Dustavrana rs021 gdg

“ PREPARATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF VRANA

RAKSHASA TAILA AND ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY ON KAPHAJA

DUSTA VRANA ”

By

DR.RAVINDRA G. NANDI.

DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA,

BANGALORE

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF

AYURVEDA VACHASPATI M.D

In

RASASHASTRA

GUIDE CO-GUIDE DR.M.C.PATIL DR. JAGADEESH G MITTI.

M.D.(Ayu) M.D.(Ayu) Prof & Head of the Department, Lecturer.

Department of Rasashastra. Department of Rasashastra. DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA, POST GRADUATE STUDIES & RESEARCH CENTER,

D.G.M. AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE & HOSPITAL, GADAG –582103

2006-2009

Ayurmitra

TAyComprehended

Post Graduate, Research Center, D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103

Department of Post Graduate Studies in RASASHASTRA

J.S.V.V. SAMITE’S

DECLARATION

I here by declare that this dissertation entitled “ PREPARATION, PHYSICO-

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS VRANA RAKSHASA TAILA AND ITS CLINICAL

EFFICACY IN KAPHAJA DUSTA VRANA ” is a bonafide and genuine research

work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr.M.C.Patil. Professor & HOD,

Department of Post Graduate Studies in Rasashastra, D. G. M Ayurvedic Medical

College, Gadag –582103

Dr. RAVINDRA G. NANDI. P.G.Schalor, Dept. of Rasashastra, Post Graduate, Research Center, D.G.M Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103

Date:

Place: Gadag.

Department of Post graduate Studies in RASASHASTRA

Post Graduate, Research Center, D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103

J.S.V.V. SAMITE’S

CERTIFICATE

I here by declare that this dissertation entitled “PREPARATION, PHYSICO-

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF VRANA RAKSHASA TAILA AND ITS CLINICAL

EFFICACY IN KAPHAJA DUSTA VRANA ” is a bonafide and genuine

research work done by Dr.Ravindra G. Nandi. in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati (M.D) in Rasashastra of

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.

Date:

Place: Gadag.

Guide Dr.M.C.Patil. M.D(AYU) Pof & Head of the department Rasashastra, Post Graduate, Research Center D.G.M. Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103

Department of Post graduate Studies in RASASHASTRA

D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College & Post Graduate, Research Center Gadag –582103 Dist: Gadag

J.S.V.V. SAMITE’S

CERTIFICATE




research work done by Dr. Ravindra G. Nandi in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati (M.D) in Rasashastra of

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.

Date:

Place: Gadag.

Co-Guide Dr. JAGADEESH G. MITTI. M.D. Lecturer Rasashastra Post Graduate, Research Center D.G.M. Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103

ENDORSMENT BY THE HOD, PRINCIPAL / HEAD OF THE

INSTITUTATION

J.S.V.V. SAMITE’S

ENDORSEMENT




research work done by Dr.Ravindra G. Nandi under the guidence of

Dr.M.C.Patil Professor, HOD Department of Post Graduate Studies &

Dr.JAGADEESH G. MITTI Lecturer, Department of Rasashastra, Post

Graduate Studies in D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College, Gadag.

Seal & Signature of the HOD. Date:

Seal & Signature of the

Principal:

Date:

Place:

Place: Gadag.

COPYRIGHT

I here by declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,

Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this

dissertation in print or electronic format for academic / research purpose.

Date:

Place: Gadag

Dr. . Ravindra G. Nandi P.G.Schalor, Dept. of Rasashastra, Post Graduate, Research Center, D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I Salute to God, My father shri Gangadhar M. Nandi & mother smt

Sulochana is the only Inspiration. This work carries some sweat memories to express

& record about some distinguished personalities by whom I had been inspired during

the course of this thesis.

I deserve my respectful greetings in the lotus feet of Jagadguru Shri.

Abhinava Shivanandmahaswamiji to his holiness and divine blessings.

I express my deep sense of gratitude to my respected guide

Prof.Dr.M.C.Patil. MD(Ayu) Head of Dept. of RS, DGMAMC & PGSRC, Gadag. He

has been very kind to guide me in the preparation of thesis & for who extraordinary

efforts, tremendous encouragement & most valuable thought provoking critical

suggestions, made me to complete this work.

I am extremely greatful & obliged to my co-guide Dr.Jagadeesh

G.Mitti MD(Ayu). Lecturer in Rasashastra, PG studies & Research center

DGMAMC, Gadag, for patiently going through the draft of thesis & correcting with

precious remarks which have been very useful.

I am extremely greatful & obliged to Dr.M D Samudri MS(Ayu).

Lecturer in Shalyatantra, PG studies & Research center DGMAMC, Gadag,for his

valuable and ablest suggestions in completion of my research work.

I am thankful to Dr.G.B.Patil principal, DGMAMC,

PGSRC,Gadag, for providing all necessary facilities for this research work.

I wish to convey thanks to my teacher Prof.Dr.R.K.Gachchinamath

HOD,Rasashastra dept,(UG) DGMAMC, Gadag, for being kind & affectionate

through his valuable suggestions & advises.

I dedicate my thesis work to my teacher late Dr. Dilipkumar B. MD

(Ayu). for kind advise encouragement during the study.

I solute my friend late Dr.Shivakumar somalapurfor his kind co-operation.

I acknowledge the valuable help given to me by Dr.Girish

danappagouder MD (Ayu)Asist proffesors.

I wish to convey thanks to Dr.Suvarna nidagundi M D (Ayu),

Dr.Shashikant Nidagundi MD(Ayu) Lecturer, Dr.yasminA.phanipandM.D(Ayu),

Dr.kubersank,Dr.santoshbelavadi,Dr.jayarajbasarigidada,Dr.shakuntalagaravada,

Dr.G.S.Hiremath ,Dr.r.v.shetter, Dr.U.V.Purada, Dr.S.A.Patil,,Dr.paraddi for their

support during my PG study.

I am very much greatfull to the support &motivation of my P G

studies brother in law shri.G.M.Palled. & my sister smt Geeta & son in law,

Nandeesh.

I extend my immense pleasure to my loving sisters smt

Bharati,smt Mangala,&brother in law shri Somashekhar,shri Sureesh.son in laws

Sandesh,Malatesh, Manoja. Daughter in law Shardha,Nishita.

I wish to convey thanks to all UG & PG lectures of DGMAMC,

Gadag, for their timely help & constant co-operation during my PG work.

I sincerely thank my beloved friend Dr. kavita, Dr saravamangala

DrAnupama.

I thank to seniors Dr.kattimani, Dr. Sharanu, Dr.Rudrakshi, Dr.Jayashree,Dr.suma

Dr.Ashok for their deep co-operation and involvement in the study.

I sincerely thank my beloved classmates Dr. Nataraj c, Dr.Adarsh,

Dr. UdayGanesh.B ,Dr pasanna joshi.,Dr.Ishwar patil for their deep co-operation

and involvement in the study.

I am also thankful to scholars of PG Dept. of Rasashastra & other

P.G Dept who have directly or indirectly helps my thesis work. & Expected their co-

operation & support during my PG work.

I am glad to express my heartiest thanks to Dr. jeetenda,.Dr.praveen

palled, Dr.jadhav,Dr.Deepa ,Dr.Mahantaswamy, pharmacy college Bagalkot,

helped me in carrying out analytical works, and for giving kind suggestions.

I wish to convey my thanks to beloved librarian, Sri.

V.M.Mundinamani, Asst. Shavi, Kerur for providing many valuable references in the

study. I am thankful to Sri. B.S.Tippanagouda, Lab technician, who extended this co-

operation in investigations.

I tender my sincere thanks to DrAshok patil,who helped me in the

time of statistical evaluation & results.

I wish to thank the physicians, House surgeons, Hospital staff, nurses

& non teaching staff for their timely assistance in completion of this work.

Let me express my thanks to all patients, those were on trial for their

consent for enrolling in this clinical study & obedience to advises.

I am highly indebted to my beloved parents, sisters & other family

members for their love & affection rendered through out my career.

I express my thanks to all the persons who have helped me directly &

indirectly.

Gadag

October 2008 Dr:Ravindra G .Nandi

ABBREVIATION

1. R.T - Rasa Tarangini

2. R.R.S - Rasa ratna Samuchchaya

3. R.P.S - Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara.

4 A.P - Ayurveda Prakash

5. R.M - Rasamritam

6. R.J - Rasa Jala Nidhi

7. R.Chu - Rasendra Chudamani

8. B.R - Bhisajya Ratnavali.

9. K.N - Kaideva Nighantu

10. M.N - Madanapala Nighantu

11. R.N - Raja Nighantu

12. B.P - Bhava Prakasha Nighantu

13. D.N - Dhanvantari Nighantu

14. Ch.S - Charaka Samhita

15. S.S - Sushruta Samhita

16. A.S - Ashtanga Sangraha

17. A.H - Ashtanga Hridaya

18. B.S – Bela Samhita

19. H.S – Harita Samhita

20. K.S – Kashapa Samhita

21. Y.R - Yogaratnakar

22. D.S - Das surgery.

23. B.T – Before treatment

24. A.T – After treatment

25. _ Not mentioned.

26. + Mentioned

LIST OF TABLES

Sl.N0. Topic Page. No.

1) Heating Pattern of Taila 08

2) Synonyms of Parada 16

3) Bheda of Parada on Varna 17

4) Bheda of Parada on uttapatti stana 17

5) Synonyms of Gandhaka 22

6) Shodhana dravya according to different authorities 23

7) Ashudha manashila sevana dosha 32

8) Manashila shodhana 33

9) Synonyms of Vatsanabha 36

10) Vividha Bhasha Nama 36

11) Classical Categorization: 36

12) Showing the Vatsnabha bheda According to Yogaratnakara. 37

13) According to Rasatarangani 37

14) According to Ayurveda Prakasha 37

15) Vatsanabha shodhana according to different authors. 39

16) Gunakarma of Vatsanabha. 40

17) Synonyms of Girisindhoora 43

18) Guna of Girisindhoora 45

19) Rogaghnata, (Indications) of Sindhoora. 45

20) Paryayas of Tamra 50

21) Rasa of Tamra 52

22) Guna of Tamra 52

23) Virya of Tamra 52

24) Vipaka of Tamra 53

25) Karma of Tamra 53

26) Ashuddha Tamra Doshas 55

27) Lakshanas of Vaataja Vrana 66

28) Lakshanas of Pittaja Vrana 66

29) Lakshanas of Kaphaja Vrana 67

30) Lakshanas of Dvandvaja,Tridoshaja and Sannipaataja Vrana 68

31) Lakshana of Sadyo Vrana 69

32) Lakshana of Sùddha Vrana 70

33) Lakshanas of Dushtà Vrana 71

34) Lakshanas of Ruhyamaana Vrana 72

35) Lakshanas of Samyak Rood`ha Vrana 72

36) Color of Vrana 73

37) Vrana Gandha 73

38) Sthaana of Vrana according to Sus`ruta and Caraka 74

39) Vrana Sthaana according to Maadhavakara 74

40) Upadrava 86

41) Clinical classification of Ulcer 88

42) Observation of patient based on Age 132

43) Observation of patient based on Sex 133

44) Observation of patient based on Religon 133

45) Observation of patient based on Education 134

46) Observation of patient based on Marital rates 134

47) Observation of patient based on Occupation 135

48) Observation of patient based on Economical Status 135

49) Observation of patient based on Vrana lakshanas 136

50) Table Showing grades of “Gandha” before & after treatment 137

51) Table Showing grades of “Srava” before & after treatment 137

52) Table Showing grades of “Kandu” before & after treatment 137

53) Table Showing grades of “Varna” before & after treatment 138

54) Table Showing grades of “Vedana ” before & after treatment 138

55) Table Showing grades of “Daha ” before & after treatment 138

56) Table Showing grades of “Akruti” before & after treatment 138

57) Assessment of Subjective parameters. 139

58) Showing the Result of the study 140

LIST OF GRAPHS Sl.N0. Topic Page. No.

1.Observation of patient based on Age 133

2.Observation of patient based on Sex 133

3.Observation of patient based on Religion 133

4.Observation of patient based on Education 134

5.Observation of patient based on Marital rates 134

6.Observation of patient based on Occupation 135

7.Observation of patient based on Economical status 136

8.Showing the Result of the study 140

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

1. Raw drugs of the Vrana rakshasa taila.

2. Patients photos .

ABSTRACT

Kaphaja dusta vrana is a very common condition. This can be correlated to

wound/ ulcer, as explained in classics.

In modern science there are number of drugs for Kaphaja dusta vrana , but a

successful remedy is yet to come out. Here Vrana rakshasa taila, a herbomineral

formulation mentioned in classics,is utilized to find out its efficacy in the

management of Kaphaja dusta vrana.

Objectives:

a. Preparation of Vrana Rakshasa Taila.

b. Physico-chemical analysis of Vrana rakshasa taila.

c. clinical study of Vrana rakshasa taila on Kaphaja dusta vrana.

METHODS:

Pharmaceutical study:

a.Parada according to Rasendra sarasangraha 1 chapter shloka no 30.

b.Gandhaka,Haratala,Manashila,Vatsanabha 8-11-24 chapter shloka no 8-12,

16-18, 23-24,109.

c.Tamra shodana Rasaratna samuchaya 5 chapter shloka no-52.

d. Preparation of Vrana rakshasa taila according to Bhisajya ratnavali 47 chapter

shloka no 71-73.

Analytical study:

For Vrana rakshasa taila Loss on drying at 1100c, ketone bodies, iodine value,

Specific gravity, Refractive index, Saponification value and including organoleptic

tests have been carried out.

Clinical study

20 patients of Kaphaja Dusta Vrana with confirmed diagnose are taken from the OPD

section of PGRCDGM Ayurvedic medical collage hospital Gadag.

Results:

Results showed highly significant in subjective as well as objective

parameters.

Interpretation & Conclusion:

1. The dravyas which are mentioned in the classical procedure of shodhana

definitely induces the disease curing property.

2. Modern physico-chemical analysis is proved that this yoga is effective.

3. By clinical study and statistical value it is proved that Vrana rakshasa taila is

effective in Kaphaja dusta vrana.

Key words:

Kaphaja dusta vrana, wound, parada,

Gandhaka,Haratala,Manashila,Vatsanabha,Lashoona,

Girisindhoora,Tamra Shodhana,

Taila kalpana, saponification value, Ketone bodies.

Subjective & Objective criteria, Study duration.

CONTENTS

Page Number. 1 ABSTRACT 2 AKNOELEDGEMENT I. INTRODUCTION 1-2

II. OBJECTIVES 3

III. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1. PROCEDURE REVIEW 4-13

2. DRUG REVIEW 15-58

3. DISEASE REVIEW 59-105

IV. METHODOLOGY

1. PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY 106-123

2. ANALYTICAL STUDY 124-127

3. CLINICAL STUDY 128-131

V. OBSERVATION & RESULTS 132-140

VI. DISCUSSION 141-147

VII. CONCLUSION 148

VIII. SUMMARY 149-151

BIBLIOGRAPHY 152-167

ANNEXURE – 1 MASTER CHART

ANNEXURE – 2 CASE SHEET

Introduction

Preparation , Physio-Chemical Analysis of Vrana Rakshasha taila and its Clinical Efficacy in Kaphaja Dusta Vrana

1

INTRODUCTION

The most ancient system of medicine is ayurveda . It is based on its own

fundamental principles concepts. Those are deeply rooted into the oldest scriptures of

Hindu veda i.e. “Atharvanaveda”. It is an encyclopedia of ancient eternal medical

wisdom in spite of its antiquity. (3,000 years old) it is being practicing today all over

the world.

Rasashastra is One of the branches of Ayurveda , which is well developed by

Nagarjuna, the pioneer of Rasashastra. He practiced Ayurveda by using Rasadravya’s

i.e metals, minerals, gems etc, to achieve the aims of Rasashastra. i.e. Lohasiddhi and

Dehasiddhi. Now Rasashastra holds topmost place in Ayurveda due to its unique

preparation’s – Rasabhasma’s, Kharaliya rasayana, Pottali rasayana, Parpati rasayana,

Kupipakwa rasayana and their utility.

Metal and minerals are used in ,herbo mineral formulations like taila,vati etc

preparations.These preparations are used in treating the diseases and prescribed

systamaticaly and applied locally or externally. eg.Vrana Rakshasa Taila,containing

sindhura,Haratala,Manashila and Kajjali.It is having unique way of preparation with

out agnisamskar.This taila is indicated in dusta vrana.

To obtain the gunune ingredients is a big contravarcy, in preparation of taila

with correct paka it requires lot of attention .but the vrana rakshasa taila is a

preparation with out agni samskar and dose not require shodhana.

Incresed life facilities have also increased the diseases. Accidents are the

largest life takeing causes. every accident end up with a wound and also some

systemic diseases leads to wounds may end up with complications such as sepsis,

deformity etc and even some times death. Even though the wound is healed by many

Introduction


2

remedies it leaves scar, keloid etc. At this junction a local application is to be planed

in such a way that it not only heals but also prevent the post healed complications.

Vrana which posses a great problem in the skin. This problem is difficult to

manage along with medicaments of various prescriptions and methodologies have

been tried out but a successful remedy is yet to come out. Cases when treated by

number of medicine have a high rate of relapse and hypersensitivity in due course.

Hence we find countable satisfactory remedies for vrana in contemporary medical

service.

Patients present with different wounds with different clinical

manifestations.Many patients with poor hygienic and proper medications end up in

complications.the wound having srava,durgandha etc which leads to dusta vrana.at

this stage it requires special care in terms of treatment.

We can find in ayurveda number of therapies for Vrana have been explained.

But local applications are more beneficial than the other process. Because they are

quick absorbable, they protect the skin from external irritants and from sunlight,

promotes percutaneous absorption of the incorporated drug, thus allowing an active

pharmacological effect on the skin. Also highly significance regarding cosmetic

purpose that is in the management of post heal scar.

According to Bhishajya ratnavali, Vrana rakshasa taila is indicated

especially in Vrana.The present yoga acts as a Kaphapittashamaka, Kandughna,

Kushtaghna, Vrunashodhaka and ropaka. Keeping in the view of the above facts it

was felt to conduct a study to analysis the efficacy of Vrana rakshasa taila in the

management of Vrana with a view to find out therapeutically efficacious, safer and

cost effective. Thus the present work “PREPARATOION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL

ANALYSIS OF VRANA RAKSHASA TAILA AND ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY IN

KAPHAJA DUSTA VRANA”is under taken.


3

OBJECTIVES

1. Preparation of Vrana rakshasa taila.

2. Physico-Chemical analysis of Vrana rakshasa taila

3. Clinical evaluation of Vrana rakshasa taila on kaphaja dusta vrana.

According to Bhishajya ratnavali Vrana rakshasa taila is indicated especially

in Vrana.

Vrana Rakshasa Taila is for external application containing

sindhura,Haratala,Manashila and Kajjali. It is having unique way of preparation with

out agnisamskar.

In preparation of taila it requires lot of attention for correct paka, but the vrana

rakshasa taila is a preparation with out agni samskar and does not require shodhana.

