials shall fulfill post-accident testing requirements provided they conform to applicable legal requirements and are obtained by the Ballico Cressey School District. Breath tests will validate only the alcohol test and cannot be used to fulfill controlled substance testing obligations. 382.601(b)(5)

RANDOM TESTS Random - conducted on a random unannounced basis just before, during, or just after performance of safety-sensitive functions. Alcohol and drug tests shall be conducted on a random basis at unannounced times throughout the year. The number of random alcohol and drug tests shall be at least equal to those required by federal regulations. Drivers shall be selected by a scientifically valid random process, and each driver shall have an equal chance of being tested each time selections are made. Tests for alcohol shall be conducted just before, during or just after the performance of safety-sensitive functions. 382.601(b)(5)

REASONABLE SUSPICION TESTS Reasonable suspicion - conducted when a trained supervisor observes behavior or appearance that is characteristic of alcohol misuse or drug use. An alcohol or drug test shall be conducted if a supervisor or Ballico Cressey School District official trained in accordance with law has reasonable suspicion that a driver has violated the Ballico Cressey School District's alcohol or drug prohibitions. This reasonable suspicion must be based on specific, contemporaneous, articulable observations concerning the driver's appearance, behavior, speech or body odors. The observations may include indications of the chronic and withdrawal effects of controlled substances. Alcohol tests are authorized for reasonable suspicion only if the required observations are made during, just before or just after the period of the work day when the driver must comply with alcohol prohibitions. An alcohol test may not be conducted by the person who determines that reasonable suspicion exists to conduct such a test. If an alcohol test is not administered within two hours of a determination of reasonable suspicion, the Ballico Cressey School District shall prepare and maintain a record explaining why this was not done. Attempts to conduct alcohol tests shall terminate after eight hours.

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A supervisor or Ballico Cressey School District official who makes observations leading to a controlled substance reasonable suspicion test shall make a written record of his/her observations within 24 hours of the observed behavior or before the results of the drug test are released, whichever is earlier. 382.601(b)(5)

RETURN-TO-DUTY AND FOLLOW-UP Return-to-duty and follow-up - conducted when an individual who has violated the prohibited alcohol and or controlled substance conduct standards returns to performing safety-sensitive duties. Follow-up tests are unannounced and at least 6 tests must be conducted in the first 12 months after a driver returns to duty. Follow-up testing may be extended for up to 60 months following return to duty. 382.601(b)(5)

WHAT ALCOHOL USE IS PROHIBITED? Because alcohol is a legal substance, the rules define specific prohibited alcohol-related conduct. Performance of safety-sensitive functions is prohibited: 382.601(b)(4)

• While having a breath alcohol concentration of 0.04 percent or greater as indicated by an alcohol breath test.

• While using alcohol. • Within four hours after using alcohol. • In addition, refusing to submit to an alcohol test or using alcohol within eight

hours after an accident or until tested (for drivers required to be tested) are prohibited.

382.601(b)(4)

THE CONSEQUENCES OF ALCOHOL MISUSE Drivers who engage in prohibited conduct must be immediately removed from safety-sensitive functions and may be terminated from employment with Ballico Cressey. 382.601(b)(9) A driver who is tested and found to have an alcohol concentration of .02 or greater but less than .04 may not perform or continue to perform safety-sensitive functions including driving a commercial motor vehicle until the start of the driver's next regularly scheduled duty period, but not less than 24 hours after the test was administered. After 24 hours have elapsed, the employee will be required to submit to a return-to-duty alcohol test and test below 0.02. Also the employee will then be required to meet with his/her supervisor to discuss the problem prior to being allowed to perform a safety-sensitive function. 382.601(b)(10)

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A driver who is found to have an alcohol concentration of .04 or greater shall be subject to dismissal from employment with Ballico Cressey.

WHAT DRUG USE IS PROHIBITED? The drug rules prohibit any unauthorized use of the controlled substances. Illicit use of drugs by safety-sensitive drivers is prohibited on or off duty. The FHWA has some additional rules that prohibit the use of legally prescribed controlled substances (such as barbiturates, amphetamines, morphine, etc.) by safety-sensitive drivers involved in commerce. Other regulations require drivers involved in commerce to report any medical use of controlled substances. 382.601(b)(4)

WHAT DRUGS ARE TESTED FOR? All urine specimens are analyzed for the following drugs:

1) Marijuana (THC metabolite) 2) Cocaine 3) Amphetamines 4) Opiates (including heroin) 5) Phencyclidine (PCP)

The testing is a two-stage process. First, a screening test is performed. If it is positive for one or more of the drugs, then a confirmation test is performed for each identified drug using state-of-the-art gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. GC/MS confirmation ensures that over-the-counter medications or preparations are not reported as positive results.