Procedure review


4

Sneha kalpana:

Various kalpanas are mentioned in samhitas, in that Sneha Kalpana is

elobarately explained. In Charaka Samhita Kalpasthana 12th chapter1, extraction of

taila and taila paka including tests and standards of taila paka are mentioned in detail.

Sushruta2 and Ashtanga hridaya have explained same as in Charaka.

In Sharangadhara Samhita Madhyama Khanda3 the definition of preparation,

method of preparation, dose and various formulations have been described in detail.

The nomenclature of Sneha Kalpana is sum of words Sneha and Kalpana,

where Sneha means fat or fatty material and Kalpana stands for pharmaceutical

process of medicaments. The substance, which is called Sneha Dravya, will have

Guru, Sheeta, Sara, Snigdha, Manda, Sukshma, Mrudhu, Drava gunas.

In Ayurveda Ghrita and Taila Kalpana are included in Sneha Kalpana.

Advantages of Sneha Kalpana:

1. To extract the fat soluble active principles of plants and minerals.

2. To obtain extra benefits of specific Taila or Ghrita used.

3. To preserve the drugs for longer time.

4. To enhance the absorption of drugs, when used topically in fatty medias.

Definition4:-

For the sneha kalpana, medicaments prepared by using 1 part of Kalka dravya,

4 parts of taila/ghrita and 16 parts of drava dravy .

Procedure review


5

According to Charaka:

While preparing Sneha Kalpana, quantity of the water, sneha, aoushada dravya

and Kalka is not mentioned, in such conditions one part of the aoushada, 4 parts of

Sneha, 16 parts of water is advised.

According to Sushruta:

When there is no specifications of drava dravyas then water is advised, same

way if there is no specifications of Kalka and Kwatha in such conditions mentioned

dravadravya, Kalka, Kwatha can be prepared.

According to Vagbhata:

In Snehapaka preparation the quantity of water, Sneha, is not mentioned in

such condition 1 part of dravadravya, ¼ part of Sneha, 1/16 part of kalka is advised.

According to Navaparibhasha:-

Murchit Sneha 1 prasta or ½ prasta, 4 parts of water and ¼ part of Sneha

Kalka is added. Give mandagni and do stirring continuously with dravi upto Siddi

lakshanas are attained.

According to Vaidaka paribhasha pradeep.

¼ reduced Kwatha, ¼ of Sneha Kwatha is advised for Snehapaka.

According to Bhashajya ratnavali:

while doing Snehapaka, Sneha murchana should be done. Mentioned

quantity of Kwatha and Swarasa are added, Paka should be done in Mandagni up to

Snehasiddhi lakshanas are seen.

Procedure review


6

Murchana5 :

Snehas are widely used in Ayurvedic practice both internally and externally.

Such Sneha Kalpans should be subjected to a primary process known as Murchana. It

is a refining process of both Snehas , before subjecting the drug to Snehapaka. Better

colour, odour, taste, results and efficacy of drug are expected from Murchana. It

increases solubility of active principles and absorbility to get maximum property.

We can not get any reference to Murchana either in Laghutraya or in

brihatraya. Acharya Govinda Das, the author of Bhaishajya ratnavali is the first

person to mention about this.

The purpouse of doing Snehamurchana is to remove the durgandha, amadosha

and ugrata etc. Bad characters of crude form of Sneha, by doing Murchana Samskara

Sneha dravya will be appreciated with good smell and colour, apart from these

becauses of Murchana Sneha will get such capability to receive more principles.

While the preparation of Snehapaka, veerya of the Sneha is enhanced, because of

Murchana Samskara, Sneha will get the active principles of Murchana dravyas too.

General Method of Preparation of Snehapaka:

In generally Snehapaka vidhi can be divided into 3 stages.

1. Poorva karma

2. Pradhana karma

3. Paschat karma.

Procedure review


7

1. Poorva karma:

a. Collection of equipments:

Sneha patra, Darvi(stirrer), Sieve, Khalvayantra, Tula yantra, Koshti.

b. Collection of drugs:

Classically mentioned drugs, including mentioned Sneha and jala.

c. Preparation of Kalka:

The drugs from which Kalka is to be prepared if it is fresh or wet should be

washed well and ground into a paste in a khalva yantra. If it is dry, do Yavakuta

choorna of that and prepare paste by mardana with little quantity of water.

2. Pradhana Karma:

a. Systematic mixing of the ingredients:

If it is ghritapaka, first Murchita ghrita has to be collected and melted in a

Snehapatra with gentle heat, then the pieces of kalka / bolus are added little by little

into the Sneha, stirred continuously with dravi, this is followed because to avoid over

burning of the kalka and the whole contents is maintained over Mandagni.

In case of Taila, the kalka and drava dravya are mixed together the Sneha is

then added, boiled and stirred continuously. So that the kalka is not allowed to adhere

the vessel.

b. Heating pattern6:-

Always Taila paka should be prepared on mrudu and madhyamagni only.

The preparation like taila, Ghrita should not be completed within a day, to gain more

potency prepare more than a day. Time taken for the completion of Snehapaka varies

according to nature of dravyas.

Procedure review


8

Table No—01.

Sl.No Duration Dravadravya 1 1 day Vrihi and Mamsa rasa 2 2 days Dugdha 3 3 days Swarasa 4 5 days Takra and Aranal

Surya tapi vidhi :-

The preparation of sneha paka is also carried out from the surya tapi vidhi.

The Vrana rakshasa taila is prepared from this method.

In this method we are keeping the drug ,along with taila and water in sun light up to

the evaporation of the water, and up to the taila sidda lakshana.

c. Factors to be known while preparing Sneha Kashaya.

The padavashta Kashaya should be prepared from mrudu, madhyama and kathina

dravyas by adding 4,8 and 16 parts of water respectively. Regarding the proportion of

Kalka, Sneha and dravadravyas there is an identical opinion in Brihatrayas7-9.

When dravadravyas more than 5, each drava dravya should be taken in the same

quantity as that of Sneha. If drava dravyas are less than 5 the total quantity of all the

liquids should be 4 times to that of Sneha dravya10.

If dravadravyas are not mentioned in any of the Sneha preparations, water to be

used to replace the drava. It should be 4 times the quantity of oil used11.

If Kalka dravya is not mentioned in any Sneha preparations, It must be prepared

by using the dravya itself12 .

When flower is used as Kalka dravya, in any of the Sneha preparation then its

quantity should be 1/8th of that of oil13 .

Procedure review


9

d. Sneha Siddhi Lakshana14 :-

When Snehapaka Completes, the following confirmation tests can be observed.

a. Snehapaka becomes wick like (Varti) when rolled between two fingers.

b. There should not be any sound when Sneha kalka is sprinkled over fire.

c. Foam is observed when taila paka completes. On the contrary it subsides in ghee.

d. Specific colour, odour and taste of the ingredients become marked when

Snehapaka is over.

e. Types of Snehapaka15 :-

Though Snehapakas are five in number; the most important are only three.

1. Mrudu

2 Madhyama

3. Khara

Remaining two are Ama and Dagdha paka

Mrudu paka Sneha will have Kalka with little quantity of moisture Kalka of

Madhyama paka Sneha will be soft, but avoid of moisture content. Kharapaka Sneha

will have slightly hard. Dagdhapaka Sneha will have hard and brittle kalka. It causes

burning sensation and is unfit for therapeutic use. Sneha with Amapaka will not have

any potency and heavy for digestion.

Paschat Karma:-

a. Collection:

In order to obtain optimum quantity of Sneha, the Kalka should be squeezed

(after the paka) at hot stage only. Gandha paka dravyas should be added gently with

stirring, when the Sneha is in luke warm state.

Procedure review


10

b. Preservation:-

Ghrita can be preserved in glass or polythene containers and usually tailas are

preserved in glass or plastic bottles. Usually glass jars (wide mouth) are used for

packing purpose of Ghrita. Where as for taila preservation narrow mouthed glass or

plastic bottles are used.

c.Shelf life (Expiry date )16:

According to Sharangadara shelf life of Snehakalpana is mentioned as 4 months.

According to pharmacopia in Ayu, part-I

Ghrita and taila preparations, maintains the potency for about 16 months.

Precautions should be taken for the preparation of Snehakalpa17 :

Sneha should be pure, clear and without sturry.

1.Taila patra should be wide mouthed, because during the process, taila may come out if

it is having narrow mouth. Depending upon the quantity of Sneha, the size of the Sneha

patra should be selected.

2.During Snehapaka maintain the intensity of fire through the operation in order to get

desirable grade of temperature.

3.Gentle boiling of Sneha is to be maintained continuously. Always Snehapaka should be

prepared in mridu and madhyamagni only.

4.If taila is hot suddenly kwatha should not be poured, if it is poured taila may come out

from the vessel. Hence while stirring only kwatha has to be added slowly.

5.The mixture is stirred constantly and carefully to ensure that the kalka does not stick to

the bottom of the vessel resulting into a carbonization.

6.When all drava dravya is evaporated, the moisture in the kalka also evaporate, at this

stage; it has to be stirred more often and carefully to ensure that the kalka does not stick

Procedure review


11

to the bottom of the vessel. The kalka is taken out and tested time to time to know the

condition and stage of the paka.

7.Sneha required, preparing with Gomutra like kshara dravya combination Sneha may

produce excessive phena. Thus Sneha may come out of the Snehapatra during pakavasta.

8.In particular Snehakalpana whatever the quantity of Sneha is prescribed that much

quantity of Sneha only is supposed to be taken.

9. If in particular formulation Sneha quantity is not mentioned then one seru Sneha has to

be taken and on the bases of Sneha quantity, the kalka, drava dravya quantity also to

estimated.

Liquid dosage form18 :-

Liquid dosage forms commonly used in pharmacy are either monophasic or

biphasic.

Monophasic liquid dosage form refers to liquid preparation in which there is

only one phase. It is represented by true solution. A true solution is a clear

homogenous mixture. That is prepared by dissolving a solid, liquid or gas in a liquid.

Classification:-

Classification into 2 groups.

Liquids meant for internal administration, for eg, mixtures, syrups and elixirs.

Liquids meant for external administrations.

Eg: Gargles, mouth wastes, throat pains, douches, nasal drops, eye drops, eardrops,

liniments and lotions.

Procedure review


12

Liquid to be applied to the skin:-

Monophasic Liquid dosage form

Lotions are liquid preparations meant for external application with out

friction. They are applied directly to the skin with help of some absorbent material,

such as cotton wool or gauze soaked in it. Lotions may be used for local action as

cooling, soothing or protective purposes. They are generally applied for antiseptic

action. (Eg- Calamine lotion)

Alcohol is sometimes included in aqueous lotions for its cooling and

soothing effect Eg. -Salicylic acid lotion.

Where as the addition of glycerin in a lotion keeps the skin moist for

sufficient long time and does not allow the preparation to dry.

Bacterial and molds grow in certain lotions is no preservative is added care

must be taken to avoid contamination during preparation of the lotion.

Internal External

1.Mixture

2. Syrup Application on skin used in Mouth Instilled into body

3. Elixir 1. Liniment 1. Gargles 1. Douche

4. Linctus 2. Lotion 2. Mouth wash 2. Ear drop

3. Throat paint 3. Nasal drop

4. Nasal spray

Procedure review


13

Containers:- Lotion should be dispensed in coloured fluted bottles in order to

distinguish them from preparations meant for internal use.

Labeling:- The containers should be labeled “ For external use only”. Some times on

long standing lotion have a tendency to separate out. Therefore the container must be

labeled “Shake well before use”

Storage: - Lotion should be stored in an air tight container.

Review of Literature. Drug


15

1. Parada

It is the most important and foremost ingredient of compounds of Rasashastra,

without which the science of Alchemy – Rasashastra perhaps would not have existed.

Vividha Bhasha Nama19:

Sanskrit - Parada

Hindi - Para

English - Mercury, Quick silver

Kannada - Padarasa

Gujarati - Paro

Marathi - Para

Latin - Hydrargyrum

French - Mercure

German - Merkure

Arab - Abuk; Zibakh

Parsian - Simab; Zeebag.

Bengali - Para

Malayalam - Rassam

Telugu - Padarasam

Tamil - Padrasa

Konkani - Padrasa



16

Table No--02 Bheda , Paryayas on the basis of Roopa, Guna, Utpatti20.

Praptisthana

In Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, it is mentioned that in ancient times mercury was

found mainly in Darada desha and also in Himalayas in small amount. But now a day,

it is obtained mainly from the mines of Spain, America, Italy, Australia, British

Bornea, China, Russia, and Japan.

Parada Bheda21-22

The varieties of Parada described in different text are based on the 2 factors

1. Depending on the Colour.

2. Depending on the place of Origin.

Sl No Swaroopa Synonyms

1 Swarupatmaka Galadroupyanibham, Mahavanhi, Mahateja, Suvarna

2 Gatyatmaka Kheehara, Chapala, Chala, Dhoorthaka.

3 Dehavadatmaka Rasayana, Amrtim, Mrtyunasana, Jaiva, Dehada, Paramamruta, Parata, Parada, Rasayana Shreshta

4 Dhatuvadatmaka

Maharasa, Rasottama, Suta, Divyarasa, Rasarasendra,Rasesha, Rasadhatu, Rasaraja, Rasanath,Sidhadhatu, Soota, Sootaka, Sootaratha, Mishraka, Chamara.

5 Visista Gynantmaka Ananta, Suksma, Saubhagya, Amara, Kalikantaka,

6 Darshanika/Aadhyatmika Divya, Acintyah, Jeeva, Jaiva

7 Dharmika/Devatmaka

Trinetra, Trilochana, Deva, Dehaja, Prabhu, Rudraja, Lokesh, Vijendra, Budha, Rajaswala, Shanta, Shiva, Shivaveerya, Skandha, Harateja, Harabeeja, Shivahaya, Shivabeeja



17

Table No--03 Bheda of Parada depending on the Varna:

Sl No Types Colour Caste Karma

1 Sweta White Brahmana Swetakarma

2 Rakta Red Kshatriya Therapeutics

3 Peeta Yellow Vaishya Used in alchemy or to Prepare Gold

4 Krishna Black Shudra Used in Maintaining health

Table No-04 Bheda of Parada depending on the utpattisthana:

Sl No Variety Colour Impurities Uses

1 Rasa Rakta Which is free from all types of impurities. Rasayana

2 Rasendra Peeta Free from impurities. Rasayana

3 Suta Isatpeeta With impurities. Deharogaharana

4 Parada Sweta With impurities. Servarogaharana

5 Mishraka Mayur,Chandrika,Vama With impurities. Sarvasiddidayaka

Doshas of Parada23

Parada (Mercury) procured from its original sources or from the market may

contain various types of admixtures. The ancient chemists knew this fact very well

and as such most of the authorities have described impurities of Parada, which run as

follows,

Doshas of Parada

Naisargika Doshas Yougika Doshas Aupadhika Doshas

Visa Vahni Mala

Naga Vanga

Bhumija Girija Varija Nagaja(2) Vangaja(2)

Parpati Patani Bhedi Dravi Malakari

Andhakari Dhwanksi



18

Shodhana:

Samanya Shodhana

Acharyas mentioned Different Procedures like

Parada & Sudha raja (Lime powder) should be taken in equal quantity and mardana

should be done for 3days.

Parada should be filtered through two folded cloth.

Add equal quantity of Nistusha lashana and half quantity of saindhava lavan subject it

for mardana, until it becomes black coloured kalka.

Prakshalana should be done.24

The mixture of triphalakwata, choornas of chitraka, rakthasarshapa, brihati, Gritha

Kumari and parada should be triturated for 3 days, the parada obtained by this method

will be devoid of sapta malas.25

Parada should be triturated with Nagavalli Swarasa, Ardraka Swarasa and

Ksharadraya for 3 days and washed with water. This parada will be shining

like mukta and devoid of Sapta dosha.26

Parada should be triturated with lasuna & Saindava lavana in Tapta Khalvayantara for

7days27.

Vishesh Shodhana of Parada

Specific process of shodhana done, is to remove specific doshas separately is

Vishesh Shodhana. This is done for Rasayana purpose.

Samskara28

The process of subjecting a substance to add specific qualities is called

Samskara. Almost all Rasacharyas opines that, bala, teja, qualities of Parada can be

enhanced. According to various authors Ashtadashasamskar i.e. 18 Samskaras of



19

Parada have been explained, among them. 1st eight are for roga–nivaranarth and

rasayana. Last ten are rasayana & dhatu vada purpose as indicated below.

Roga Nivaranartha & Rasayanarth Rasayanartha & Dhatuvadarth(1-18)

1. Swedana 10. Charana

2. Mardana 11. Garbha dhruti

3. Moorchana 12. Bahyadruti

4. Utthapana 13. Jaarana

5. Patana 14. Ranjana

6. Bodhan 15. Sarana

7. Niyamana 16. Sankramana

8. Deepana 17. Vedha

9. Gagan Bhakshan 18. Bhakshana

Grahya Parada Laxana29-30:

Shuddha Parada from inside seems blue tinged, but from outside it is lustrous

and shines like a mid day sun, which resembles with the properties of mercury

explained in modern chemistry texts. Mercury is a silver white liquid metal, with a

slight bluish tinge. In thin films, it transmits violet lit. (Dict of Applied chemistry vol

IV page No 270).

Rasapanchakas

According to Rasmruta, Rasa Jala Nidhi and Bhava Prakash.

Rasa --- Shadrasa

Guna --- Snigdha, Sara.

Veerya --- Ushna

Vipaka --- Madhura



20

Karma --- Yogavahi, Rasayana, Ativrishya, Balya, Vajikara, Drushtibal

aprada, Dehasiddikara, Lohasiddikara, Vrunaropana and Vruna Shodhana, Krimigna

(Antimicrobial, insecticide) and cures all the diseases

Doshaprabhava – Tridoshagna.

Vyadiprabhava – Krimi, Kushta, Akshiroga, Vataroga, Valiphalita, Kshaya,

Tridoshajaroga & Sarvarogahara, Papajanyaroga,Tapatrayajanyaroga.

Parada Pathya31-32

Ahara:

Mudga, Dugda, Shali, Shak, Punarnava, Meghanad, Saindava, Shunti,

Musta, Padmamula, Jeera, Ardraka, Hamsodaka these are all Pathya aahar.

Vihara:

Aatmajnana, Shivapooja, Shivakatana these are all Pathya Viharas.

Parada Apathya 33

Ahara

Ateemadhyapana,Bhojana,Kakarashtakagana, Pittavardhak, Vatavardhaka

aahar, Kanji, Takra these are all Apathyas.

Vihara:

Jalakrida,Ativyayam,Vyavaya Shayana, Ratrijagarana,Krodha etc, these are

all Apathyas.

Matra

According to RT Swarnajarita parada - ½ Ratti.



21

Mercury

Physical Properties34

Atomic No -- 80

Atomic weight --200.61

Symbol -- Hg

Specific gravity -- 13.595 at 250C

Boiling Point -- 3570C

Freezing point --(- 38.90C

Place in periodic table -- Transition elements of d orbital

Configuration -- 2,8,18,32,18,2

Co ordination No -- 4

Valency -- +1: +2

Occupied outer orbital -- 5d

State -- Metal in liquid form.

Melting point -- 38.870C

English name -- Quick Silver

Latin name -- Hydrargyrum.

Colour -- Shining silvery white

Chemical Properties35

1. Water, Alkalies and air have no influence on mercury.

2. Dilute acids have no action on mercury except nitric acid.

3. Mercury form alloys with many metals and these are called Amalgams.

4. On rubbing mercury with Sulpher in required proportions and a little caustic

potash solution it gives mercuric sulphide. The color changes slowly from black to red



22

2. Gandhaka

In Rasashastra Gandhaka stands next to Parada in importance.

Table No--05 Paryayas of Gandhaka36

Property Synonyms Swarupa Vachaka Navanita, Gandhapashana, Gandhopala Gandha Vachaka Dandhaka, Kruragandha, Divyagandha,

Putigandha Karma Vachaka Kitaghna, Kitari, Lekhi, Kitanashana Rogaghnata Vachaka Kushthari, Pamari Utpati Vachaka Gauripuspadhavah, Gauribija, Lelitaka

Bali Dhatukarma Vachaka Shulvari Shulvaripu, Rasagandhaka,

Sutashatru, Dhatumari Varna Vachaka Shukapicchakya, Shukapuccha,

Shukapicchasaarm Acchaya.

Vividha Bhasha Nama37

Hindi – Gandhak

Gujarati – Gandhaka

Marathi – Gandhaka

Bangali – Gandhaka

Telagu – Gandhakam

Kannada - Gandhaka

English – Sulphur

Prapti sthana38

In native form – In Italy, Sisily region, Spain, Texas, Japan etc.

In combined form – Russia, Japan, Burma, Iceland, U. S. A. Chile, Phillipines etc.

In India – Bihar – Simhabhumi a district, Rohitas dristict Rajasthan, Kumayu, Assam

etc.

Gandhaka is found in both forms – Native as well as ores.



23

Rasapanchakas of Gandhaka39

Rasa – Madhura, Katu, Tikta, Kashaya

Guna – Sara, snigda

Veerya – Ushna

Vipaka - Katu/ Madhura

Doshaghnata - Vatakapha Nashaka

Prabhava - Twakvikara Nashaka, Dadrunashaka, Kushthanashaka

Karma - Garavishahara, Deepana, Amapachana, Kandughna

Table No--06 Gandhaka Shodhana

Texts Gandhaka Melted With

Dhalana Dravya

Bhavana Dravya

Dravya for Swedana

Rasarnava Tantra 7/68 Karanja Taila Eranda Taila

Ajadugdha Dhattura Rasa

Jwalini Bija Churna Matsya Pitta

-

Rasarnava Tantra 7/69-71

Ghrita Bhringaraja Swarasa

Bhringaraja Swarasa

-

RasarnavaTantra 7/72/73

- Dugdha, Nimbu Rasa, Ardraka Swarasa, Bhringaraja Swarasa

- -

RasendraChudamani 11/8-10

- Godugdha - Godugdha

Rasendra Chudamani 11/11 & Rasa Ratna Samucchaya 3/23

- Bhringaraja Swarasa

- Bhringaraja Swarasa

Rasa Ratna Samucchaya 3/20

Goghrita Godugdha - Godugdha

Rasendra Sara Sangraha 1/27-28

Goghrita Godugdha - -

Ayurveda Prakasha 2/30 & Rasa Tarangini 8/ 21-22

- Bhringaraja Sawrasa

- -

Rasa Tarangini 8/18-20 Sarshapa or TilaTaila or Kusumbha

Dugdha - -



24

Matra40

1 - 8 Ratti.

Patya – Apthya41

Mamsa Bhakshana of wild animals and birds, cow’s milk, Ghee and Rice are advised.

Kshara, Amla, Atilavana, Katu, Vidahi and Stree Sevana Should be avoided.

Gandhaka Yogas

Kajjali Gandhaka Rasayana

Rasa Parpati Makaradhwaja

Rasa Sindhura Samirapannaga Rasa

Sulphur42

Physical Properties:

1. Appearance -- Crystalline, Granular, Fibrous, Stelactitic Masses.

2. Form -- Orthorhombic, Bipyramidal

3. Cleavage – Indistinct

4. Colour -- Usually yellow

5. Symbol -- S

6. At. No.-- 16

7. At. Wt. -- 32.064

8. Sp.Gr. -- 1.9 – 2.1

9. Valency -- +2

10. Configuration -- 2,8,6

11. Melting point -- 112.8 c

12. Boiling Point -- 444 c

13. Hardness -- 1.5 – 2.5

14. Action on Heat -- Non Conductor of Heat, burns easily



25

Chemical Properties

1. In-soluble in water & acid.

2. Soluble in turpentine oil & in chloroform

3. It imparts blue colour to the flames

KAJJALI

Kajjali is a Sagandha, Niragni parada yoga. The bandha involved in this

preparation is Kajjali Bandha, where purified mercury and sulphur are intimately

mixed in definite proportion, to get a black powder called Kajjali.

Among all Khalvi Rasayans Kajjali is having prime importance, as it forms

base to many mercurial preparations.

Definition43:

“ Dhatubirgandhakadyascha Nirdravaihi Mardita rasaha||

Sushlakshna Kajjalabhaso Kajjali Ityabhidheeyate||”

Shuddha Parada and Shuddha Gandhaka alone or in combination, with other uparasa

and different dhatus is mixed and triturated without adding any liquid to any powder.

This is called Kajjali. It should be free from any shining particles.

Any powdered pre-product that which is filled into Kupi should be smooth i.e., which

is having Slakshantva and sukshmatva like Kajjala is considered as Kajjali.

Proportion of Dravyas in Kajjali44

Parada, Gandhaka, Kajjali is used in many of the Yogas.

It forms the base for many of Kupi Pakwa rasayana, Parpati Kalpana and pottali

Kalpana. Accordingly the proportion of Parada, Gandhaka or any other dhatu varies

from one Yoga to another.

It is mentioned that Gandhaka can be taken in the preparation of ¼ th, ½, equal,

double, triple etc., to that of Parada.



26

In the present study Kajjali is prepared by adding equal amount of Parada and Shudda

Gandhaka. Trituration was done till all the Kajjali tests are positive.

Tests of Kajjali45:

Krishna Varna : Blackish colour

Slakshntva : Smooth to touch

Sukshmtva : Subtleness like anjana

Rekha purnatva : Settles in between fine lines of finger

Nischandratva : Lusterless a pinch of Kajjali is taken and rubbed with

water. This mixture when exposed to sun, should show absence of any shining

particles

Uses of Kajjali46:

It is Tridosha hara and aphrodisiac.

It is used as sahapana and Anupana to eradicate many disorders

4. Haratala

Many Acharyas considered it under Uparasa

Paryayas47

Haritalam Chitragandham

Talam Vamshapatram

Alam Natabhushanam

Talakam Natamandanam

Mallagandham Dalam

Pinjaram Mallam

Peetanakham Peetam

Shailoosh Pinchak

Bhooshanam Vidalam



27

Romaharam Godantam

Vidalakam Kharjaram


1. Assami - Harital

2. Bengali - Harital, Hattel

3. English - Orpiment, Yellow Arsenic

4. Farsi - Jarnikhejarde

5. Gujarati - Ardal, Hratal

6. Hindi - Haratal

7. Kannada - Haritala, Ardal

8. Malayalam - Aritaram

9. Marathi - Harital

10. Odiya - Harital

11. Punjabi - Hartal

12. Tamil - Aridaram, Yellikund Pashanam

13. Telugu - Doddipashanam

Latin - Auripigmentum / Arsenii Trisulphidum

Formula—AS2 S3

Praptisthana49

Orpiment is found in India in very small quantities in Almora District near the border

to Bhutan (These mines are not operational). Chitral now a part of Afghanistan is

known for orpiment since pretty long time. Orpiment has been arriving India from

Mines of Irak (Bagdad) which is of superior quality.

The countries like Italy, China, Sisily have the mines of both orpiment and realgar.



28

Bheda50

Majority of Rasacharyas have described about 2 types of Haratala as well as the

supermacy of Patra Haratala in all properties.

(1) Patra Haratala & (2) Pinda Haratala

The author of Bhava Prakash has quoted 4 types of Haratala

1. Patra Haratola 3. Godant Haratala

2. Pinda Haratala 4. Vakadal Haratala

The author of Ayurveda Prakasa has quoted 4 types of Haratala

1. Bagdadi

2. Godanti

3. Tabaki

4. Pindatala

Rasapanchakas51

Rasa - Katu

Anurasa - Kashaya

Guna - Snigdha, Ushna

Veerya - Ushna

Vipaka - Katu

Dosha Prabhava - Kapha Vatahara, Raktadoshahara

Karma - Deepana, Krimighna ,Rasayana, Balya,Kantikara,

Vajikarana, Vishahara, Mrtyuhara, Bhutabadhahara

Vyadhi Prabhava - Kushta, Kandu, Visarpa, Vatavyadhi, Kaphavyadhi,

Vatarakta, Raktapitta, Pama,Swasa, Kasa, Jwara, Arsha.



29

Doshas of Haratala :

Toxic effects of Haratala if used without proper purification are Daha,

Kampaka, Toda, Kshobha, Pida, Raktadusti, Kushta, Malinikaroti Gatram, Vata

Kapha Prakopatamaka Roga, Mrtyusankakara52.

Chikitsa

Sharkara + Jiraka- for 3 days53.

Shodhana

1. Haratalam boiled in a Dola yantra with juice of Kushmanda or with a solution of

or lime water.54

2. Patra Haratala is purified, if subjected to bhavana for seven times with lime

water.55

3. Haratala is purified, if it is boiled by Dola Yantra for three hours each with

Kanji mixed with lime

Juice of kushmanda

Tila oil and

Decoction of triphala56

Marana

1. Purified Patra Haratala is to be rubbed in mortar for one day with the juice of

Punarnava and made into a lump and dried. Half the portion of earthern vessel is then

to be filled with the Kshara of Punaranava, Upon which is to be kept the lump of

Haratala. The portion up to the neck of the vessel is then to be filled with the Kshara

of Punarnava and the mouth of the vessel to be closed by means of an earthern basin,

the joint being tightly closed in the usual way. The vessel is then to be placed over fire



30

and heated continuously for five days, the fire being gradually increased at a uniform

rate the Haratala will thus be incinerated. This is to be use with suitable anupana57.

2. Shodhita Haratala and Shuktika Bhasma is to be taken in equal quantity, rubbed

with juice of Kumari for one prahara and made in a chakrika. Then it is dried in

sunlight. It is subjected to laghuputa58.

Matra

According to Rasatrangini - 1/4 to 1/2 Ratti 59

Pathya 60:

One who takes Haratala should avoid altogether salt, sours, pungents and

exposure to heat or fire and sun. The man who is unable to avoid salt altogather may

take a little of rock salt. Sweets are beneficial to the person who takes Haratala.

Anupana61 : Honey, Ghee, Godugdha or according to diseases.

Haratala (Modern Aspect)62

Orpiment crystallies in monoclinic system and sometimes 'pseudo' -orthorhombic

crystals are small, rarely distinct usually in foliated or columnar masses sometimes

with reniform surface.

Cleavage :

Basal perfect cleavage with vertical striations; sectile; cleavage laminae flexible; in

elastic.

Hardness : 1.5 - 2

Specific gravity : 3.4 -3.5

Optic angle : about 700, optically +ve strong dispersion.

Lustre : Pearly : elsewhere resinous

Colour : Lemon yellow of several shades



31

Streak : Lemon - yellow of several shades but paler subtransparent to

subtransluscent

Melting point : 3100C

Boiling point : 7070C

Density : 3460 Kg m-3

Molecular weight : 246.00

Class : Sulphide

The mineral is non- conductor of electricity.

It's sublimate in the closed tube is yellow.

When heated to 1000C it becomes red, it however, resumes its original colour on

cooling but when heated to 1500C the change is permanent.

Artificial preparation

It is found in nature and prepared artificially also by the treatment of arsenic

acid with H2S under high pressure.

4. Manashila

Many Ayurveda scholars considered it under uparasa varga. It is a compound

of arsenic and sulphur, in this two atoms of arsenic are mixed with two atoms of

sulphur. It is available in natural as well as prepared artificially. The best Manashila is

that which is natural orange colour, heavy and can be made into powder easily

Paryayas63

Manashila Nagajivika

Roga Kunati

Shila Kulati

Naipalika Gola

Manogupta Naga mata



32

Manogupta Kalyanika

Manohra Rasanctrika


Sanskrit : Manashila

Hindi : Mainasila

Bangali : Manchala

Marathi : Manasila

Gujarati : Manasila

Parsi : Jhanokha surkha

English : Realgar

Telagu : Manasila

Kannada : Manasila

Praptistana65

Available in Tuscny, Galicia, Spain, C.I.S. etc Rearely available in

India, at Kumaun hill ranges.

Bheda66

Shyamangi

Kanaveeraka

Khandakhya

Table No--07Ashudda Manashila Sevanajanya Dosha67-70

Doshas RRS AP RT RSS Ashmari + + Mootra krichra + + + + Mandagni + + Malabanda + + + + Mandabala + + Kaantinasha + Sorkara + + Hridruga +



33

Table No--08Manashila Shodhana

Reference Method Drugs Kala R.T. 11/109 Nipatana

(Immersion) Choornadaka 2 Days

R.T. 11/170 Pachana (Dolayantra)

Bringaraja swarasa 4 Prahara

RT 11/111 RSS 1/120 (RMr 3/12)

Bhavana Nimburasa 7 Times

RT 11/112 Swedana Jayanti swarasa 4 Mahasa (11 / 114) (RRS 3/96) (RMr 3/12)

Bhavana Agastya patra Swarasa

7 Times

(11/114) (RRS 1/201) (RMr 3/12)

Bhavana Ardraka swarasa 7 Times

RRS 3/97 Swedana Jayanti Bringaraja Raktagastya rasa following Aja mootra Aja mootra

3 + 3 hrs

RSS 1/199 Pachana Jayanti or Bringaraja or Raktagastaya swarasa

1 day

RSS 1/200 Pachana & Kshalana

Ajamootra Prakshalana by kaanji

1 prahara

RSS 1/201 (R 3/12) Bhavana Jayanti swarasa 3 days (RJN 169) Pachana &

Bhavana Aja mootra & Aja pitta

3 days 7 Times

(RJN 200) Bhavana Choornadaka 7 Times

Satwapatana 71

One part of Manashila and 1/8 each of Mandoora, Jaggery, Guggulu and

Ghee are together ground well. The mass is then kept in crulible, which is placed

inside the kosthi & blowed in the fire, extensively to obtain the satva of manashila.



34

Rasapanchakas72

Rasa - Tikta katu

Guna - Snigda, Guru

Veerya - Ushna

Vipaka - Katu

Doshagnata - K-V

Karma - Rasayana, Lekhana

Rogagnata - Bootha badha, Agni mandya, Kandu, Kasa & Kshaya Twacha

roga, Jwara

Matra - Accroding to RT - 1/32 -1/16 Ratti

Anupana - According to RT - Pipalichoorna, Nippali moola choorna

Manashila Vikara Shantupaya

According to Rasa Raja Sundara

½ Lit godguda + 250 gm madhu pana for 3 days

Modern aspect of Realgar73

Chemical Composition – AS2 S2

Colour Red or Orange

Properties Transparent transcurent,

Clevage Monoclinic

Streak Ored or orange

Lustre Resinous luster

Sp gravity 3.56

Handness 1.5 – 2.0



35

Vatsanabha:

Botanical name – Aconitum ferox wall.

Family – ranunculanceae.

Introduction: 74,75

Vatsnabha is well known to the Ayurvedic pharmacopeia since long ago.

We get reference in Charaka samhita and Sushruta samhita Charaka samihita

classified under sthavara visha and Sushruta classified under Kandavisha and also

explain its effects.

Sharangdhara and Bhavamishra mentioned Vatsnabha in their texts,

along with almost all Nighantus. Though Dhanwantari nighantu posses description of

Vatsnabha, synonyms and properties, most of the texts/Nighantus made little

mentioning. The utility of Vatsnabha has considerably increased after the

development of Rasashastra. Rasataranginikara classified it under visha.

The term aconite refers to the genus aconitum of which there are several species. The

name may be originated form the Greek aconoits (meaning without struggle or

without dust) or from the Greek city acona where naturalist in the third century once

identified plant. Other sources suggest that the name comes from the bill of aconites.

Aconites is Greek word meaning arrows coated with the poison and used for hunting

the animals. Aconitum is of two varieties viz poisonous & non poisonous.

Among the poisonous varities both aconitum ferox and aconitum chasmanthum are

used as vatsanabha in India.



36

Synonyms76

Table No--09 Showing the synonyms of Vatsanabha

Sl Names D.N R.N R.T. B.P 01 Vatsnabha + + + - 02 Amruta + + + - 03 Visha + + + + 04 Ugra + + - - 05 Maha oushadha + + - - 06 Garalam + + - + 07 Marana + + - - 08 Naga + + - - 09 Stokakam + + - - 10 Pranaharaka + + - - 11 Sthavaradyam + + - - 12 Kshweda - - + +

Table No—10 Vernacular Names77:

01 Sanskrit - Visha, Vatsnabha 02 Hindi - Bisha,Mithazahar 03 English - Indian aconite 04 Bengali - Katbish/Mithavisha 05 Telugu - Vasanubhi 06 Kannada - Vatsanabi 07 Gujarathi - Vachanag 08 Marathi - Vacha nag 09 Assam - Visha 10 Malyalama - Vatsanabi 11 Malyalama - Vatsanabi 12 Punjabi - Mohari 13 Arab - Bish 14 Parse - Bishmag

Table No—11 Classical Categorization:

Charaka Samihita - Stavara Visha

Sushruta Samhita - Kanda visha

Dhanawanatari nighantu - Misraka varga

Raja nighantu - Misraka varga

Bhavaprakasha nighantu - Dhatvadi varga

Rasatargini - Visha



37

Modern Toxicological Categorization:

Cardiac poison.

Different varities of Vatsnabha (BHEDA)78

Table No--12. . Showing the Vatsnabha bheda According to Yogaratnakara

Sl. No. Bheda Varna Guna

01. Brhmana Pandu Rasayana

02. Kshatriya Rakta Deha pustikara

03 Vaishya Peeta Kustaghna

04. Shudra Krishna Dhatukarma

Table No--13 According to Rasatarangani 79

01. Krishna

02. Kapisha

03 Pandu

Kapisha is better than Krishna; Pandu is better than Kapisha Pandu is considered best

for therapeutic uses.

Table No—14 According to Ayurveda Prakasha 80

01. Shukla

02. Krishna



38

Identification81

Rasavagbhata mentioned certain characteristics for identification

1. Vatsanabha Panduravarana

2. Roots resembles, navel of calf

3. They are Stoola snigdha, Guru, Nava,

According to Bhavaprakash:

Leaves resembles sindhuvara and roots resemble navel of calf.

Botanical description:

Botanical description: 82

It is a perennial herb

Root – Paired, daughter, tuber ovoid oblong to ellipsoid, 2.5.4 cm long, about

1-1-5 cm thick, with fill form root fibers, dark, brown externally, yellowish on

fracture, another tuber much shrunk and wrinkled with more numerous root fibers.