THE CONSEQUENCES OF A POSITIVE DRUG TEST Drivers who engage in prohibited conduct must be immediately removed from safety-sensitive functions and may be terminated from employment with Ballico Cressey. 382.601(b)(9) A driver must be removed from safety-sensitive duty if he/she has a positive drug test result. The removal cannot take place until the MRO has interviewed the driver and determined that the positive drug test resulted from the unauthorized use of a controlled substance. A driver cannot be returned to safety-sensitive duties until he/she has been evaluated by a substance abuse professional or MRO, has complied with recommended rehabilitation, and has a negative result on a return-to-duty drug test. Follow-up testing to monitor the driver's continued abstinence from drug use may be required. 382.601(b)(9)

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HOW DOES RANDOM TESTING WORK? Ballico Cressey School District is responsible for conducting random, unannounced drug and alcohol tests. The total number of random tests conducted each year must equal at least 50% of the safety-sensitive drivers for drug tests and 10% of the safety sensitive drivers for alcohol tests. Some drivers may be tested more than once each year; some may not be tested at all depending on the random selection. Random testing for drugs does not have to be conducted in immediate time proximity to performing safety-sensitive functions. Once notified of selection for testing, however, a driver must proceed to a collection site to accomplish the urine specimen collection. Random alcohol testing must be conducted just before, during, or just after a driver's performance of safety-sensitive duties. The driver is randomly selected for testing (usually from a "pool" of drivers subject to testing). The testing dates and times are unannounced and are with unpredictable frequency throughout the year.

HOW WILL ALCOHOL TESTING BE DONE? The rules allow for screening tests to be conducted using saliva devices or breath testing using evidential breath testing (EBT) and non-evidential breath testing devices approved by the NHTSA. The NHTSA periodically publishes a list of approved devices in the Federal Register. Two tests are required to determine if a person has a prohibited alcohol concentration. A screening test is conducted first. Any result less than 0.02 alcohol concentration is considered a "negative" test. If the alcohol concentration is 0.02 or greater, a second confirmation test must be conducted. The driver and the individual conducting the confirmation breath test (called a breath alcohol technician (BAT)) complete the alcohol testing form to ensure that the results are properly recorded. The confirmation test, if required, must be conducted using an EBT that prints out the results, date and time, a sequential test number, and the name and serial number of the EBT to ensure the reliability of the results. The confirmation test results determine any actions taken. Testing procedures that ensure accuracy, reliability and confidentiality of test results are outlined in the Part 40 rule. These procedures include training and proficiency requirements for the screening test technicians (STT), breath alcohol technicians (BAT), quality assurance plan for the breath testing devices (including calibration requirements for a suitable test location), and protection of driver test records. 382.601(b)(6)

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HOW IS DRUG TESTING DONE? Drug testing is conducted by analyzing a driver's urine specimen. The analysis is performed at laboratories certified and monitored by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). There are about 90 DHHS-certified drug testing laboratories located throughout the United States. The list of DHHS approved laboratories is published monthly in the Federal Register. The driver provides a urine specimen in a location that affords privacy and the "collector" seals and labels the specimen, completes a chain of custody document, and prepares the specimen and accompanying paperwork for shipment to a drug testing laboratory. The specimen collection procedures and chain of custody ensure that the specimen's security, proper identification and integrity are not compromised. The Omnibus Act requires that drug testing procedures for commercial motor vehicle drivers include split specimen procedures. Each urine specimen is subdivided into two bottles labeled as a "primary" and a "split" specimen. Both bottles are sent to a laboratory. Only the primary specimen is opened and used for the urinalysis. The split specimen bottle remains sealed and is stored at the laboratory. If the analysis of the primary specimen confirms the presence of illegal, controlled substances, the driver has 72 hours to request the split specimen be sent to another DHHS-certified laboratory for analysis. This split specimen procedure essentially provides the driver with an opportunity for a "second opinion." 382.601(b)(6)

WHO DOES THE TESTING? Ballico Cressey School District is responsible for implementing and conducting the testing programs. They may do this using their own employees or contract services, or by joining together in a consortium that provides services to all member companies. Law enforcement officers will not conduct the tests as part of roadside or other inspections. However, under certain circumstances, post-accident tests conducted by law enforcement personnel will be acceptable. Any individual who conducts the testing must be trained to operate the EBT and be proficient in the breath testing procedures.