Stem – Erect, with or without a slender, hypogynous base, simple, 40-90 cm

high covered with short spreading yellow hairs in the upper part and glabrous below.

Leaves – Scattered, distant, glabrous, petioles, slender up to 25 cm, blade or

bicedar-cordate to remiform in out line with rather wide sinus. Planately 5- lobeal.

Inflorescence: - Peduncle straight, bearing flowers on both sides, flowers pale,

blue, brown in a dense, terminal raceme, 10-25 cm long, helmet, volatile with short

shared beak, resembling a pea flower.

Fruit – Carpels 5, tomentose, follicles oblong, 15-20mm long and 4-5 mm

broad, seeds obovoid to obpyramidal, 2,6-3 mm long, winged along with the raphe.

Distribution – Grows solid in the alpine Himalayas, Kashmir at an attitude

of 3,600 m, alpine Himalayas of Nepal.



39

Chemical Constituents – Roots contains toxic alkaloids, pseudo aconitine along

with bikha aconitine, chasmacontine, chahnaconitine, indacontine (Loydia 1972,35,

55) Veratroy1)pseudoacontine are diacety1 psedioacontine(manske and Rodrgo)

1979).

Two new alkaloids 2 – (11+) quionolinome and 3,4dihydro – 6 – hydroxy –

2 – (11+) quoinolone (Nat. prod. Lett.) 1993, 227,chem, abortr. 1994, 121,

175, 172b).

A new diterpenoid alkaloid – 14- 0 – acetyl senbasimet, vakagnavime,

chasma contine, crassican line A. flconericine, senbusine B. isoltaltizocline

and aconine are reported (phyto chem, 1994, 36, 1527).

Four lipoalkalaoids Viz veraatrophylpseudaconine, auisolyona- contine,

benzoylida aconine and veratroy bikkaconine are also reported (J. Nat prod

1994, 57, 105)

Need of Vatsnabha Shodhana-83

Ashodhita Vatsnabha causes daha,moha, to avoid these doshas or vikaras it should

undergo shodhana process.

Vatsnabha shodhana84 -

Table No—15 showing the Vatsanabha shodhana according to different authors.

Sl. No.

Shodhana process R. T. R. A. D.G.V Y. R. R. J. N

1 Kept in cow’s urine in strong sunlight for 3 days

+ + - - +

2 Swedana in Ajadugdha for 1 yama

+ + - - -

3 Swedana in Surabhi + + - + -



40

payas (cows milk) for 1 or 2 yama

4 Kept in cow’s urine for 3 days then Swedana in a cow’s milk or goat’s milk for 3 hrs

- - + + -

5 Swedana in dolayantra containing Triphala kashaya and Aja ksheera

- - - - +

6 Swedana in dolayantra containing cow’s urine.

- - - - +

Table No—16 Gunakarma 85

Rasa - Madhura

Guna - Ushna

Veerya - Ushna

Vipaka - Madhura

Dosha Karmarma - Vata-kapha

Shamaka

Dhanwantari nighantu classified under Mishrakadivarga. Madhura rasa,ushna guna,

vatakaphahara, it subsides kanthashoola, sannipatagna, pitta samshodhini86

Rajanighantu87 classified under pippalyadi varga. Atimadhura, ushna, vatakaphahara.

It subsides Kantaruja, sannipataghna, pitta santappa Karaka.

According to Rastarangini88 , vatsanabha is katu, tikta,kashaya rasa,ushna guna and

yogavahi. It is rasayana, tridoshahara particularly vata-kaphahara. It increases agni.

It subsides sheeta and brumhana and bala vardhaka. It subsides agnimandya rogas,

pleeha roga,vatarakta, shwasa, kasa, grahani, gulma, pandu, jwara and amavata. It

relieves timira, naktandhyata, netrabhishyanda, netrashotha, karna shoola, gudaroga

and kati vedana. Application of bhahya lepa subsides the aku, vrushika, sarpavisha89



41

Diaphoretic, diuretic, antiperiodic, anodyne and antidiabetic, antiphlogistic,

antipyretic in small does. In large does it is virulent poison, narcotic and powerful

sedative. It reduces the frequently and tension of the pulse and paralysis the

respiratory center.

Part used - Dried tuberous root.

Dose 90 - 1/10th ratti to 1/8th ratti

Visha prayoga Nishedha 91

Balaka, atyantavridhha, garbhavati, rugna, atikshinashareera, rajayakshma

laxanayaukta avasta, krodhi, atibhranti, durbalavastha in less quantity and short

duration with precautions

Toxic effects and antidotes;92

Sushruta clearly documented the toxic efforts of Vatsnabha viz Grivastambha and

peeeta vit, mutra, netra.

Antidotes –

Accidental poisoning or over dosage with aconite may produce the toxicsymptoms.

Different antidotes have been mentioned for the management.

Gogrutha is considered as one of the best antidotes for visha.

Tankana (Borax) is considered to be the main antidote.93 It may be administrated

along with Ghee. Arjuna bark is mixed with Honey and Ghee may be another

alternative antidote94

Aconite poisoning and its management in toxicology95

The symptoms of poisoning occur immediately or within a few mines after

consumption or root. First burning sensation is experienced from the mouth to

stomach followed by tingling and numbness in the mouth, tongue and pharynx. This



42

is followed by salivation, Nausea, Vomiting and diarrhea. Later dryness of mouth and

polydypsia is developed and the patient will be unable to swallow

Other symptoms include headache, giddiness, pallor, profuse, sweating, subnormal

temperature weakness of limbs and inability to stand or walk. Twitching of muscles,

pain, and cramps and convulsions may occur.

The pupils contract and dilate alternately but remain dilated at the later stage.

Dimness of vision and diplopia may be caused. The pulse becomes slow, feeble and

irregular. Blood pressure will be low and the patient complains of breathlessness.

The mental conduction remains normal but there may be hallucination. Death finally

occurs either due to paralysis of heart or respiratory centers or even both.

Fatal Dose - 1-2 grams of root OR 4-6 mg of acontine

Fatal period - 3 –6 hours.

Treatment –

Gastric levage with warm water and weak solution of potassium

permanganate or with a solution of iodine in potassium iodide or with tannic acid or

strong coffee or strong tea to precipitate the alkaloids.

1. Powdered charcoal to diminish solubility.

2. Atropine –0.5 – 1 mg is useful.

3. Strychnine, artificial respiration, application of heat etc,may also be useful.

4. Symptomatic treatment

Girisindhoora:96

Girisindhoora is well known in ancient days, most of Rasagranthas mentioned

as a Sadharana rasa. But Bhavaprakasha, Rasataranginikara included in Upadhatu.

Some authors are called it is a red oxide of mercury. But Rasataranginikara clearly

mentioned that it is lead oxide and addition to it by seeing the synonyms it is



43

originated from Naga. And also it is prepared from the Mriddarshringa (PbO) by

heating 400 to 450C it becomes red colour called Sindhoora. Now a day what type of

Sindhoora available in market is chemically lead proxide

Vernacular name:

Sans - Raktanga, Sindhoora, Nagasambhava etc.

Eng - Read lead, Red oxide of lead.

Arab - Isrenj

Bengali

Gujarat Sindhoora

Kannada

Marathi

Tamilu - Sagappusindhooram

Telagu - Yerrasindhooram

Malayalam - Chinturam

Persi - Suraj-Sang

Hindi - Inglur

Table No—17 Synonyms of Girisindhoora:97-103

Sl.No Synonyms RT RRS RM RJ BP KN MN RD

1 Sindhoora + + +

2 Nagaja +

3 Nagagarbhaja + + + + +

4 Nagarenuka +

5 Mangalya +

6 Bhalasoubhagya +



44

7 Ganeshabhoosham +

8 Shringarabhooshana + +

9 Rakarenu + + + + + +

10 Sisaka +

11 Sisaja +

12 Rasagarbha + +

13 Rasasindhoora + +

14 Nagaja +

15 Nagarakta +

16 Sriman + +

17 Vasantamangal + +

18 Raktaraja + +

19 Vanapishta +

Occurrence:

It is found in mineral form. In India, found in Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan.

This is found in small quantities inside rocks in big mountains. It is dry red. This is

compound of lead and other things.

Grahya lakshana:104

Sukshma kanayukta, Snigdha, Guru, Bright in colour, Mrudu, Clear.

Shodhana and Marana:

Most of Authorities are not mentioned Shodhana and Marana because it is in

oxide form. Few authors are mentioned about Shodhana, subjected to bhavana with

Godugdha105 and Amladravya106.



45

Guna: 107-111

No were mentioned internal administration, but can be used external only.

Rasa – Katu, Tikta

Veerya – Ushna

Guna – Ushna

Doshaghnata – Tridosha shamaka

Table No-18

Guna of Girisindhoora

Sl.No Text Katu

rasa

Tikta

Rasa

Ushna

Guna

Ushna

Veerya

Dosha

Shamaka

1 RRS + + + + Tridosha

2 DN + - - + -

3 BP - - + + -

4 RN + + - + -

5 RC - - + - -

Table No-19

Rogaghnata, (Indications) of Sindhoora.112-119

Sl.No Disease RRS RT RC BP MN MN KN DN

1 Netra + +

2 Kushta + +

3 Kandu + + +

4 Vruna shodana, ropana + + + + +

5 Bhagna sandhana + + +



46

6 Visha + + + + + + +

7 Kshudra kushta +

8 Pama,Sidma Vicharchika +

9 Visarpa + + + + +

Table No-

Description :120

Sindhoora is prepared from lead. For this lead is kept in crucible or iron pan

and heated in an open atmosphere, to get it reached with oxygen and form a red

colour covering on the external surface of lead. This is known as Sindhoora. While

collecting the material initial and last portions should be discarded and remaining

portion is then washed with water and dried. The Sindhoora, which is red, heavy, fine

and smooth, is considered best.

MODERN DESCRIPTION OF RED LEAD : (PB 3O4 )121

It is prepared by heating lead monoxide in a reverberate furnace to a

temperature of 450 0C

2 Pb O+O2 -------- 2Pb 3O4

Properties:

1. It is a mixed oxide and is regarded to be a mixture of lead monoxide and lead

dioxide -2 PbO.PbO2

1. It is bright, orange, red, granular, crystalline powder.

2. On heating it turns violet & then black but regains its original colour on

cooling.

3. It is insoluble in water.



47

4. On heating to 600 C it decomposes to give lead monoxide.

2 Pb 3O4+O2 6Pb O+O2

5. It is reduced to metallic lead on heating to carbon, carbon monoxide or

hydrogen.

Pb 3O4+4C 3Pb+4CO

Pb 3O4+4CO 3Pb+4CO.

Therapeutic properties122

Absorption:

Lead salts are absorbed in the blood from GIT tract, skin and stored in central

nervous system, kidneys, liver and bone. In the blood 90% is present in RBC’s.

Elimination: Slowly by the urine, sweat and stool.

Uses:

1. Have feeble action on the broken skin.

2. Good astringent, antiphlogistic, local sedative and stimulant, Allays itching

and control excessive discharge.

3. Used as ointment or liniment in eruptive skin disease as eczema, pustular

eruption etc

RASONA123

Botanical Name – Allium sativa lina

Family – Liliaceae

Sanskrit name –Rasona, Lasuna, Yavanesta Ugragandha

Vernacular names- English –Garlic

Hindi –Lasuna

Marathi –lasuna

Punjabi- Thum Thum



48

Malayalam - Lahasan

Kannada--- Ballolli.

Description

Glabrous bulbous herb with pungent odour.

Leaves radical some times sheathing the scape. Scapes erect bearing a terminal

umbel of small flowers surrounded by an iguolucre of 2 or 3 thin membranous

bracts. some times united to from a spathe perianth bell shaped or rotate 6 parted

stamens, 6 at the base of the segments, ovary 3 shelled 3 angled, style straight

stigma, minute terminal ovule, few capsule 3 valved seeds 1-2 inches, 5 black

bulbils bulb covered with white or light pinkish papery layer or covering consisting

5-12 bulbils or cloves.

Distribution – Plant is cultivated widely throughout the country.

Photochemistry - Bulb contains an acrid yellow volatile oil which is the active

principal consisting organic sulphur compounds (allyl, propyl disulphide and other).

It also contains starch mucilaginous matter (29% carbohydrate) albumin (56%

protein, 0.1% fat) and calcium, vitamin C and iron, copper.

Pharmaco dynamics

Rasa – Pancharasa Katu (Dominating taste) Amla rahita,Root – Katu,

Leaves – Tikta, Stalk –kashaya, stalktop (valagra)-lavana Seeds –

madhura

Guna – Snigdha, Tikshna, Picchila, Guru, Sara.

Veerya – Ushna

Vipaka – Katu

Doshakarma –Vata Kaphashamaka



49

Properties – Vedana, Sthapaka, Vataghna, Shothahara, Depan, Pachana,

Anulomuna, Yakrduuejaka, Hridayottejaka, Mutrajanana, Rasayana

Kothaprashamana, Svedajanana Jvaraghna,

Rogaghnata – Vatavyadhi, Sandhivata, Gradhrasi, Ardita, Manystambha, Shotha,

Vedanayuktavikar, Agnimandhya, Aruchi, Ajirna, Vibhandha, Asthibhagna Jvara

Jeernajvara etc.

Therapeutic uses –

Vedana sthapana (Analgesic), Uttejaka (stimulates), vatahara, It is allaying

provoked vata and kapha dosha. It is appreciated as rasayana and medhya, specially

increasing or promoting functional power of indriya.

Much used for cardiac disorders, chronic fever, gout, ossification of fractured bones.

Anathematic: Aphrodisiac cardiac stimulant and atherosclerosis, High blood

pressure. It is used in anorexia cough, Consumption. Rasona is internally

administered as a single drug and a major ingredient of several formulations and

recipes recommended in a number of disease. The drug is effective in several

disease of nervous. Circulatory, Respiratory, Urinary reproductive, Digestive system

and whole body. Rosona is a major rasayana drug used in geriatrics

Parts used- Bulbis, Tuber. Oil

Dose paste -3-5gm, oil 1-2 drops

Formulations - Lasonadi vati, Rosona panda, Lasunastaka votiyoga,

Rasona staka yoga, Rasona vati Rasonadi kashaya, Rasona pinda Lasunadya ghrta,

Lasuna tail Rasona vataka, Lasona Ksheerapaka

Current research

1. Allin – A change in the mucoprotien levels & ESR was observed by (Sreenivasa

Murthy at 1962)



50

2. Allisatin (200mg / 100gm / day) showed inhibitory activity against formalin

induced arthritis. (Prasad at 1966)

3. Anti-inflammatory activity (Bhakumi at 1969)

4. Diallyn trisulphide showed antimicrobial activity (Chem. Abst 1981)

TAMRA

Table No-20

Paryayas of Tamra:124

Sl.No Name R.K.

D

R.

Ni

R.T R.J.

N

A.P. Dh

N.

R

mr

B.

P.

1 Ambakam + + +

2 Aravindam + +

3 Arkam +

4 Arkestam +

5 Audumbaram + +

6 Audumbaram +

7 Aunduvaram +

8 Bhaskaram +

9 Brahma Varchasam +

10 Brahmam +

11 Charavindam +

Vividha Bhasha Nama125-126

1. English – Copper

2. Kannada – Tamra, Tambra



51

3. Konkani – Tambe

4. Gujarati – Trambu, Tambu, Trambo

5. Tamil – Tampram, Chembu, Sembu, Senabu

6. Telugu – Ragi, Tamramu, Samba

7. Bangla – Tama, Tam, Tamba

8. Bhutani – Jang, Jamgata, Neeltokar

9. Marathi – Tambe, Tamra

10. Malayalam – Chempu, Tamram

11. Latin – Cuppram

12. Hindi – Tamba, Tama, Tamma

Prapthisthana127

As per the classics only two places Nepala and Maleshia are the praptistana’s.

The chief producing areas have been districts of Singhbhum (Bihar), Jhanjhunu,

Alwar and Udaipur (Rajasthan)

Around the World

Copper found in Michigan, corrwall, Siberia, Ural, Austrialia, Chile, etc.

Bheda and their Lakshanas 128

1. Nepal

Character -- Susnigdha, Mrudula, Rakta varna, Ghanaghatakshama, Guru,

Nirvikar, Amla, Swacha Lohangudi rahita, Rasakarma poojita, Guna sresta.

2. Mlecha

Character –Ruksha, Katina, Sitha, Krishana, Aruna Yama, Athivamaka,

Ghanaghataakshama, Kshalitha cha punaha Krishna.



52

Rasapanchakas of Tamra

Table No- 21 Rasa of Tamra129-138

Sl.No. References Madhura Amla Lavana Katu Tikta Kashaya

1 Ayurveda Prakasha + + + +

2 Bhava Prakasha + + + +

3 Raja Nighantu + + +

4 Rasa Jala Nidhi + + + +

5 Rasa Kama Dhenu + + +

6 Rasa Ratna

Samucchaya.

+ + + +

7 Rasa Tarangini + + + +

8 Rasamritam + + + +

9 Rasendra Chudamani

+ + + +

10 Siddha Prayoga Sangraha

+ + + +

Table No- 22 Guna of Tamra139-143

Sl no Guna Reference 1 Laghu,Sara,Snigdha. Ayurveda Prakasha, Bhava Prakasha,

Rasa Tarangini, Rasa Jala Nidhi, Rasamrita.

Table No- 23 Virya of Tamra144-148

Sl no Shita virya Ushna virya

1 Rasajala Nidhi Rasendra Chudamani

2 Yoga Rathnakar Rasa Kama Dhenu

3 Ayurveda Prakasha Rasa Tarangini

4 Bhava Prakasha Rasa Ratna Samucchaya

5 Raja Nighantu Rasamritam

6 Sidda Prayoga Sangraha Rasendra Sara Sangraha



53

Table No- 24 Vipaka of Tamra149-156

Sl.No Vipaka Reference

01 Madhura Rasendra Chudamani, Rasa Ratna Samucchaya,

Siddha Yoga Sangraha.

02 Amla Sidda Bhesha Manimala

03 Katu Raja Nighantu, Ayurveda Prakasha, Bhava Prakasha, Rasa

Jala Nidhi, Rasa Tarangini,

Table No- . 25

Karma of Tamra157-165

KARMANI R.C R.K.D. RJ.N. R.R.S RT AP BP B R Y.R

Ayushyam + +

Alpa

brimhanam

+

Urdhwadhah

parishodhana

+ +

Kshut karam +

Netryam + + +

Rasayana +

Ruchya + +

Ropanam + + + +

Lekhanam + + + + + + + + +

Saram +

Sarakam + + +

Deepana +



54

Tamra Grahya Laxana166

The Tamra, which is snigda, mridu, shona, ghanaghatakshamaka, guru &

nirvikara is Nepal variety & it is considered as shresta Tamra.

Susnigdam suggests by touch it is slimy.

Mridu suggests that the metal is soft.

Shonam suggests the appearance of copper like Rakta ie., Japakusuma Varna

Ghanaghatakshama i.e., by hitting the metal by a hard object it turns into a

sheet like and never breaks.

Guru suggests the heaviness of the metal.

Nirvikara or Vikara rahita suggesting the shudda Tamra.

Best used in Chiktsa is said to be best Tamra, suggestive of high concentrated

copper when taken for clinical trials with a nontoxic dose is best as medicinal use.

Tamra Agrahya Laxana167

The Tamra, which is swetha, krishna or aruna, katina, ativami, and assumes

krishna even when washed off suggests mlechha tamra which is agrahya.

Sita, Krishna, Aruna suggests different colours of copper.

Athi vami: After proper marana of this Tamra leads to severe vomiting.

Kshalitha cha punaha Krishna: After washing of copper again regain black

colour.

Ashta Doshas of Tamra:

In practice, as the improper purification of copper exerts untoward effects

called as ‘ashta dosha’ like bhrama, moorcha, vidaha, sweda, kleda, vanti, aruchi,

chitasantapa so it is first purified by a procedure called general purification. Which is

described later in this chapter.



55

Table No- 26 .Ashuddha Tamra Doshas168-178

Sl.

No

Doshas A.P R

T

YR R C BP R

R

S

R

J

N

BR RSS RKD RMr

1 Admana +

2 Aruchi + + + + + + +

3 Ayaragnam + +

4 Balapahatvam + +

5 Bhrama + + + + + + + + + +

6 Bhranti +

7 Chittasantapa + + + +

8 Chittatapa +

9 Daha + + + + + + + + +

10 Dhatushasha +

11 Gatratapa +

12 Kantignatva + + +

13 Kledanam + +

14 Krimi x +

15 Kushtam + + +

16 Medaha + +

17 Moha +

18 Murccha + + + + + + + + + +

19 Shoola + +

20 Shosha + + +



56

21 Sweda + + + + +

22 Udara +

23 Utkleda + + + + + +

24 Utklesha + +

25 Vami + + + + + + + + + +

26 Virekah + + + + +

27 Viryapahatwa + +

Also in few contexts of the various texts Tamra is explained as Visha or even more

than a Visha. Henceforth Shodhana is absolutely necessary.

Tamra Shodhana

Before going for Marana, a prime important processing known as Tamra Shodhana is

a must as the available Tamra may have few of adulterants, alloys, foreign bodies etc.

in it which might cause ill effect. So by considering them most of the Acharyas have

mentioned various shodhana processes.

Sodhana is of two kinds: (1) Samanya Sodhana; 2) Vishesha Sodhana

Samanya Shodhana

All Dhatus are heated and quenched for 7 times successively in Taila, Takra,

Gomutra, Aranala and Kulattha Kwatha179.

All Dhatus are heated and quenched for 7 times successively in Taila, Takra,

Gomutra, Konji and Ravidugda180

All Dhatus are heated and quenched for 7 times in the following order as

Takra, Kanji, Gomutra, Tilataila and Kulattha Kwatha181.

All Dhatus heated and quenched for 7 times in Kadalimoola Swarasa182.



57

Vishesha Shodhana of Tamra

As per the opinion of many Rasacharaya’s even after Samanya Shodhana it

should be processed with Vishesha Shodhana for enhancing its properties. By

processing with specific media or drugs specific Dosha Nirharana is been explained as

mentioned herewith.

SARSHAPA TAILA183 :-

Kula – Rajika

Family – Crucifereae

Latin – Brassica alba

Sanskrit – Sarshapa, Katuka, Sneha, Tantubha, Kadambak, Siddhartha.

Verities:-

Shweta - Superior

Rakta

Habitat:- All over India.

Chemical Composition:-

Glycocides of arachidic (0.5%), behenic(2-3%), eicosenoic (7-8%), erusic(40-

60%), legnoceric(1-2%), linoleic(14-18%), oleic (20-22%), myristic(0.5-10%)acids.

Properties:

Guna - Snigdha, Laghu

Rasa - Katu, Tikta

Veerya - Ushna

Vipaka - Katu

Dosha - Vatakaphashamaka



58

Uses:-

Raktashodhaka, Kandughna, Kothaghna, Krimighna, Kushtaghna.

Modern: 184

Research works shows

1.Highly successful in promoting the absorption of scar tissue.

2.Powerful disinfect or antiseptic.

3.Improved epidermal barrier function.

4.Vasodilatation by stimulation of afferent A beta fibers.

5.Antihistamine and anti pruratic.

Historical Review

59

History tells us about the past time. How the time begins, the development and

evolution of the man kind occurs. It helps to reveal hidden facts and ideas of concerned

subject.

The ancient Indian literature is mainly divided in to Prevedic period, Vedic period

and Postvedic period.

Prevedic period:

The Ayurvedic science started in the Prevedic period itself. Brahma is considering

as the profounder of Ayurveda. In the Ayurveda Avatarana it is stated that, Brahma

memorised the Ayurveda which is already present and told it to Daksha Prajaapati. In that

period Sìva is said to be as, the physicians of beings.

Vedic period:

Period between 1500 BC - 600 BC Rugveda and Atharvaveda are the chief

sources of medical information. About Vrana also various references are available. Some

of them are mentioned below.

Rugveda:

In Rugveda Rudra is considered as the Vaidya and we find a verse addressed to

god Rudra, ‘I hear thou art the best of physicians’. He is also described as ‘The

depositary of all sciences’ and ‘The possessor of healing medicins.185

As`vini Kumaaraas are considered as most important physicians in Rugveda.

They are also called as the Deva Vaidya. Various references related to their works are

available. For example, when Vishpala’s (the daughter of king Khela) leg was severed in

battle, the As`vini Kumaaraas substituted an iron leg instead.186 This shows the

development of surgical procedures related to wound.

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60

Atharvaveda:

Atharvaveda is the chief source of Ayurveda. Ayurveda is also considered as the

Upaveda of Atharvaveda. Various references regarding Vrana and Vrana Ropana are

available in Atharvaveda. The Vrana Cikitsaa was dealt in detail in the 2nd Paada.187

Some of the references are as follows;

In case of Sadyo Vrana produced due to Abhighaata etc. Sèeta Jaladhaara

(sprinkling of cold water) is told for stoppage of blood.

Post Vedic period:

Post Vedic period is the one where the Ayurveda developed to a great extent. In

the Puraana, Upanishat, Smruti etc. plenty of references regarding Vrana are available.

Among these references, a few of them are quoted here.

In Mahaabhaarata, in Udyoga Parva, in Bheeshma Parva and during the time of

Kurukshetra Yuddha, various references regarding wound healing are mentioned.

For example, when Bheeshmaacaarya was in Sàrasàyya, Dhuryodhana sent

Vaidya for the treatment of wounds. But Bheeshaacaaryaa refused for treatment and sent

back the Vaidya after giving money for him.

During the incidence of Sìsùpaala Vadha, the Lakshana and complication of

Vrana was explained. Sadyo Vrana had pain and haemorrhage, sometimes results in

shock and unconsciousness.

Brahadaaranyaka Upanishat mentioned healing of wound. Healing of wound was natural

or with the help of medicines.

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61

Jaatakamala: It also contains various references regarding Vrana. Some of them are as

follows;

a) Ulcers caused after breaking of pustules or vesicles (Vrana Sòpha).

b) The contact of the salt with the wound becomes painful.

c) Sometimes ulcers are associated with Kandu and it is considered as

Sukhaabhimaana.

d) There are Dushtà Vrana full of Pooya which are painful and are carefully opened

and drained.

e) Healing of wound occurs with the help of medicines like In’gudi Taila, Ghruta

etc.

Kaadambari: Some of the references regarding Vrana from Kaadambari are as follows;

a) Arrows were the common weapon for injury in the battles and surgeons had to

face the wounds caused by them.

b) Arrows were dipped in poison to make them more potent. By this the

contamination of wound occurs and delayed in healing and also poisons are life

threatening.

c) Wounds were caused by injury. Sometimes the injury was sever which produced

disabilities in the organs.

d) Constant friction was considered as one of the cause for wound.

Kaalidaasa: He mentioned Vrana in his various Krutis. Some of them are;

a) After the wound was healed up, there remained a scar.

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Samhita period: Sus`ruta Samhita and Caraka Samhita are the chief sources of

Ayurveda in the Samhita period.

Caraka Samhita:

Caraka described Vrana and its management in detail in the Dvivraneeya

Adhyaaya in Cikitsaasthaana. It includes the varieties of Vrana, their Lakshana, about

Vrana Sraava, Vrana Gandha, Cikitsa etc.

Bhela Samhita:

Like Caraka the management of Vrana was explained by Bhela in the Cikitsa

Sthaana. Various formulations were explained by him. For example, Vrana Ropana Taila

with Dhaataki, Rodhra, Saman’ga, Madhuka etc.

Sus`ruta Samhita: Detail review of Vrana and its management discussed by Sus`ruta. During this

time the knowledge of wound was its peak level. Being a good surgeon Aacaarya

Sus`ruta knew the importance of wound in the practice.

In the whole Sootrasthaana he explained Vrana, its aetiology, about its Lakshana,

about Vranitaagaara, the method of Vrana Rakshana Vidhi, about various types of Vrana

Sraava, Dushtà Vrana, Sùddha Vrana in detail.

In the Cikitsaa Sthaana also he explained about the treatment, Dushtà Vrana

varieties etc.

Kaas`yapa Samhita:

In Kaas`yapa Samhita the description of Vrana is in Dvivraneeya Cikitsaa. He

explained Vrana in this chapter, with the view point of the benefit for children. He

explained Dvivrana as Nija and Aagantu and again classified them in to subvarieties.

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63

Ashtàan’ga San’graha:

The Vrana and its management were explained in detail by Vaagbhatà. He

explained Triphala as Vranaropana and Vrana sòdhana.

In the Uttara Sthaana he explained Vrana, Vrana Cikitsa and Sadyo Vrana in the

29th, 30th and 31st chapter.

Ashtàan’ga Hrudaya:

Aacaarya Vaagbhatà described types of Vrana and its management in

Ashtàan’ga Hrudaya also. The explanations are almost similar to Ashtàan’ga San’graha.

He mentioned Triphala as Vrana Ropaka, Sòdhaka and as Sraava Hara.

Bhaishajya Ratnaavali:

In Vrana Sòtha Cikitsaa Adhyaaya, various Vrana Ropaka Lepa, Vrana Sòdhaka

Kashaaya, Raktamokshana etc. were explained. For Sadyo Vrana Cikitsa a separate

chapter was present. Description of Triphala Guggulu was present in Vrana Sòtha

Cikitsaa Adhyaaya.

Maadhava Nidaana:

Type, character and classification of Vrana were described in chapter 41 and

Aagantuja (Sadyo Vrana) in chapter 42. His explanations are almost similar to Sus`ruta’s

explanation.

Sàaran’gadhara Samhita:

Sàaran’gadhara classified Vrana mainly in four groups. They are Aagantu,

Dehaja, Sùddha and Dushtà. Further they are classified into fifteen varieties.

He also explained various medicines for the treatment of Vrana

Bhaava Prakaasà: Complete chapter is mentioned regarding Vrana,

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64

AYURVEDIC REVIEW Vrana :

About Vrana various references are available.

The names according to different languages are as follows:

Samskruta : Aru188, Kshatam, Vrana

English : Ulcer, Wound

Kannada : Gaaya, Hunnu.

Vyutpatti:

The words derived from the root “Vriya” having the meaning of “to recover”,

which is further suffixed by “ach”189 in the sense of Bhaava. The “Ch” sound is elided

and the form remains “Vran” + “a”, in the sense of “Gaatra Vicoornane”190

Derivation:

“Vrana Gaatra Vicoornane, Vranayati iti Vranaha”.191

“Gaatra” means tissue (body tissue or part of body). “Vicoornane” means

destruction, break, rupture and discontinuity (of the body or tissue).

“The destruction / break / rupture / discontinuity of body tissue / part of body, is

called Vrana.”

Definition:

“Vrunoti Yasmaat Roodhe api Vranavastu na Nashyati

Aadeha Dhaaranaat Tasmaat Vrana ityuccyate budhaihi”192

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65

“As the scar of a wound never disappears even after complete healing and its

imprint persisting life long, it is called the Vrana by the wise.”

“The scar of Vrana remains throughout the life, hence called Vrana”.

Classification:

Vrana is mainly classified in to two types according to the causative factors. The

Doshas may get vitiated by their own causative factors or by the external agents.

Vrana: 1) Sàareera caused due to Pavana, Pitta, Kapha, Sònita, Sannipaata

2) Aagantu caused due to Purusha, Pasù, Pakshi, Vyaala, Sareesrapa,

Prapatana, Peedana, Prahaara, Agni, Kshaara, Visha, Teekshnaushadha, Sàkala,

Kapaala, S`ran`ga, Parashu, Sàkti, Kunta, Abhighaata.

The Sàreeraja Vrana are classified in to Ekadoshaja, Dvidoshaja, Tridoshaja and

Sannipaata Nimittaja. The Lakshana of these Vranas are explained according to the

different Aacaaryaas.

Vaataja Vrana: Sus`ruta explained Vaataja Vrana in both Sootra Sthaana and Cikitsaa

Sthaana. According to Sus`ruta, Vaagbhata, Caraka and Maadhavakara the Lakshanas of

Vaataja Vrana are almost similar.

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66

Table No--27 - Lakshanas of Vaataja Vrana

Lakshana Sus`ruta192 Caraka193 M.Ni.194 A.San.195 A.H.196

Color S`yaava or

Aruna

S`yaava

(Krushna)

Krushna

(Blackish)

Blackish, Reddish,

Grayish (Bhasmavat)

other dark color

Dull Blackish,

Reddish, Pigeon

or Bone type

Size Small (Tanu) - - - -

Surface/

Margin

Picchila, Sèeta,

Rough and dry

tendency

Stabdha

and

Kat`hina

Hard and

Rough - -

Granulation

tissue Little - - - -

Associated

signs/

Symptoms

Different types of

pain like cutting,

pricking, etc.

Severe pain

like

stabbing, etc.

- Pricking, Stabbing,

etc. Pain present

Discharge

Like freest, Yogurt,

Kshaarodaka,

Ricewater,

Washing of meat

Manda Sraava Scanty

discharge

Curd, Mastu, Kshaara

type,

Meat washing,

Pulakodaka type

scanty discharge

Mastu,

Maamsa,

Thin type of

Scanty discharge

In Vaataja Vrana pain is one of the important criteria. The pain is like cutting,

piercing type. The discharge is in general thin and scanty discharge.

Pittaja Vrana: The Lakshanas according to Sus`ruta, Vaagbhata, Caraka and

Maadhavakara are as follows

Table No. 28 - Lakshanas of Pittaja Vrana


Color Yellowish, Bluish - -

Yellowish, Bluish,

Greenish,

Blackish,

Pin’gala,

Ash of Sàn’kha,

Yellowish,

Reddish,

Bluish, Kapila,

Dhoosara etc.

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67

Oil like etc.

Surface/

Margin Warm - - Warm Warm

Associated

signs/

symptoms

Burning, Smoke coming

out, covering with

burning charcoal, pain as

same Kshaara poured,

suppurating and angry

looks

Thirst, Fever,

Sweating,

Burning

like feeling,

Busting,

Foul smell

Thirst,

Fainting,

Fever,

Klinnata,

Burning,

Foul smell

Similar to Sus`ruta Tendency to

Suppuration

Discharge

Foul discharge, flower

washing, Gomeda, gem,

Gomootra, ash water of

couchshell, Kshara Jala,

oil like etc.

- Foul

discharge -

Warm and

profuse

discharge

The signs and symptoms explained by the above authors are almost similar. In

general the Pittaja Vranas are associated with burning sensation, fever, thirst and they

tend to suppurate early.

Kaphaja Vrana: The Lakshanas of Kaphaja Vrana according to Sus`ruta, Caraka,

Vaagbhata and Maadhavakara are explained below.

Table No. 29 - Lakshanas of Kaphaja Vrana


Color Pandu S`weta Pandu Pandu Pandu Pandu

Surface/

Margin

Thick margin,

covered with

Stabdha Sira and

Snaayu Jaalas

Frothy, heavy,

Snigdha, cold

with less Kleda,

tendency to

become chronic

Slimy, heavy,

smooth, covered

with wet leather

like less Kleda,

tendency to less

suppuration

Snigdha, thick

margins

Surface thick

and hard

margin

Base Rigid - - Covered with

Net vessels

Net of vessels

and ligaments

Associated

signs/

Severe itching,

mild pain, - - Itching Itching

Historical Review

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Symptoms numbness,

coldness

Discharge

Sùkla, Sèeta,

Saandra,

Picchila,

Guru,

like Navaneeta,

Kaaseesa,

Majja Pishta,

Tila,

Naarikelodaka,

Varaaha Vasa

- -

Butter like,

Tilapishta,

excessive

whitish,

Naarikelodaka,

Tilapishta,

excessive

whitish,

dense, slimy,

Kledayukta

Narikelodaka

In general the signs and symptoms of Kaphaja Vrana are having Pandu or S`weta

Varna, associated with sever itching and thick, unctuous discharge.

Lakshanas of Dvandvaja, Tridoshaja and Sannipaataja Vrana:

Sus`ruta explained the Lakshanas of Vranas according to their combinations.

Vaagbhata and Maadhavakara also made the similar attempt. The Lakshanas are as

follows.

In Ashtàan’ga San’graha and Ashtàan’ga Hrudaya, the explanations are similar.

In all these Vranas some of the Lakshanas are the combination of the Lakshanas of the

Doshas.

Table No. 30 - Lakshanas of Dvandvaja, Tridoshaja and Sannipaataja Vrana

Type of Vrana

combination. Lakshanas

V+P Burning sensation, dull luster, and yellowish colored discharge.

V+K Persistent pain, itching, dry, hard, frequent scanty discharge.

P+K Burning sensation, hot and yellow discharge.

V+S Dry, thin, pricking pain, loss of sensation, bloody discharge.

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69

P+S Ghee smell, soft, spreading, hot, blackish discharge.

K+S Red colored, heavy, itching, yellowish discharge.

V+P+S Throbbing, pricking and burning pain, sensation as fumes come out, thin yellow

discharge.

V+K+S Itching, throbbing type pain, tingling sensation, thick yellowish discharge.

K+P+S Burning, suppuration redness, itching, blood stain yellowish discharge.

V+P+K+S All type of pain, coconut water like discharge.

Lakshana of Sadyo Vrana: (According to shape and severity of the injury)

Sus`ruta in his Cikitsa Sthaana 2nd chapter - Sadyovraneeya Adhyaaya explained

the Sadyo Vrana in detail which comes under Aagantuja Vrana. Maadhava Nidaana’s

explanation is similar to Sus`ruta. Totally six types of Sadyo Vranas are explained here.

They are as follows;

Table No. 31 - Lakshana of Sadyo Vrana

Chinna Bhinna Viddha Kshata Picchita Ghrushta

Extensive cut

injury oblique

or Straight

separation of

parts of body.

Perforation

of Aasàya

and mild

discharge.

Deep injury

without

perforation

of Aasàya.

Neither a cut

injury nor a

perforation but

exhibits the

nature of both

uneven shaped.

Crushed injury

extended filled

with Majja and

Rakta

Rub injury skin

gets peeled off,

burning

sensation and

Discharge

Lakshana of Sùddha Vrana:

Before treatment it is important to know about the Sùddha and Asùddhataa of

Vrana. Because of the prognosis and treatment in both of them are different. The Sùddha

Vrana usually does not need treatment and Dushtà Vrana are difficult to treat. The

Lakshana of Sùddha Vrana according to various Aacaarya’ are as follows;

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Table No. 32 - Lakshana of Sùddha Vrana

Sus`ruta Caraka A.San. A.H. M.Ni.