WHO REVIEWS AND INTERPRETS THE LABORATORY RESULTS? All drug test results are reviewed and interpreted by a physician (Medical Review Officer (MRO)) before they are reported to Ballico Cressey School District. If the laboratory reports a positive result to the MRO, the MRO contacts the driver (in person or by telephone) and conducts an interview to determine if there is an alternative medical explanation for the drugs found in the driver's urine specimen. For all the drugs except PCP, there are some limited, legitimate medical uses that may explain the positive test result. If the driver provides appropriate documentation and the MRO determines that it is legitimate medical use of the prohibited drug, the drug test result is reported as negative to the Ballico Cressey School District.

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WHAT IF I REFUSE TO SUBMIT TO DRUG OR ALCOHOL TESTING? Any driver who refuses to submit to drug and/or alcohol testing or who fails to cooperate in testing procedures shall be removed from safety –sensitive duty and is subject to disciplinary action, including dismissal. A refusal to submit to testing shall be treated as a positive test result. A person who refuses to be tested shall not be permitted to operate a commercial motor vehicle for Ballico Cressey School District. A refusal shall be treated as a positive test, and that person considered medically “unqualified” to drive and will be terminated from employment with Ballico Cressey School District. Driver applicants who are offered safety-sensitive positions who refuse to submit to drug and/or alcohol testing or who fail to cooperate in testing procedures, will not be eligible for employment in safety-sensitive positions. Driver applicants who are current Ballico Cressey School District employees being offered an assignment in a safety-sensitive position who refuse to submit to drug and/or alcohol testing or who fail to cooperate in testing procedures, will not be eligible for employment in that safety-sensitive position. 382.601(b)(8)

WHAT IS A REFUSAL TO SUBMIT TO DRUG OR ALCOHOL TESTING? A refusal to submit to an alcohol or controlled substance test means that a driver:

1. Fails to provide adequate breath for alcohol testing as required by part 40, without a valid medical explanation , after he or she has received notice of the requirement for breath testing in accordance with the provisions of Part 382,

2. Fails to provide an adequate urine sample for controlled substances testing as required by part 40 without a genuine inability to provide a specimen (as determined by a medical evaluation), after he or she has received notice of the requirement for urine testing in accordance with the provisions of Part 382,

3. Engages in conduct that clearly obstructs the testing process. In addition: No Ballico Cressey School District commercial motor vehicle operator shall refuse to submit to a post-accident alcohol or controlled substances test required under 382.303, a random alcohol or controlled substances test required under 382.305, a reasonable suspicion alcohol or controlled substances test required under 382.307, or a follow-up alcohol or controlled substances test required under 382.311. The Ballico Cressey School District will not permit a driver who refuses to submit to such tests to perform or continue to perform safety-sensitive function. 382.601(b)(8)

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CONFIDENTIALITY OF DRIVER ALCOHOL OR CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE TESTING RECORDS Driver alcohol and controlled substance testing results and records are maintained under strict confidentiality by the Ballico Cressey School District, the drug testing laboratory, and the medical review officer. They cannot be released to others without the written consent of the driver. Exceptions to these confidentiality provisions are limited to a decision maker in arbitration, litigation or administrative proceedings arising from a positive drug test. Statistical records and reports are maintained by employers and drug testing laboratories. This information is aggregated data and is used to monitor compliance with the rules and to assess the effectiveness of the drug testing programs. Test results and other confidential information may be released only to the Ballico Cressey School District and the substance abuse professional. Any other release of this information is only with the driver's written consent. If a driver initiates a grievance, hearing, lawsuit, or other action as a result of a violation of these rules, the Ballico Cressey School District may release relevant information to the decision maker.

HOW WILL THE FHWA KNOW IF THESE RULES ARE BEING FOLLOWED? Ballico Cressey School District is required to keep detailed records of the alcohol misuse prevention programs. The FHWA will conduct inspections or audits of Ballico Cressey School District's programs. Additionally, selected employers will have to prepare annual calendar year summary reports for the FHWA. These reports will be used to help monitor compliance and enforcement of the rules, as well as to provide data on the extent of alcohol misuse and the need for any future program and regulatory changes.

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ARE EMPLOYEES ENTITLED TO REHABILITATION? Drivers who violate the alcohol misuse rules will be given a list of substance abuse professionals. Ballico Cressey School District is not required under these rules to provide rehabilitation, pay for treatment, or reinstate the driver in his/her safety-sensitive position. If for any reason, Ballico Cressey School District does decide to return a driver to safety-sensitive duties, Ballico Cressey School District must ensure that the driver:

1) Has been evaluated by a substance abuse professional; 2) Has complied with any recommended treatment; 3) Has taken a return-to-duty alcohol test (with a result less than 0.02) if the

conduct involved alcohol, or a controlled substance test (with a verified negative result) if the conduct involved controlled substances.

4) Is subject to unannounced follow-up tests. 382.601(b)(11)c

INTERVENTION The Ballico Cressey School District may intervene when it is suspected that an employee has an alcohol or a controlled substance problem. This intervention may include confrontation, referral to any employee assistance program (EAP) and or referral to management.