* Surface of wound is

just like tongue.

* Recent origin.

* Unaffected by the

three Dosha.

* Edges with a slight

blackish colour and

having granulation

tissue.

* Absence of pain.

* Absence of

secretion.

* Even surface

through out the

wound area.

* Slimy surface.

* Regular surface.

* No discharge.

* Color of wound

is reddish black.

* Moderate pain.

* Elevation and

depression are

absent.

* No pain.

* No discharge.

* Color of wound is

blackish.

* Even margins,

slight elevation in

the middle.

* Opposite character

of Dushtà Vrana.

* Surface of

wound is just

like tongue.

* Soft.

* Surface is

smooth and

normal.

* Absence of

pain and

secretion.

* Wound

surface is just

like tongue.

* Very soft.

* Slimy.

* Painless.

* Not too much

discharge.

In general the Sùddha Vrana should be devoid all the three Doshas, the floor

should be at the surface level. The discharge and pain should be absent. The explanation

according to Sus`ruta and Vaagbhata are almost similar. Caraka also in brief explained

the feature of Sùddha Vrana.

Lakshanas of Dushtà Vrana: Some of the features of the Dushtà Vrana are opposite to

Sùddha Vrana. The various Lakshanas of Dushtà Vrana according to different

Aacaaryas are as follows;

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71

Table No. 33 - Lakshanas of Dushtà Vrana

Sus`ruta Caraka A.H. M.Ni. Sà. Sam.

* Extremely narrow or

wide mouthed.

* Too soft.

* Elevated or Depressed

* Black or red or white

colored.

* Too cold or Hot.

* Full of Pooti Pooya,

Sira, Snaayu, Pooti

Pooya Sraavi.

* Upward or oblique

course of suppuration.

* Pus runs in to cavity

and fissures, having

foul smell.

* Burning sensation.

* Redness.

* Itching.

* Pustules crop up

around, secrete with

blood.

* No specific

Lakshanas

mentioned by

Caraka, but by

classification it is

characterized in 12

* White.

* Depressed path.

* Too thick path.

* Too yellow, blue,

blackish, grey.

* Black foul

smelling.

* Wide cavity filled

with pus.

* Narrow mouth.

* Too hard/Too soft.

* Too elevated/ Too

inverted.

* Too hot/Too cold.

* Colour of Vrana is

red/Paandu/ black.

* Severe painful.

* Burning sensation.

* Inflamed.

* Redness and itching

is present.

* Chronic in nature.

* Purulent

profuse

blood stained

discharge.

* Large cavity.

* Foul

smelling.

* Severe pain.

* Opposite

Lakshanas of

Sùddha

Vrana.

* Opposite

Lakshanas of

Sùddha

Vrana.

In total the Dushtà Vrana is associated with sever pain, profuse discharge having

putrefied smell, having irregular floor and margin. The color of the Vrana is of different

variety.

According the stages of healing Sus`ruta classified the Vrana in to Ruhyamaana

Vrana and Samyak Rood`ha Vrana. The Lakshanas of them are explained below;

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Ruhyamaana Vrana Lakshana

The Lakshanas of Ruhyamaana Vrana are seen in the ulcers which in the stage of

healing. There is granulation tissue seen at the periphery. It is devoid of Kleda

(discharge) and it is Sthira.

Table No. 34 - Lakshanas of Ruhyamaana Vrana

Sus`ruta A.H. M.Ni.

* Absence of any type of discharge.

* Presence of healthy and new

granulation tissues.

* Yellowish colored wound.

* Surrounding area of wound is

hard.

* Done colored without any type

of mucoid secretion.

* Stable.

* Good granulation tissue.

* Blackish white colored.

* Moist less and dry.

* Immobile/stable with

granulation tissue.

Samyak Rood`ha Vrana Lakshana

Maadhavakara’s explanation is similar to Sus`ruta. This is not explained by

Caraka and Vaagbhata.

Table No. 35 - Lakshanas of Samyak Rood`ha Vrana

Sus`ruta M.Ni.

* Edges : Firm.

* Pain : No pain.

* Swelling : Not appears.

* Leaves cicatrices of the same line with the surrounding skin.

* Edges : Even.

* Pain : No pain.

* Swelling : Not present.

Aagantu Vranas: In general the shapes of Aagantu Vrana are as follows: Aayata,

Caturasra, Tryasra, Mandàlina, Ardhacandra and Visàala. Sus`ruta also mentioned that,

even though here only 6 types are explained but Vranaakruti are of various types.

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73

According to Sus`ruta, the Sadyo Vranaas or the Aagantu Vranaas are six in

number, and they are already explained above. According to Astan`ga San’graha,

Aagantu Vrana are totally three. They are further divided in to subtypes. According to

Ashtàan’ga Hrudaya, they are totally eight. The descriptions of them are as follows:

Color of the Vrana:

According to Sus`ruta the color of Vrana according to the involvement of Doshas

are as follows;

Table No. 36 - Color of Vrana

Involvement of Dosha Color (Varna) of Vrana

Vaata Bhasma, Kapota, Asthi, Parusha, Krushna, Aruna Varna

Pitta and Rakta Neela, Peeta, Harita, S`yaava, Krushna, Rakta, Kapila and Pin’gala

Kapha S`weta and Pandu

Sannipaataja Mixed Varna

Vrana Gandha according to Aacaarya Caraka205:

Caraka explained the smell according to various substances like Ghruta, oil etc.

and also some of the body constituents like blood etc.

Table No. 37 - Vrana Gandha

Sl. No. Smell Sl. No. Smell

01. Ghruta 05. Pootika

02. Taila 06. Amla

03. Vasaa 07. S`yaava

04. Pooya 08. Rakta

Sthaana of Vrana according to Sus`ruta and Caraka: According to Sus`ruta “Every

Vrana will occur in certain type of tissues and that is Vranavastu”.

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Table No. 38 - Sthaana of Vrana according to Sus`ruta and Caraka

Sl. No. Sus`ruta

Eight type of Vrana Vastu

Caraka

Sthaana of Vrana

01. Twak Twak

02. Maamsa Siraa

03. Siraa Maamsa

04. Snaayu Meda

05. Asthi Asthi

06. Marma Snaayu

07. Kosht`ha Marma

08. Sandhi Antaraas`raya

Vrana Sthaana and its Lakshanas by Maadhava Nidana:206

Table No. 39 - Vrana Sthaana according to Maadhavakara

Vrana “Sthaana” Vrana Lakshanas according to Sthaana

Maamsa, Sira, Snaayu, Asthi, Sandhi – Vrana Associated with vertigo and delirium

Marma Rahita “Siraadi” Viddha – Vrana Profuse Discharge like “Indragopa”. Reddish

appearance

Marma Rahita “Snaayu” Viddha – Vrana Laxity of body part, severe pain, delayed wound

healing, inactivity of the body part

Marma Rahita “Sandhi” Viddha – Vrana Excessive pain, weakness, inflammation at the

site, completes absence of activities

Marma Rahita “Asthi” Viddha - Vrana Day and night severe pain and not subsides in any

position

Maamsa Marma Viddha – Vrana Loss of tactile sense, discoloration

According to Maadhava Nidaana, the Sthaana of Vrana are similar to the 8 Vrana

Vastu’s of Sus`ruta. But during the explanation of each variety of Sthaana and Vrana

Lakshana, he specially mentioned Marma Rahita. Because Marma are present in all the

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structures and if its involvement is there then the Lakshanas are completely different.

May be that is the reason that of his mention about Marma Rahita.

Shape of Vrana: According to Sus`ruta and Vaagbhata the shape of Vrana are as

follows;

Sus`ruta mentioned 4 normal shapes for ulcer. Others are having irregular shapes

and they are difficult to treat.

Shape of Vrana

According to Sus`ruta According to Ashtàan’ga Hrudaya

Aayata

Caturasra

Vrutta

Triputàka

It is recognized by

the shape of Sàlya/Foreign body

inserted

Vaagbhata’s explanation of shape of Vrana is purely of Aagantuja variety.

Because he told that, the shape is considered according to the shape of Sàlya.

Vrana Sraava:

For Dushtà Vrana, Sraava is one of the important criteria. So Sus`ruta gave more

importance for the description of various types of Sraava i.e. according to the Doshas and

also according to the Ashtà Vrana Vastu.

Vrana Sraava according to the Ashtà Vranavastu:207

According to the

Sthaana/Vranavastu Vrana Sraava

Twak Yellowish, Watery.

Maamsa Thick, Ghee like.

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Siraa Excessive bleeding, after suppuration pus discharge.

Snaayu Thick, mucoid and blood stain discharge.

Asthi Mix discharge with blood and bone marrow (Majja).

Sandhi Discharge less in rest condition but mixed with pus and blood and pus

exudates come out on movement.

Kosht`ha Blood, urine, stool, pus, and watery or serous discharge.

Vrana Sraava according to the Dosha:

Sus`ruta explained Sraava for each type of Doshaja Vrana separately. They are as

follows;

Vrana Sraava according to the Dosha

According to the Dosha

involvement Vrana Sraava

Vaata Rough, blackish, like frost, Yoghurt, Kshaara Jala, washing of meat,

rice water

Pitta Gomeda, gem, cow’s urine, ash powder of conchshell,

astringent water, Maadhveeka Taila

Kapha Like butter, Kaaseesa, bone marrow, rice cake, water of coconut, fat of

pig

Rakta Like Pitta but more bloody discharge

Sannipaataja Water of coconut, vinegar, liver, juice of Mudga

Vrana Sraava according to Caraka:

Caraka explained totally 14 types of Sraava208 in general. They are as follows;

Vrana Sraava according to Caraka

1. Laseeka 2. Jala

3. Pooya 4. Asruk

5. Haridra 6. Aruna

7. Pin`jara 8. Kashaaya

9. Neela 10. Harita

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11. Snigdha 12. Rooksha

13. Sita 14. Asita

Asaadhyata according to Sthaana: The prognosis is decided according to the type of

discharge. It is explained in the below table. When there is involvement of the visceral

structures, then it is considered as incurable.

Asaadhyata according to Sthaana

Prognosis Sraava

Asaadhya

Pulaakodaka like exudates from Pakvaasàya, Kshaarodaka type of Sraava

from Raktaasàya, Kalaaya type of Sraava from Aamaasàya and

Trikasandhi Pradesà

Saadhyaasadhyata:

Characters of Sukha Saadhya Vrana:

1. Vrana arising in only Tvak Adhist`haana.

2. Vrana of rectangular, square, circular and triangular in shape.

3. Vrani follows Pathyaapathya regularly.

4. The Sthaana of the Vrana is easy to dress by Vaidya and Paricaaraka.

Characters of Krucchra Saadhya Vrana:

1. The Sthaana of Vrana is bone, teeth, nose, lateral angle of eye, Srotas, umbilicus,

stomach, suture, buttock, flanks, abdomen, thorax, breast, joints those that secrete

frothy blood/pus with a gurgling sound or contain any foreign matter embedded in

their inside.

2. Vrana of leprosy, diabetes, tuberculosis, poisons etc.

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3. Vrana having foul smell, 16 said complication and with said 24 Vrana Dosha.

Characters of Yaapya Vrana:

1. The Vrana such as Avapaatìka, Niruddha Prakasà, Sanniruddha Guda, Visarpa,

Bone fracture, Urah Kshata, Vrana Granthi.

Characters of Asaadhya Vrana:

Those which are elevated like Maamsapinda, those which have copious discharge,

which contain Pooya inside and are painful, some are having the lips like the As`wa

Apaana, Ulcers in Ksheena Maamsastha, having minute openings, like Maamsa Budbuda,

ulcers situated in head and neck from which air escapes making sound are incurable. In

Ksheena Maamsa person the ulcers discharging Pooya and Raktha associated with

Arocaka, Avipaaka, Kaasa, S`waasa like Upadravaas. Bhinna Vrana in Sìra and Kapaala

followed by appearance of Mastulun’ga, features of all the three vitiated Doshas and

S`waasa and Kaasa are incurable.

Ulcers discharging Vasaa, Meda, Majja and Mastulun’ga are curable if caused by

Aagantu Kaarana, otherwise incurable (i.e. caused by Doshas).

Without treatment in proper time, curable wound can be converted into Yaapya,

Yaapya to Asaadhya and Asaadhya may kill the patient.

Nidaana of Vrana:

Sus`ruta mentioned the Dosha (Vaata, Pitta, Kapha and Rakta), and Dooshya

(Vrana Sthaana) separately.

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Dooshya:

The Vrana Vastu or Vrana Sthaana mentioned by Sus`ruta is also known as Vrana

Dooshya.

1. Twak 2. Maamsa

3. Siraa 4. Snaayu

5. Asthi 6. Kosht`ha

7. Marma 8. Sandhi

According to Sus`ruta the Vranas are of two types i.e. Sàreeraja and Aagantuja.

The causes for Sàreeraja Vranas are same as the causative factors responsible for the

vitiation of Doshas. They are mainly classified in to two types, i.e. Aahaaraja and

Vihaaraja. They are as follows;

Nidaana

Dosha Aahaara Vihaara

Vaata

Laghu, Katu, Lavana Aahaara,

Sùshkasàaka etc. Vaataprakopaka

Aahaaras.

Balavat Vigraha, over administration of Vamana,

Virecana, Raktamokshana, Vyaayaama and

suppression of Adhaaraneeya Vega, Gaja, Ratha,

Padaaticarya etc.

Pitta

Ushna, Amla, Lavana, Katu, Kshaara,

Teekshna, Laghu,

Vidaahi, Tila Taila, Pinyaaka

Krodha, Sòka, Bhaya, Aayaasa, Upavaasa,

Maithuna

Kapha Heavy, Sweet, Slimy, Sheeta, Lavana,

Maasha, Mahaamaasha Divaaswapna, Avyaayaama, Aalasya

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Management of Vrana:

Ayurveda science has got a peculiarity in the management of either of the

diseases need Cikitsaa Sootra which is mainly based taking in to consideration the

involvement of the body as a whole as well as the locally involved tissue.

The principles of treatment of Vrana are as follows:

Treatment of Vrana

Sl.

No. Sus`ruta Caraka

A. H. and

A. San. Kaas`yapa B.Pr.

1 Apatarpana Sòdhana Vamana Apatarpana Lepa

2 Aalepa Paat`hana Virecana Parisheka Parisheka

3 Parisheka Vyadhana Upacaara Upanaaha Vimlaapana

4 Abhyan’ga Chedana Raktamokshana Sneha Rakta

Mokshana

5 Sweda Lekhana Seka Sramsana Paacana

6 Vimlaapana Pracchana Abhyan’aga Bandhana Bhedana

7 Upanaaha Seevana Sòphahara Lepa Utkinna

Prakasalaa Sòdhana

8 Paacana Avapeedàna Swedana Kalka Ropana

9 Visraavana Nirvaapana Sthirasòphahara

Lepa Sòdhana Sramsana

10 Sneha Sandhaaneeya Upanaaha Ropana Vrana

Karanam

11 Vamana Swedana Daarana Savarni Karma ------

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12 Virecana Sàmana Peedàna ------ ------

13 Chedana Eshana Prakshaalana ------ ------

14 Bhedana Sòdhanakashaaya Vranasòdhana

Lepa ------ ------

15 Daarana Ropanakashaaya Varti ------ ------

16 Lekhana Sòdhana Lepa Dhoopa ------ ------

17 Eshana Ropana Lepa Utsaadana ------ ------

18 Aaharana Sòdhana Taila Avasaadana ------ ------

19 Vyadhana Ropana Taila Kshaarakarma ------ ------

20 Vidraavana Sòdhana Ghruta Agnikarma ------ ------

21 Seevana Ropana Ghruta Vranaropana

Lepa ------ ------

22 Sandhana Patracaadana

(Baahya)

Vranaropana

Ghruta ------ ------

23 Peedàna Patraacaadana

(Aabhyantara)

Vranaropana

Taila ------ ------

24 Sònita

Sthaapana Bandhana Avacooranana ------ ------

25 Nirvaapana Pathyaahaara Svarnakarana ------ ------

26 Utkaarikaa Utsaadana Romasan`janana ------ ------

27 Kashaaya Avasaadana ------ ------ ------

28 Varti Kshaarakarma ------ ------ ------

29 Kalka Agnikarma ------ ------ ------

30 Sarpi Kaat`hinyakara ------ ------ ------

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Lepa

31 Taila Kaat`hinyahara

Lepa ------ ------ ------

32 Rasakriyaa Mrudukaralepa ------ ------ ------

33 Avacoornana Dhoopalepa ------ ------ ------

34 Vranadhoopana Varnyakarma ------ ------ ------

35 Utsaadana Ropana ------ ------ ------

36 Avasaadana Lomaapaharana ------ ------ ------

37 Mrudukarma ------ ------ ------ ------

38 Daarunakarma ------ ------ ------ ------

39 Kshaarakarma ------ ------ ------ ------

40 Agnikarma ------ ------ ------ ------

41 Krushnakarma ------ ------ ------ ------

42 Paandukarma ------ ------ ------ ------

43 Pratisaarana ------ ------ ------ ------

44 Romasan`janana ------ ------ ------ ------

45 Lomaapaharana ------ ------ ------ ------

46 Bastikarma ------ ------ ------ ------

47 Uttarabastikarma ------ ------ ------ ------

48 Bandha ------ ------ ------ ------

49 Patraadaana ------ ------ ------ ------

50 Krumighna ------ ------ ------ ------

51 Bramhana ------ ------ ------ ------

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52 Vishaghna ------ ------ ------ ------

53 Sìrovirecana ------ ------ ------ ------

54 Nasya ------ ------ ------ ------

55 Kavaladhaarana ------ ------ ------ ------

56 Dhooma ------ ------ ------ ------

57 Madhu ------ ------ ------ ------

58 Sarpi ------ ------ ------ ------

59 Yantra ------ ------ ------ ------

60 Aahaara ------ ------ ------ ------

Sus`ruta’s treatment of Vrana mainly includes the Shasht`hyupakrama, starting

from Apatarpana to Aahaara. In these 60 measures he included all types of treatment i.e.

Sòdhana – as local and as general, surgical measures etc.

7 measures of vrana:

1) Vimlaapana 2) Avasecana 3) Upanaaha

4) Paat`hana Kriya 5) Sòdhana 6) Ropana and 7) Vaikrutaapaham

In the above seven measures, the first four are the treatment for Vrana Sòpha.

The next three are for the treatment of Vrana as Sòdhana that is cleansing of the Vrana,

Ropana or healing measures and the last one is the restoration of the normal tissue, which

includes Krushna Karma, Paandu Karma etc.

Sòdhana:

Sòdhana (as Vrana Sòdhana) is one of the important therapy in the management

of ulcer. Among sixty methods Kwaatha, Varti, Kalka, Ghruta, Taila, Rasakriyaa,

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Avacoornana are the different methods for Sòdhana. Chedana, Bhedana, Lekhana,

Aaharana, Eshana, Vyadhana, Visraavana, Seevana are the eight types of surgical

methods.209

After Sòdhana different types of Lepa i.e. Pralepa, Pradeha, Aalepa has to be

applied over the Vrana and then Bandhana should be done for the protection of the

wound. In the 18th chapter of Sootra Sthaana, Sus`ruta explained them in detail.

Ropana:

Ropana drugs are the one which helps in the healing of the Vrana. It is indicated

usually after the Sòdhana of the Vrana. For the Ropana various Kashaaya, Rasakriyaa,

Varti, Lepa,Taila, Avachoornana etc. are mentioned.210

Parisheka:

Parisheka is one among the Shasht`hyupakrama. The Doshaagni Sàmana occurs

by Parisheka like the Agni becomes Sàanta by pouring of water.

In Vaataja Vrana Sarpi, Taila, Dhaanyaamla, Maamsarasa, Vaatahara Aushadha

and Kwaatha in Asèeta form should be used for Parisheka.

For the Vrana produced due to Pitta, Rakta, Abhigaata and Visha, Ksheera, ghee,

honey, sugar water, sugarcane juice, Madhuraushadha, Ksheeri Vraksha Kashaya in

Anushna form should be used for Parisheka.

In case of Kaphaja Vrana Taila, Mootra, Kshaarodaka, Suraa, Sùkta, Kaphaghna

Aushadha Kashaya in Asèeta form should be used for Parisheka.

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Kashaaya:

In case of Vrana associated with Durgandha, Kleda and Picchilata Kashaaya is

indicated for Sòdhana using various drugs.

Pathyaapathya:211

Along with other measures Pathyaapathya is one of the important therapies

according our classics.

Vrana patient should not consume Nava Dhaanya, Mastu, Sarshapa, Kalaaya,

Kulattha and Nis`paava. He also avoids food materials prepared out of Haritaka Sàaka,

Amla, Lavana, Katu substances, dry meat, dry vegetables, goats flesh, sheep, and aquatic

animals, fatty substances, very cold water, Krasàra, Dadhi, milk etc.

He should avoid Vaata, Aatapa, Raja, Dhooma, Avas`yaaya, heavy meals and also

harmful articles of diet, unpleasant noises and scenes, jealousy, rage, fear, grief,

meditation, Raatri Jaagarana, irregular food habits, sleeping on an uneven bed,

Lan’ghana, heavy exercise, standing for a long time , Adhyasàna, Ajeerna etc.

Patient of Vrana should eat diet consisting of old rice and boiled Sàali rice, not

extremely liquefied and Snigdha and taken with cooked meat of animals of Jaan’gala

species soon get rid of the disease. A diet consisting of boiled rice, Tandùleeyaka,

Jeevanti, Vatsaka, Moolaka, Patòla, Kaaravella, fried with Saindhava and mixed with the

juice of Daadìma and Aamalaka. Mudgha soup treated as above is also prescribed.

Barley powder, Vilepi, Kulmaasha and boiled water should also be given to the patient

for food and drink.

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Vrana patient should perform protective measures against effecting stars and

spirits. He should strictly follow the Yama and Niyama. All these right performances

help in early healing of Vrana.

Upadrava:212

In case of Vrana specially in Dushtà Vrana complications are most common.

Some of these complications are as follows;

Upadrava are mainly classified as:

1. Vranasya Upadrava

2. Vranitasya Upadrava

Table No. 40 - Upadrava

Sl. No. Vranasya Upadrva Vranitasya Upadrava

1 Gandha Jvara

2 Sraava Atisaara

3 Varna Moorchaa

4 Vedanaa Hicca

5 Aakruti Chardi

6 ------ Arocaka

7 ------ S`waasa

8 ------ Kaasa

9 ------ Avipaaka

10 ------ Trushna

The Vrana Upadrava includes Gandhaadi Panca i.e the abnormality in them. For

e.g. some of normal shapes are told for Vrana. Other than these are considered as

abnormal shapes or Upadrava. According to Caraka, Upadrava are totally 16.

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MODERN ULCER

Definition:

“An ulcer is a break in the continuity of the covering epithelium –skin or mucous

membrane. It may either follow molecular death of the surface epithelium or its traumatic

removal.”213

WOUND “Wound is a discontinuity or break of the surface. A wound is simple when only

skin is involved. It can be a complex wound when it involves underlying nerves, vessels,

tendons etc.”

Classification:214

Ulcer can be classified in to two types mainly: I. Clinically,

II. Pathologically

I. Clinically ulcer is classified into 1. Spreading

2. Healing

3. Callous

1. Spreading ulcers: When the surrounding skin of the ulcer is inflamed and the floor is

covered with slough without any evidence of granulation tissue.

2. Healing ulcers: When there is granulation tissue in the floor of the ulcer, the

surrounding skin is not inflamed and the edge shows bluish outline of growing

epithelium, moreover, there is slight serous discharge.

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3. Callous ulcer (chronic ulcer): When there is pale granulation tissue in the floor, there

is considerable induration at the base, edge and surrounding skin. This ulcer shows no

tendency towards healing.

Table No. 41 - Clinical classification of Ulcer

Spreading Healing Callous

No granulation tissue, Plenty

of discharge, Excessive

slough, Surrounding area

inflamed and oedematous,

Purulent smell present.

Red granulation tissue, Minimal

serous discharge, slough absent,

signs of inflammation are minimal,

Purulent smell is absent.

Pale granulation tissue, serous

discharge, slough present,

Indurations at the base, edge and

surrounding area, Purulent smell

can be present.

II. Pathologically ulcer is classified into: 1. Non specific ulcers

2. Specific ulcers

3. Malignant ulcers

1. Non specific ulcers: There are various causes of such ulcers. According to the cause

these ulcers are classified as below;

a) Traumatic ulcers: According to cause these are;

(i) Mechanical – Dental ulcers of the tongue from jagged tooth, from pressure

of a splint.

(ii) Physical – Electrical or x-ray burn.

(iii)Chemical – From application of caustics

b) Arterial ulcers: As occurs in atherosclerosis, Buerger’s disease and Raynaud’s

disease (primary and secondary).

c) Venous ulcers: E.g. Venous ulcer in post-phlebitic limb.

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d) Neurogenic ulcer.

e) Infective ulcer: Pyogenic ulcers are included in this group.

f) Tropical ulcer: These ulcers occurring in the legs and feet of the people in the

Tropical countries. Infection by Vincent’s organism, in a small abrasion may

cause such ulcer. Ulcers associated with mal-nutrition, anemia, avitaminosis and

rheumatoid arthritis are also included in this group.

g) Cryopathic ulcer: Ulcers due to chilblains and cold injury are included in this

group.

h) Martorell’s ulcer (hypertensive ulcer).

i) Bazin’s ulcer (erythrocyanoid ulcer).

j) Diabetic ulcer.

k) Miscellaneous ulcer: Ulcer may be associated with (i) polycythemia, (ii)

leukaemia, (iii) systemic sclerosis, (iv) ulcerative colitis, (v) poliomyelitis, (vi)

arteriovenous fistula, (vii) Acholuric jaundice, (viii) various collagen disorders

and (ix) chronic lymphoedema. Cortisone ulcers are also included in this group.

2. Specific ulcers are seen tuberculosis, syphilis, soft sore and actinomycosis.

3. Malignant ulcers: e.g. epithelioma, rodent ulcer and malignant melanoma.

Traumatic ulcer:

According to the cause of trauma, the ulcer may be situated anywhere in the body.

But these ulcers occur more commonly where the skin is closely applied to bony

prominencas e.g. shin, maleoli and back of the heel.

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These are small, painful and circular ulcers. These ulcers heel quickly and do not

become chronic unless supervened by infection or ischaemia, which may turn this ulcer

to chronicity. The typical example of such ulcer is the ‘footballer’s ulcer’.

Arterial ulcers: These ulcers are caused by inadequate skin circulation. Impaired circulation

usually occurs in the extremities (arms and legs), especially on the top of the foot, and is

signaled by lack of pulse; cool or cold skin; skin that appears shiny, thin, and dry; loss of

skin hair; and delayed capillary return time.

Ischaemic leg ulcer:

An ischaemic leg ulcer is usually localized to the foot or the outer side of the

lower leg. There are usually other signs of compromised arterial supply, such as atrophy

of the skin of the toes. The ischaemic ulcer is often more painful and has less discharge

than a venous ulcer.

Venous ulcers:

The basic cause of venous ulcer is abnormal venous hypertension in the lower-

third of the leg, ankle and dorsum of the foot. They are shallow, not too painful, and may

have a weeping discharge.

Diabetic ulcers:

Diabetics have impaired wound healing and impaired resistance to infection. The

disease leads to changes of the walls in small and medium arteries with impaired blood

flow. The thickening of capillary membrane will impair passage of leucocytes to the

wounded tissue. The leucocytes function is also impaired. Diabetic neuropathy with loss

of protective reflexes renders the diabetic patient more prone to injuries.

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Pressure ulcers:

Also known as bedsores, pressure ulcers are very common in older and immobile

persons. When too much pressure is placed on them, cells do not get enough oxygen.

The risk of pressure ulcers can be reduced by enhancing mobility, maintaining

skin and general health, ensuring good nutrition, and monitoring weight.

Tropical ulcer:

The most characteristic feature of this ulcer is its callousness towards healing. Its edge

slightly raised and exudes copious serosanguineous discharge. Every effort should be

made to detect the cause behind the ulcer and to treat accordingly. Otherwise it may

retain its existence or even spread rapidly.

Tuberculous ulcer: Such ulcer usually develops due to bursting of cold abscess. This

cold abscess may form–(i) from matted lymph nodes;(ii) from tuberculosis of bone and

joint;(iii)from submucous lesions e.g. intestinal tuberculosis or tongue tuberculosis.

Syphilitic ulcers:

Ulcers due to syphilis are seen in all the three stages of this disease.

In primary syphilis: A hard chancre or hunterian chancre is seen. This usually develops at

the site of entry of the treponemes in about 3 to 4 weeks after exposure. The sites are

external genitelia, but it may occur at extragenital sites e.g. lip, tongue, nipple, perianal

region etc.

In secondary syphilis: Ulcer may develop in the form of mucous patches, snail-track ulcer

or more so in the form of condylomas.

Mucous patches – these are white patches of thickened epithelium.

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Rodent ulcer:

It is usually confined to the upper part of the face above the line joining the angle

of the mouth to the lobule of the ear, occurring frequently near the inner canthus of the

eye.

Some varieties of wounds according to different types of injuries are as follows:215

1. Incised wounds: They are caused by sharp objects like knife or blade. Tissue injury

is small, loss of tissue minimal and contamination usually limited. Primary suturing is

ideal for such wounds, as it gives a neat and clean scar.

2. Lacerated wounds: Wound in which the tissues are torn with ragged confused edges

provides many avenues for infection underlying soft tissue is pulped blood vessels being

torn. These wounds are treated by wound excision and primary suturing provided they are

treated within six hours of injury.

3. Penetrating wounds: They are not common nowadays. Stab injuries of abdomen are

very notorious. It may look like an innocent injury with a small, one or two cm long, cut.

But intestinal organs like intestine, liver, spleen or mesenteric blood vessels might have

been damaged.

4. Crushed or contused wounds: They are caused by blunt trauma due to run over by

vehicle, wall collapse, earth quakes or industrial accidents. These wounds are dangerous

as they may cause sever haemorrhage, death of the tissues and crushing of blood vessels.

Examination of an Ulcer:216 The examination of the ulcer is as follows;

History: Mode of onset: It includes the causes of ulcer

1. Duration: Ulcers may be acute or chronic. Incubation period is also important in

syphilitic or chancroid ulcers. e.g. syphilis – 3-4 weeks, chancroid – 3-4 days

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2. Pain: Ulcers associated with inflammation will be painful. Painless ulcers e.g.

syphilitic and tropic ulcers. Tubercular ulcers are slightly painful. Malignant

ulcers are absolutely painless to start with and never become painful unless they

infiltrate structures supplied by pain nerve endings.

3. Discharge: Smell, colours, quantity is also important contents of the discharge can

be blood, serum or pus, this may be purulent or non purulent.

Physical examination: Before going to the local examination the patient has to be

examined for his general health for the evidence of malnutrition or diseases like diabetes,

tuberculosis, syphilis or any neurological diseases.

Local examination:

I. Inspection

a) Site or position: Different types of ulcers are confined to different parts of the

body. They can be roughly shown as:- Gummatous ulcers-Vicinity of the knee,

subcutaneous bones such as sternum, tibia or skull. Rodent ulcers - Upper part of

the face above a line joining angle of mouth, the ear, frequently occurring near the

inner canthus of the eye. Varicose ulcers- Medial aspect of the lower half of the

leg.

b) Number- Ulcers may be single or multiple as indicative of some diseases like

tuberculosis or syphilis.

c) Size and shape- Tuberculous ulcers are oval or having irregular cresentic bodies.

Syphilitic ulcers are usually circular or semi-lunar, may unite resulting a

serpinginous ulcer. Varicose ulcers are oval vertically. Malignant ulcers are

irregular in size and shape.

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d) Floor- Observation of floor is very important in noting the healing of an ulcer.

Red and pinkish granulation tissue is indicative of an healthy healing ulcer and

pale, smooth granulation of a slow healing ulcer. Membranous or slough cover

floor is seen in gummatous ulcer. Malignant ulcer- posses fungation or

cauliflower appearance in squamous cell carcinoma, ulcerating black mass in

malignant melanoma.

e) Edge- Ulcer edge will be inflamed and oedematous in spreading condition but

while healing shows red granulation tissue, blue and white zone at the periphery.

(i) Undermined edge- e.g. Tuberculous ulcers

(ii) Punched out edge- e.g. Gummatous ulcer, deep trophic ulcer

(iii)Sloping edge- e.g. Venous ulcers or in healing traumatic ulcers

(iv) Raised and pearly – white beaded edge- e.g. Rodent ulcer

(v) Rolled out (Everted) edge- Squamous – celled carcinoma or ulcerated

adenocarcinoma.

f) Surrounding area: on examination the surrounding area is hard and pigmented in

varicose ulcers, red, glossy and oedematous in acute inflamed ulcers.

g) Discharge: Smell, quantity and colour of the discharge is to be assessed.

Spreading ulcers usually having purulent discharge, healing ulcers- scanty and

serous discharge.

II. Palpation:

A) Tenderness: While examining an ulcer one should note down position and degree

of tenderness. An acutely inflamed ulcer is always exquisitely tender. Chronic

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ulcers such as Tuberculous and syphilitic ulcers are slightly tender. Varicose

ulcers may or may not be tender. Neoplastic ulcers are generally not tender.

B) Edge and margin: Marked induration of the edge is characteristic feature of a

carcinoma. A certain degree induration or thickness is expected in any chronic

ulcer, whether it is a gummatous ulcer or a syphilitic or a trophic ulcer.

C) Base: Slight induration of the base is expected in any chronic ulcer, but marked

induration base is an important feature of squamous celled carcinoma and

hunterian chancre.

D) Depth: Trophic ulcers may be as deep as to reach even the bone.

E) Bleeding: Healthy granulation and malignant ulcer will bleed during palpation.

F) Relations with deeper structures: The ulcer is made to move over the deeper

structures to know whether it is fixed to any of these structures. A gummatous

ulcer over a subcutaneous bone is often fixed to it. Malignant ulcers will

obviously be fixed to the deeper structures by infiltration.

G) Surrounding skin: Increased temperature and tenderness of the surrounding skin

indicates the ulcer to be of acute inflammatory origin. The mobility of the

surrounding skin is examined. Fixity to deeper structures indicates the malignant

nature of the lesion.

Examination of lymph nodes: In acutely inflamed ulcers the regional lymph nodes

become enlarged, tender and show the signs of acute lymphadenitis, later on, the nodes

become soften to form an abscess. In Tuberculous ulcer the lymph nodes become

enlarged, matted and slightly tender.

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96

Investigations:

a. Complete blood picture – HB%, TC, DC, ESR, Peripheral smear. Low HB% is

found in chronic ulcers. High total count indicates infection.

b. Urine and blood examination to rule out diabetes.

c. Pus for culture and sensitivity.

d. Biopsy – non healing or malignant ulcers.

General principles of management of ulcer:

The aim of ulcer management is to ensure the quickest and the most durable form

of healing with a minimal scar.

(a) Debridement: Removal dead and devitalized tissues are essential to prevent

bacterial growth.

(b) Topical agents: A wide variety of topical wound cleaning agents being available

and bacteriostatic agents being promoted for local wound application. The

properties of some agents are:

(i) Povidine Iodine: Strong bactericidal for Gram positive and Gram negative.

Gradual releasing of Iodine.

(ii) Chlorhexidine: Bactericidal mainly for Gram positive. Repeated use leads to

build up of activity.

(iii)Hydrogen peroxide: No specific reason for use. Can cause haemolysis.

Delays wound healing by separating granulations.

(c) Protecting adjacent skin is important as a moist environment promotes

maceration.

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97

(d) Filling dead space: Dead space promotes anaerobic infection. In order to achieve

healing from the base of a large cavity, insert packing which prevents cavity

collapse but does not add to the wound tension.

(e) Treatment of the underlying disease.

Treatment of different types of ulcers:217 It can be discussed under following headings;

1. Treatment of spreading ulcers: After obtaining pus culture or sensitivity report,

appropriate antibiotics are given. Many solutions are available to treat the slough, like

hydrogen peroxide or eusol.

2. Treatment of healing ulcers: Regular dressings are done for few days with antiseptic

creams like liquid iodine, zinc oxide or silver sulphadiazine preparation. A swab is

taken to rule out the presence of streptococcus haemolyticus which is a

contraindication for skin grafting. If the ulcer is small, it heals by itself with

Epithelialisation, from the cut edge of ulcer. If the ulcer is large, free split skin graft is

applied as early as possible.

Wound Healing

Wound is the loss of continuity of tissue due to injury. The restoration of this

continuity is a complex biological response. Many researchers have studied this complex

response. The surgeon’s effort should be to prevent, minimize and eliminate those factors

that retards wound healing. Healing on the other hand is the body response to injury in an

attempt to restore normal structure and function.

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98

In human beings the regeneration is limited to epithelium and liver. Most of the

tissues heal by repair resulting in scaring. Following injury wound healing is an active

dynamic process with no intervening lag period. It has been arbitrarily divided in to

stages while in reality it is a continuum with various stages coexisting at the same time.

The process of healing involves two distinct processes.

Regeneration: Replacement of lost tissue by similar type of tissue. This takes place by

proliferation of parenchymal cells and results in complete restoration of original tissues.

Repair: Replacement of lost tissue by granulation tissue followed by fibrosis and scar

tissue formation. This occurs when the surrounding specialized cells do not posses the

capacity to proliferate. Some times both processes take place simultaneously.

Regeneration and Repair can be accomplished in one of the following two ways:

Healing by first intention (primary union): It occurs in a clean incised wound such as a

surgical incision where in there is only a potential space between the edges. It produces a

clean, neat, thin scar.

Healing by second intention (secondary union): It refers to a wound which is infected,

discharging pus or wound with skin loss. Such wounds heal with an ugly scar. An ulcer

also heals in the same way.