An Employee Assistance Program (EAP) is a professional assessment and referral service for employees and their dependents. An EAP may be provided so that employees may benefit from the early detection, care and handling of drug abuse or alcoholism. 382.601(b)(11)c

EMPLOYEE EDUCATION AND TRAINING Ballico Cressey School District must provide information on alcohol misuse and drug use with treatment resources to safety-sensitive drivers. This information may be found in the section titled: DANGERS AND EFFECTS OF DOT PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES at the end of this policy. All supervisors and officials of Ballico Cressey School District with safety-sensitive drivers must attend at least one hour of training on the signs and symptoms of drug abuse and one hour of training on the signs and symptoms of alcohol misuse. This training is necessary to assist supervisors and Ballico Cressey School District officials in making appropriate determinations for reasonable suspicion testing. 382.603

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DANGERS AND EFFECTS OF DOT PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES The law requires that you, the driver, be made aware of the effects of substance abuse. It is the concern of all that employees report to work “fit for duty” and remain fit throughout the workday in order to perform in a safe, efficient and productive manner. In an effort to establish a work environment free from the adverse effects of substance abuse, the following information is provided to help you evaluate the risks of involvement with chemical substances. 382.601(b)(11)

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SUBSTANCE ABUSE PROFESSIONALS AND REHABILITATION RESOURCES Name Address City Phone NumberINSIGHT Employee Assistance Program 770 E. Shaw Ave. Fresno, CA 209-226-7437 Daniel Bruce, Substance Abuse Professional 2020 Standiford Ave. Suite E-1 Modesto, CA 209-529-2084 Duncan McPherson, Substance Abuse Professional 8002 California Ave. Fair Oaks, CA 95628 800-607-1010 The Center 658 W. Main Merced, CA 95340 209-381-6809 Woman's Alcohol & Drug Services 658 W. Main Merced, CA 95340 209-381-6880 Northside Alcohol & Drug Abuse Services 1471 E. Street, Suite N Livingston, CA 209-394-4032 Westside Alcohol & Drug Abuse Services 635 J. Street Los Banos, CA 209-827-2185 Workplace Wellness 1518 Coffee Rd., Suite D Modesto, CA 209-558-8466 NARCANON of Northern California 262 Gaffey Road Watsonville, CA, 95076 800-556-8885 Sacramento County Alcohol/Drug Bureau 3970 Research Drive Sacramento, CA 95838 916-874-9753 Fresno County Hispanic Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse Services 1444 Fulton Street Fresno, CA 93721 209-268-6480 Family Communication Center 1039 U Street Fresno, CA 93721 209-237-8304 King of Kings 2385 South Fairview Avenue, Fresno, CA 93706 209-237-4116 Fresno County Hispanic Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse Services 1414 West Kearney Boulevard Fresno, CA 93706 209-268-6480 Bay Area Addiction Research/Trt/BAART/Cal Detox/East Cartwright Clinic 3103 East Cartwright Street Fresno, CA 93725 209-498-7100 Bay Area Addiction Research/Trt/BAART/Cal Detox/Van Ness Clinic 539 North Van Ness Street Fresno, CA 93728 209-266-9581 Bay Area Addiction Research/Trt/BAART/Cal Detox/E. Street Clinic 1235 E Street Fresno, CA 93706 209-268-6261 Kings View Community Services 4111 North Golden State Blvd. Fresno, CA 93722 209-442-0460 ext. 36 Veterans Affairs Medical Center 2615 East Clinton Avenue, Fresno, CA 93703 209-225-9645 Turning Point of Central California 1638 L Street Fresno, CA 93721 n/a Stanislaus County Dept of MH Genesis Narcotic Replacement Therapy 800 Scenic Drive SW, Modesto, CA 95350 209-558-6400 Substance Abuse Services 1501 F Street Modesto, CA 95354 209-558-7460 Women of Wisdom 200 East Hackett Road Modesto, CA 95358 209-558-7466 Recovery Systems Associates 330 McHenry Avenue, Suite C Modesto, CA 95354 209-527-9797 Community Health Projects 801 17th Street, Suite E Modesto, CA 95350 n/a First Step 707 14th Street Modesto, CA 95354 209-544-3408 Foundation health Psychcare Services 2260 Floyd Ave., Suite 100 Modesto, CA 95355 209-527-8070

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MARIJUANA Impaired short-term memoryThe learning process is slowed. Remembering a sequence of numbers or memorizing and following a series of directions becomes difficult.

The common name for a crude drugmade from the chopped leaves, stems and flowering tops of a plant called Cannabis Sativa. The active ingredient in marijuana (THC) is stored In body fat and is retained for days to weeks after use.

Reduced concentrationInability to display continuous attention or process complex information occurs. There is difficulty with complex decisions.

Immediate Effects Reddened eyes Increased heart rate Dry mouth and throat

Chronic and Long Term Effects Impaired trackingThe act of following a moving stimulus is significantly and consistently diminished. Tracking can be affected up to ten hours after use. Reduction In efficiency of the

respiratory, cardiovascular, reproductive and immunological systems

Impaired short-term memory Altered sense of time Slowed reaction time Reduced ability to concentrate Psychological dependence Impaired motor skills Addiction

Distorted time and distance sense. The ability to perceive accurately the passage of time Is adversely affected. The user typically over- estimates the time that has elapsed.

Responding to wind gusts, driving through curves, and maintaining speed and proper following distance is impeded.

Lack of control of vehicle velocity and proper positioning Effects on Driving A person operating a motor vehicle while using marijuana is likely to experience:

Impaired reaction time Reaction time is increased, and braking time is slowed. Thinking and reflexes are slowed, making it difficult to respond to sudden, unexpected events.

Distorted visual and depth perceptionConfusion is created about traffic movement and appropriate driver response.

Lengthened glare recovery and blurred/double vision.

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OPIATES Effects on DrivingA person operating a motor vehicle while using Opiates/Opioids is likely to experience:

Sometimes referred to as narcotics, opiates are a group of drugs used medically .to relieve pain. Some opiates come from a resin taken from the seed pod of the Asian Poppy, i.e. opium, morphine, hero- In and codeine. Other opiates are synthesized or manufactured. The term 'opi-oids" includes naturally occurring opiate drugs, as well as the synthetic narcotics.

Effects of intoxicationThese effects are similar to those produced by alcohol abuse.

False sense of securityThis state of mind will cause the driver to take more chances and risks. Immediate Effects

Relaxation and induced sleep

Reduction of pain Decrease in size of pupils Cold, moist and bluish

skin

Euphoric high followed by a period of stuporous inactivity The driver daydreams while in this state of mind Attention is not given to the road conditions and/or traffic situations. This subsequently creates the probability of a collision.

Difficulty in focusingThe pupils are so constricted (pinpoint size) that vision is impaired.

Chronic and Long Term Effects• Restlessness, nausea and vomiting • Breathing slows down, and death may

occur • User may go 'on the nod' going back

and forth from feeling alert to drowsy • Loss of appetite • Addiction even with occasional use • Infections of the heart lining and

valves, skin abscesses, and congested lungs

• Infections from un-sterile solutions, illness such as liver disease, tetanus, serum hepatitis and AIDS from use of needles

Visual distortionBlurred and/or double vision occurs as it does with any depressant drug. Loss of consciousnessThis is due to extreme fatigue and drowsiness.

ComaThis creates an obvious safety risk.

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Tendency to overreact & overcompensate Acceleration, braking, shifting, etc. are affected by over-stimulated reflexes.

COCAINE

A powerful stimulant drug extracted from the leaves of the Erythroxyion coca plant. It is the most powerful central nervous system stimulant known to mankind. (Crack is a form of cocaine).

Impaired motor coordinationA decrease in hand-steadiness and eye/hand coordination affects proper driving response.

Periods of loss of consciousnessThis is the result of fatigue due to lack of sleep and food. Immediate effects

Euphoria Dilated pupils Increase in blood pressure, heart rate,

respiration rate, and body temperature

Chronic and Long Term Effects Short attention span Irritability, anxiety and depression Seizure and heart attack Loss of appetite and sleeplessness Psychological problems and dependence Hallucinations of touch, sight, taste,

and/or smell

A person operating a motor vehicle while Effects on Driving

using cocaine is likely to experience:

Impaired judgmentFalse sense of alertness and security Drivers become overly confident in driving judgment and skill. This affects their ability to perceive impending danger.

These effects can obviously result in a Convulsions, seizures, cardiac arrest and/or stroke

collision. Distorted vision and difficulty in seeingThe pupils are so dilated that sunlight or bright headlights cause pain and discomfort. Glare recovery is also affected.

Auditory and visual hallucinations as well as cocaine psychosis

Lapses in attention and concentration Driving awareness is adversely affected regardless of the amount used.

Changes in perception are experienced. The driver is out of touch with reality and loses sight of where he is going. Profound depression, anxiety, irritability, and restlessness Cocaine is a fast-acting drug. The euphoria ends in less than an hour. The user is more depressed after using cocaine than before use. The higher the "high" the lower the 'low."

Aggressive behaviorThe result manifestations are anger and hostility toward other drivers as well as impatience and inappropriate risk-taking. The driver often overreacts to minor traffic irritations.

DOT Policy Rev. 6.0 19 09/05/2006


AMPHETAMINES Over-estimation of performance capabilities

Drugs which are central nervous system stimulants used

to increase alertness and physical activity. In pure form they are yellowish crystals that are manufactured into tablets or capsules. The three amphetamines include: Amphetamine, IDextroamphetamine, and Methamphetamine (free-based metham-phetamine Is called ICE).

A likelihood of being more accident-prone Actual driving records indicate that drivers who take amphetamines are more accident-prone.

Driver takes more risks as the result of this attitude.

Immediate Effects Increased heart rate and respiration Increased blood pressure Dilate pupils Dry mouht

Anxiety, irritability and frequent over-reaction Minor Irritations effect inappropriate driver reactions. Extreme mental and physical fatigueThis occurs during the 'down' period. During this time the driver Is unable to concentrate and make sound judgments.

Chronic and Long Term Effects

• Sweating, headache, blurred vision, and• dizziness • Decreased appetite • Sleeplessness and anxiety • Rapid or irregular heartbeat • Tremors • loss of coordination • Physical collapse • Depression • Addiction and brain damage • Amphetamine psychosis: hallucinations,

delusions, or paranoia

Effects on Driving

Impaired motor coordination

Food and sleep deprivationLeads to Inappropriate increased vehicle speed. Amphetamine psychosis can also result: the driver Is out of touch with reality and does not know where he/she Is going.

Auditory and visual hallucinations

Responses necessary for hand/eye coordination are impaired. Stimulant Drugs(Including cocaine) used to combat fatigue and keep driver awake, make the driver edgy, less coordinated and more likely to be Involved in traffic collisions. A driver who uses stimulants is four times more likely to be involved in a collision than a non-user.

(Very similar to the effects of Cocaine/Crack, except intensity decreases and duration increases.)A person operating a motor vehicle while using amphetamines is likely to experience:

DOT Policy Rev. 6.0 20 09/05/2006


PHENCYCLIDINE (PCP) Effects on Driving

The driver using this drug is extremely dangerous on the road. Its effects are so varied and so bizarre that the dangers are unpredictable.

PCP was first developed as an anesthetic. A in the 1950's and was taken off the market because it sometimes caused hallucinations. Most often called "angel dust," it is available in various forms: a while crystal-like powder, a tablet or capsule.

A feeling of owning time roadThe user feels that he/she is the superior being on the road. A person operating a motor vehicle while using PCP is likely to experience: Immediate Effects

Increased heart rate and blood pressure

Flushing, sweating, dizziness and numb- ness

This causes the driver to take more risks on the road.

Sense of invulnerability and power

Aggressive behaviorThis drug creates a very aggressive, hostile and violent driver with very little patience and no fear of death.

Chronic and Long Term Effects Stimulation (speeding up) of body

functions (may also act as a depressant, pain killer, anesthetic, or hallucinogenic drug)

Change in user's perception of own body and other forms

Changes in speech, muscle coordination and vision

Slowing of body movements Dulled sense of touch and pain 'Spacing out' of time Drowsiness, convulsions and coma

(effects of large doses) Death from repeated convulsions,

heart and lung failure or ruptured blood vessels in the brain

Signs of paranoia, fearfulness and anxiety

Flashbacks or PCP psychosis

Auditory and visual hallucinationsThis creates the likelihood of the driver reacting to something not there, causing a collision.

Visual distortionBlurred and/or double vision can occur.

Convulsions, coma and/or deathThis creates the obvious possibility of a collision. Loss of perception of time Time appears to slow down.

Impaired coordination & dulled senses

DOT Policy Rev. 6.0 21 09/05/2006


DANGER! Invented Substances

DESIGNER DRUGS: (ICE, Ecstasy, Adam, Eve, and China White)

HALLUCINOGENS

(LSD, mescaline, MDA, MDE, STP, DMT) These drugs affect a person's perceptions,

sensations, thinking, self-awareness, and emotions. Some hallucinogens come from natural sources such as the peyote cactus; others are synthetic or manufactured.

These substances have been made by chemists in illegal laboratories. They are designed to closely imitate drugs which are illegal under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. Designer drugs are chemical relatives of controlled substances and as such are not subject to the law. Because their effects and adverse reactions are not known, their use is especially dangerous. Users run the risk of paralysis, psychosis and death.

Hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't real)

Poor perception-of time and distance Sudden bizarre changes in behavior

that can Include violence Rebound effects such as loss of

concentration and memory or behavioral problems even when the drug has worn off

LOOK ALIKES (Simulated controlled substances)

These drugs are manufactured to look like commonly abused drugs such as amphetamines, cocaine and sedatives and to mimic their effects. Usually look-alikes contain over-the-counter substances such as caffeine, ephedrine and antihistamine.

Effects

Effects Drowsiness or hyperactivity Nausea and stomach cramps Lack of coordination Temporary memory loss, out of

touch with surroundings Anxious behavior

DOT Policy Rev. 6.0 22 09/05/2006


Effects on Driving A person operating a motor vehicle while using alcohol is likely to experience the following under even minute amounts of alcohol. These reactions increase In Intensity with blood alcohol level.

Legal But Dangerous A drug is any chemical substance that produces physical, mental, emotional or behavioral change in the user. Many substances such as alcohol, depressants, and Inhalants are legal and enjoy wide public acceptance. This acceptance doesn't remove the threat of inappropriate use. In fact, because of their psychoactive (mind-altering) effects and accessibility, these substances are commonly abused and can cause dangers in the workplace. They are often banned by employers. Be sure to check your company policy.

Impaired reaction time and impaired motor coordination

Reaction time is increased, and braking time is slowed

Thinking and reflexes slow, making accidents more likely in unexpected situations.

Errors in steering are related to low blood alcohol levels

Reduced Concentration • Memory is Impaired and learning processes slowed • Remembering sequences of numbers or directions

can be difficult • Daydreaming can lead to accidents

Tendency to take unnecessary risks • Impaired judgment and dis-inhibition make it more

likely that driver will take unnecessary risks • May also occur due to false sense of security

Immediate Effects Odor on breath Initial stimulation followed by

depressed nervous system Flushed skin Glazed appearance of eyes Slowed reaction time Impaired motor skills

Chronic and Long Term Effects Nutritional deficiencies and sleeping

difficulty Impaired short-term memory Inability to concentrate Physical and Psychological

dependence Brain and nervous system damage

Liver damage Digestive problems (gastric ulcer) Higher likelihood of stroke, coronary

problems In general and several forms of cancer

Disease of pancreas and kidneys Birth defects in children of heavy

drinking women

As blood alcohol level decreases, agitation may cause outbursts of anger

Euphoric high followed by a period of stuporous inactivity

Daydreaming occurs and attention is diverted. Possibility of accidents is increased due to sluggishness and inattention.

Visual distortion - Blurred and/or double vision occurs as with

any depressant drug.

Possibility of reacting with anger toward other motorists

DOT Policy Rev. 6.0 23 09/05/2006

Drug And Alcohol Testing Policy For Ballico Cressey Bus Drivers .

DEPRESSANTS

You Need to Know… ... Substance abuse has a noticeable impact on the way people perform on the job. Whether the drug of choice is marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, opiates, PCP, alcohol, or prescription drugs, drug use affects everyone's safety in the workplace and causes changes in "normal" work patterns and behaviors.

(barbiturates, ‘ludes, tranquilizers, downers)

Effects Slurred speech Staggered gait Symptoms of alcohol intoxication with

no alcohol odor on breath Disorientation Slowing of mental processes and

reflexes Lack of facial expression or

animation, flaccid appearance Even if you don't use drugs or alcohol, you can help keep your workplace drug free by learning to recognize the warning signs of drug abuse on the job.

Frequent visits to different physicians for prescriptions to treat nervousness, insomnia, stress or tension

INHALANTS (glue, vapor producing solvents, propellants, typewriter correction fluid, nitrous oxide, amyl nitrite, butyl nitrite)

You must remember, however, some of these same warning signs are indicative of other problems such as diabetes, thyroid disease, etc. It's not the job of co-workers or supervisors to diagnose or treat substance abuse. Your job is to know the facts and help protect your family, your co-workers, and the public from the effects of drug abuse.

Effects Nausea, sneezing, coughing, nosebleeds Bad breath or substance odor on breath

and clothes Feeling and looking tired Drowsiness or unconsciousness Decreased heart and breathing rate Lack of coordination Loss of appetite Preference for group activity rather than

being alone Presence of bags or rags containing sol-

vent in locker, etc. Discarded whipped cream or similar

chargers (users of nitrous oxide) Small bottles labeled "incense' (users of

butyl nitrite) DOT Policy Rev. 6.0 24 09/05/2006

Drug And Alcohol Testing Policy For Ballico Cressey Bus Drivers

KNOW THE SIGNS Work Patterns • Difficulty in concentrating

Work requires great effort Jobs take more time Hand tremors

• Confusion Difficulty in recalling instructions Difficulty with complex assignments Difficulty recalling own mistakes

• High and low periods of productivity • Lowered job efficiency

Missed deadlines Mistakes due to inattention Waste of material Bad decisions Subject of complaints from

industry/public representatives

Improbable excuses for poor performance

Deterioration of job performance Associated with Substance Abuse

Absenteeism and Tardiness Unauthorized leave Excessive sick leave Monday and Friday absences Repeated absences of 2-4 days Repeated absences of 1-2 weeks (5-

10 days) Excessive tardiness, especially

returning from lunch or on Monday mornings

Leaving work early Peculiar and Improbable excuses for

absences Higher absenteeism rate than other

employees for colds, flu, gastritis, etc.

Frequent unscheduled short-term absences

Employee Relationships on the job Over-reaction to real or imagined

criticism Withdrawal or inappropriately

talkative Mood swings Borrowing money from co-workers Subject of complaints from co-

workers Unreasonable resentments Avoidance of associates Stealing small items from co-workers

and employers

On-the-job Absenteeism

Continued absences from post Frequent trips to water fountain or

bath, room Long coffee breaks Physical illness on the job

Accidents Accidents on the job Accidents off the job (but affecting

job performance) Ignoring safety rules Using equipment recklessly Taking unreasonable risks

DOT Policy Rev. 6.0 25 09/05/2006


MARIJUANA (dope, weed, herb, grass, pot, reefer, mary jane)

OPIATES

(horse, smack, junk, H, morpho, dollies, heroin, opium, morphine, codeine) Rapid loud talking

Excessive laughter or inappropriate happiness

Forgetfulness In a conversation (i.e. "What was I saying?")

Inflammation In whites of eyes; pupils unlikely to be dilated

Appearance of intoxication, but has no smell of alcohol

Appearance of sleepiness or stupor In the latter stages

Distorted sense of time passage, tendency to overestimate time intervals

Tendency to drive vehicles slowly, below speed limit

Increase In appetite especially after smoking marijuana

Odor similar to burnt rope on clothing or breath

Presence of roach clips (e.g. paperclips, bobby pins, hemostats or tweezers) and bongs or water pipes

Pinpoint pupils that fall to respond to light - Respiratory depression Drowsiness Nausea and vomiting Apathy and decreased physical activity

Short lived euphoria or feeling good effects

Changes in state of mind, going back and forth from feeling alert to drowsy

Coma or death (result of overdose)

COCAINE (coke, crack, snow.)

Dilated pupils Runny nose; reddened and sore nose, cold

or chronic sinus/nasal problems, nosebleeds Respiratory problems Unexplained bursts of energy Restlessness

or nervousness Repetitive and non-purposeful behavior

Irritability and anxiety Long periods without sleeping or eating, likely

to be emaciated While powder in container and/or around

nose Use or possession of paraphernalia including

spoons, razor blades, mirrors, little bottles of white powder, and straws

DOT Policy Rev. 6.0 26 09/05/2006


DRUGS AND ALCOHOL DON'T WORK HERE

AMPHETAMINES Drugs and workplace don't mix. The overall effects of drugs on your life and the subsequent consequences can be devastating.

(speed, meth, hearts, pep pills, beanies, uppers,

peaches, cartwheels, sky-rockets) Accidents The use of alcohol and drugs reduces a person's normal reaction time, thereby increasing chances of accidents as long as the drug remains in the bloodstream.

Dilated pupils

Dryness of mucous membranes (dry mouth and lips)

Excessive sweating and shakiness

Reduced or loss of appetite Lack of sleep, insomnia Talkativeness, but conversation

often lacks continuity; changes subjects rapidly

Unusual energy, accelerated movements and activities

Illness and HealthUsers of alcohol and drugs often ignore good health habits. Ingesting, inhaling or injecting drugs encourages disease, illness and death. Addiction When one's whole experience is centered around alcohol or drugs, this dependency takes away personal freedom. The chemical substances are "in control.'

PHENYCLIDINE (PCP) Pupils may appear dilated Mask-like facial appearance Rigid muscles, strange gait Irrational speech or behavior Symptoms of Intoxication Hallucinations Violent or frightened reactions Subject to flashbacks Exaggerated physical and

mental reactions to situations Disorientation; agitation and

violence if exposed to excessive sensory stimulation Deadened sensory perception (may experience severe injuries while not appearing to notice)

Financial BurdenDrugs are expensive! The financial cost of related insurance, health, and legal problems resulting from illicit drug and alcohol use is excessive.

Legal PenaltiesConvicted substance abusers can spend their most productive years in prison while life's dreams and goals become less and less possible

Crime Substance abusers often commit crime to support their drug habit.

DOT Policy Rev. 6.0 27 09/05/2006

Documents

Drug And Alcohol Testing Policy For Ballico Cressey … CRESSEY DO… · Drug And Alcohol Testing Policy For Ballico Cressey School District Bus Drivers THE OMNIBUS ACT The Omnibus