The 4 basic processes in wound healing are: A. Inflammation

B. Wound contraction

C. Epithelialisation

D. Granulation tissue formation

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99

Although all wounds heal by the same basic processes, yet their application is

different in closed and open wounds.

A. Inflammation: Immediately after disruption of tissue integrity either by accidental

trauma or by surgeon’s knife, inflammation starts.

Platelets:

The earliest circulating cell or cell fragment detected in the injury site is the

platelet. Platelets contain three types of organelles involved in haemostasis and initiation

of the inflammatory phase.

Lymphocytes:

B lymphocytes may be absent from the wound site. However, helper T cells are

activated following injury, when they recognize any foreign antigen on the surface of

antigen-presenting cells, e.g. Langerhans cell in skin, and certain types of macrophage.

B. Wound contraction: It is an important feature of secondary healing, not seen in

primary healing. It has been noticed in open wounds with tissue loss for centuries. The

wound contraction does not begin immediately and that about 3-4 days elapse before

movement of the edges become measurable. This period, when no wound contraction is

noticed, is called the initial ‘lag period’. After this period there is a period of rapid

contraction, which is completed by the 14th day. At this time the wound is reduced to

approximately 80% of its original size.

C. Epithelialisation:Epithelial cells are important in the inflammatory phase as well as

in the later repair aspect of wound healing. In skin wounds, the epidermis immediately

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100

adjacent to the wound edge begins thickening on the first day. Marginal basal cells loose

their firm attachment to the underlying dermis, enlarge and begin to migrate into the

wound.

D. Granulation tissue formation: The haematoma within the wound is soon replaced by

granulation tissue, which consists of a loose matrix of fibrin, fibronectin, collagen,

glycosaminoglycans, particularly hyaluronic acid, containing macrophages, fibroblasts

and ingrowing blood vessels. Granulation tissue formation is preceded by two phases.

I. Phase of traumatic inflammation

II. Phase of demolition.

The granulation tissue is mainly formed by proliferation and migration of the

surrounding connective tissue elements. It is in fact composed of in the first instance by

capillary loops and fibroblasts with a variable number of inflammatory cells. So initially

it is a highly vascular tissue, it gradually turns into an avascular scar tissue. The two

stages are considered in this process.

Tensile strength: The strength of a healing wound is of great practical importance to the

surgeon. It acts as the main safeguard against wound dehiscence. Experimentally it may

be estimated by measuring the force necessary to disrupt the wound. In the first few days

the strength of a wound is only that of the clot which cements the cut surfaces together.

Later on various changes takes place in the wound healing process and at the end the

tensile strength of the wound corresponds to the increase in amount of collagen present.

Complications of wound healing:

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101

1. Implantation cysts

2. Painful scars

3. Cicatrisation – it often produces various deformities

4. Keloid formation

5. Neoplasia – squamous cell carcinoma has been seen to develop from the edges of

healing wounds. This may be due to uncontrolled growth with invasive

potentiality of the surrounding epithelial cells which are concerned with

epithelialisation. In these cases there is not only mitosis, but there is

pleomorphism, disorganization and loss of polarity.

Factors influencing wound healing:223 These can be divided in to two groups;

I. General factors:

1. Age – wound healing is fast in the younger, but it is normal in old age, unless

associated with debilitating diseases or ischaemia or diabetes etc.

2. Nutrition – (i) protein deficiency – it causes the impairment of granulation tissue

and collagen formation. It should be noted that it is not always due to inadequate

intake, but may be due to excessive loss e.g. Nephrotic syndrome, chronic

inflammatory conditions etc.

(ii) Vitamin – C deficiency

(iii) Vitamin - A – is required for proper epithelialisation

(iv) Zinc, calcium, copper and manganese deficiency – zinc is an essential

component of many enzymes which are involved in protein synthesis. There is

some failure of granulation tissue formation in case of zinc deficiency. Others are

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102

essential minerals which are also required for proper wound healing. These may

be depleted in intestinal fistulas and burns.

3. Hormones – (i) cortoicosteroids

(ii) desoxycorticosterone acetate and anabolic steroids like testosterone are also

concerned with increasing the speed of wound healing.

The conditions like uraemia, anaemia, diabetes, jaundice, blood dyscrasias,

malignant disease and cytotoxic drugs delays or hamper the quality of wound healing.

II. Local factors:223

1. Position of skin wound – the skin wounds which are parallel to the lines of Langer,

heals faster. These lines of Langer are due to arrangements of collagen bundles in the

dermis.

2. Blood supply – wounds with poor blood supply heals slowly. E.g. wounds of pre

tebial region, wounds in ischaemic limbs, and wounds of leg in patients with varicose

veins.

3. Tension – If the wound is in tension, its healing will be jeopardized. Haematoma and

infection increases tension.

4. Infection – Once infection occurs wound healing is always delayed. It may be

considered as the most important factor that delays healing. Due to infection, fibroblasts

face tough time to persist as they have to compete with inflammatory cells and bacteria

for oxygen and nutrients. So proper granulation tissue formation and collagen formation

becomes affected.

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103

Wound infection:

It has been recognized that despite aseptic techniques wounds can become

infected by;

(i) Initial contamination, for example by skin clostridia and Gram-positive organisms

and

(ii) Hospital ward infections spreading from other infected wounds (cross infection)

Fatal infections with Staphylococcus aureus, haemolytic streptococci

(Streptococcus pyogens) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, particularly affecting patients in

burns and trauma units, continue to occur.

Some Principal Organisms of sepsis (mainly responsible for wound infection) are

discussed below:

Spread of infection:

Cellulitis: Cellulitis is inflammation spreading along the subcutaneous or a fascial plane

often as the result of infection with Strep. Pyogens, which has entered the tissue through

an accidental wound, graze or scratch, or following surgical incisions. Unchecked, this

may lead to septicaemia after a rapid spread within the tissues. Initially red and itchy at

the site of the inoculation, the skin swells and becomes tender, frequently being shiny.

There may be local gangrene.

Localized infection will spread by lymphangitis to local or regional lymph nodes

and by bacteraemia to distant organs.

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104

Bacteraemia and septicaemia: Bacteraemia implies the presence of organisms in the

blood, which may be transient. Septicaemia implies overwhelming bacterial proliferation

and toxins in the blood.

The clinical features include a source of infection, hypotension, pyrexia and often

rigors. Hepatic involvement and acute cortical necrosis of the kidneys may be associated

with septicaemia, also peripheral circulatory collapse. Intravascular coagulation defects

frequently accompany the later stages.

Abscess formation: An abscess is a collection of pus. Bacteria which cause pus

(Pyogenic bacteria) reach the infected area.

Pus: Pus is a collection of polymorphonuclear leucocytes from which the proteolytic

enzyme causes liquefaction of the tissues.

5. Movement: It delays wound healing. So rest is essential for healing. Delicate capillary

loops of granulation tissue, delicate epithelium gets damaged due to movement

6. Exposure to ionizing radiation: Previous X –Irradiation may affect vascularity of the

part. It also causes delay in the formation of granulation tissue. But most important is that

it inhibits wound contraction

7. Foreign bodies: These include tissue reaction and inflammation. If sutures are kept for

longer period, it may cause aseptic abscess.

8. Adhesions to bony surfaces: cause delay in wound healing by preventing proper

wound contraction. This is seen particularly in wounds over tibia.

9. Necrosis: this obviously retards healing.

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105

10. Lymph drainage: Impairment of lymph drainage causes oedema of the part which

jeopardizes the process of wound healing. Elevation of such limb often facilitates

healing.

11. Ultraviolet light: has been confirmed experimentally to increase the rate of healing.

Methodology – Pharmaceutical study


106

METHODOLOGY

PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY

Collection of drugs used in the preparation of vrana rakshasa taila:

All the raw drugs needed for the preparation for the compound are

collected from local market and some drugs are collected from college garden as well

as pharmacy section of DGMAMC GADAG. Every drug was identified according to

Ayurvedic standards.

Practical study:

The things, which are mentioned in Ayurveda, are better understood by

getting the knowledge in two ways i.e. theoretical study and Practical. Because as

saying, as doing is very difficult task. This theory is especially applicable to

Rasashastra, because the drugs, which are mentioned in Rasashastra, are considered as

visha or they have visha guna, but after processing some processes those drugs

become ‘Amruta’. So this denotes the importance of practical knowledge. The

processes, which are mentioned in the Rasagranthas, seem to be very easy, but they

will prove difficult during the practical.

A detailed description of the steps taken to prepare the trial formulations

includes different processes like Shodhana & Taila kalpana.

Practical no.1:

Name of the preparation : Parada shodhana

Date of commencement : 17 – 01– 2007

Date of completion : 24 – 01– 2007

Reference : R.S.S. 1/30



107

Apparatus : Kalva yantra, Oordwa patana yantra, measuring jar,

Gas stove, Cloth, cold water pad, Multani mitti, Thread,

Physical balance, Tray.

Drugs: - a. Ashudha Parada - 600gms

b Haridara Choorna - 600gms

c. Kumari swarasa - QS

d. Jala - Q.S

Procedure: Mentioned quantity of Parada and Haridra Choorna were taken in Kalva

yantra, for this required quantity of Kumari swarasa was added and started mardana.

Mardana was continued for three days and then made chakrikas, dried them. Dried

chakrikas were placed in Oordhva patana yantra. This yantra placed over fire. The

upper part was kept cold by means of wet cloth. The heating was continous for 8

hours. Then it was allowed for swangasheeta and with proper care two pots were

separated. Parada was collected by scrapping from upper part and filtered twice with

four folded cloth.

Observation

a. Parada was not mixed immediately with Haridra Choorna.

b. Parada became fine particle but visible after the first day of mardana.

c. Parada mixed Homogeneously with Haridra Choorna and Kumari rasa after

third day mardana.

d. Chakrikas size in beginning was 4 cms, after getting dried its size was 3 cms.

e. Chakrikas were having Haridara gandha.

f. After commencement of heating within 30 min smell of Gandhaka was

observed.



108

g. After completion of heating and separation of pots, it was observed to be

covered with a grey coloured substance with black spots. In the inner surface

of the upper pot.

h. The black powder from upper pot when squeezed through cloth yields Parada

in globules form.

i. Precautions

a. Mardana was done carefully to avoid spillage.

b. Fresh Kumari swarasa was used.

c. Mardana was continuous with uniform pressure.

d. General precautions mentioned for Sandivandana were followed.

e. In order to maintain coolness on upper pot, cloth pad dipped in cold water was

placed and changing of cold pad was done reputedly.

f. To avoid wastage of Parada squeezing of black powder was done.

Result

Ashudda Parada - 600gms

Shodhita Parada - 540gms

Total loss - 60gms

Reason for loss - Evaporated during Oordwapatana

and lost during Prakshalana.

Practical No. 2

Name of Practical : Gandhaka Shodhana

Date of Commencement : 27 -01- 2007

Date of Completion : 27 -01- 2007

Reference : R. T 8/8-12

Apparatus : Mortar with pestle, steel vessels, stove, cloth, holder.



109

Drugs:

1. Ashudha Gandhaka : 1000 g

2. Goghrita : QS

3. Godugdha : 3 liters

4. Jala : QS

Procedure:

Ashudha Gandhaka was taken and powdered. Goghrita was melted in steel

vessel to that powdered Gandhaka was added. Then Godugdha was taken in another

vessel and a cloth was tied on the mouth of vessel. Mandagni was given to the vessel

containing mixture of Goghrita and Gandhaka .When Gandhaka was totally melted

with Goghrita, the mixture was slowly and immediately poured into the big vessel

containing Godugdha through the cloth. The solid mass of Gandhaka was washed

thoroughly in hot water and kept for drying and repeated for 3 times.

Observation

a. When Gandhaka was totally melted it forms homogenous mixture.

b. The successive timings for melting was lesser.

c. Some physical impurities like clay, threads etc were observed on the cloth

tied over the Dugdha containing vessel.

d. After pouring melted Gandhaka into the milk, Ghrita was observed

floating over the surface of milk and colour of it was yellowish.

e. After purification, Gandhaka was obtained as a mass at the bottom of the

vessel containing milk. At that time the appearance was oily, dull

yellowish and in the central region crystals like structure was observed.

Some part of Gandhaka was obtained as granules.



110

f. After washing with hot water and totally drying, the colour changes to

bright yellow.

Precautions

a. Mandagni was maintained.

b. The mixture of Gandhaka and Goghrita was constantly stirred while heating.

c. When Gandhaka was totally melted and homogenous mixture was formed, it

was immediately but slowly and cautiously poured into milk vessel.

d. Gandhaka mass was clearly washed with hot water and dried.

e. The completely dried Gandhaka mass was powdered well and then taken for

next purification.

Result:

Result of Gandhaka Shodhana

Batch Gandhaka

(grams)

Milk

(liters)

Obtained Gandhaka

(grams)

Loss

(grams)

1stShodhana 1000 1 960 40

2ndShodhana 960 1 950 10

3rdShodhana 950 1 940 10

Total loss: 60gms

Reasons for loss

1) Evaporated during heating.

Practical No. 3

Name of Practical : Haratala Shodhana


Date of Completion : 28 -01- 2007

Reference : R. T 11/19-20



111

Apparatus : Gas stove, dolayantra, cloth, Physical balance etc.

Drugs:

1. Ashudha Haratala : 200gms

2. Kooshmanda swarasa : QS

3. Jala : QS

Procedure : Coarse powder of Ashudha Haratala was tied in a cloth and made pottali.

This pottali was immersed in Dolayantra containing Kooshmanda swarasa. Then heat

was given for 1 yama kala. After swanga sheeta it was washed, dried and powdered.

Observations

a. Haratala was hard to pound.

b. During swedana Kooshmanda gandha was observed.

c. After shodhana it was comparatively brittle.

Precautions

a. Haratala was not to be converted into fine powder.

b. Pottalli was made in 4 folded cloth.

c. Mandagni was maintained.

d. Swarasa was added during the process for continuous contact of Kooshamanda

swarasa with Haratala.

Results

Ashudha Haratala : 200gms

Shodhita Haratala : 195gms

Loss : 5gms

Reason for loss : Dissolved in swarasa



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Practical No. 4

Name of Practical : Manashila shodhana


Date of Completion : 31-01- 2007

Reference : R. T. 11/109

Apparatus: Kalva yantra, Steel vessels, spoon, Physical balance etc.

Drugs

1. Ashudha Manashila : 100gms

2. Choornodaka : QS

3. Jala : QS

Procedure : Ashudha Manashila was taken in Kalva yantra, and made powder.

Choornodaka was added in sufficient quantity and kept it for 2 days.washed with

water, allowed to dry.

Observations

a. Initially Manashila was yellowish red, after adding Choornodaka it turned to

deep orange colour.

b. When it was washed with water some part of it get dissolved with water.

Precautions

a. Mardana was done carefully to avoid spillage.

b. Fresh, Choornodaka was taken .

Results:

Ashudha Manashila : 100gms

Shodhita Manashila : 90gms

Loss : 2gms

Reason for loss : lost during prakshalana



113

Practical No. 5

Name of Practical : Preparation of Kajjali

Date of Commencement : 03 -02-2007

Date of Completion : 15-02 -2007

Reference : R.T 6/107

Apparatus : Khalva Yantra, Tula yantra, Spatula, etc.

Drugs:

1. Shodhita Parada : 540gm

2. Shodhita Gandhaka : 540gm

Procedure: In a Khalva Yantra, Shodhita Parada and Shodhita Gandhaka was taken

in equal quantity. Then Continuous mardhana was done. As mardana was continued

up to seven to eight hours daily for three days. The whole mixture converts into a

fine, Black, smooth, lusterless powder and it was collected carefully.

Observation

a. After 2 hours of trituration, the colour of Gandhaka started transforming into

blackish yellow.

b. After 48 hours, Parada particles almost disappeared and the mixture turned

into dark black colour. But, when rubbed between the fingers, small particles

of Parada were seen.

c. But after 96 hours of trituration, there was no Parada particles observed when

rubbed between the fingers. Kajjali attained Nischandratva quality but still this

Kajjali was not satisfying the test of flame test and on rubbing it on Tamra

Patra discolouration was seen.

d. After 120 hours of trituration, the prepared Kajjali fulfilled all the criteria even

the flame test and Tamra Patra test, too were positive.



114

e. This prepared Kajjali was fulfilled the even test of Varitara and Rekha

purnatva too.

f. The entire powder became lime, black, smooth, lusterless and Kajjalabhasa.

Precautions

a. Khalva Yantra should be clean and dry before starting the process.

b. Shodhita Gandhaka was finely powdered, before adding to Shodita Parada.

c. Mardana was done carefully and in uniform speed to avoid spillage.

d. The pestle was moved entire length of Khalva Yantra in clockwise / Anti

clockwise direction.

e. Intermittently water was sprinkled to avoid spillage.

f. Kajjali was collected after the completion of Lakshanas.

Results

Total weight of before the practical – 1080gms

Total weight of Kajjali obtained – 1070gms

Weight loss – 10gms.

Reason for loss:

a. Spilling of mixture during mardana.

b. Some fine particles of Kajjali remained adherent to Khalva which were

difficult to collect.

c. Some quantity of Kajjali was lost during performing the confirmatory test

of the product.

Weight loss – 95gms



115

Practical No.6

1.Name of the preparation :- Shodhana of Girisindhoora in Nimbu swarasa for 3

times.

Date of commencement : - 25 -3 -07

Date of completion :- 26-3 -07

Reference :– RJ -3

2. Equipments:-Khalvayantra, spoon

3. Drugs: - a. Girisindhoora – 200 gms

b. Nimbu swarasa –100ml

4. Procedure:

a. Girisindhoora was taken in the Khalva yantra.

b. Nimbuswarasa was added in the Khalva yantra.

c. Initially Mardana was done slowly to avoid the spillage of material.

d. When it attained semisolid consistency the mardana was carried out

continuously until it becomes powder form.

e. Girisindhoora was once again subjected above said procedure for 2 more times.

5. Observations:-

a. After 1 hour material was become semisolid consistency.

b. Girisindhoora completely turned into fine powder form after six hours.

c. The colour of Girisindhoora turned into bright red.

6. Precaution:-

a. Care should be taken while doing the Mardana for avoids the wastage.

7. Result:

Initial weight of Girisindhoora – 200 gms.

Final weight - 230 gms

Weight gained - 30 gms.

Final product – 1180 gms.

Name of the preparation: Tamra samanya shodhana in Tila taila.

Date of commencement : 27 – 03 - 2007

Date of completion : 27-03 - 2007



116

Reference : R.R.S. 5/29

Equipments: Steel vessel, Holder, Measurement jar, Gas stove, Cloth, Physical

Balance.

Drugs: 1) Asudda Tamra patra : 1000gms

2) Tila taila : 7 ltr

Procedure: Tamra patra was taken and kept on fire till it turns red hot. Then it was

immersed immediately in Tila taila .Then Cooled metal was taken out, washed with

hot water to remove the oiliness & wiped with cloth. Same was repeated for 7 times.

Observations:

a. In the initial phase of heat treatment, it took 20 min to turn red hot but later it

was reduced in respect to time. It was 16 – 18 min in the later heat Treatments.

b. Hissing sound during immersion.

c. Each time the Tamra quenched in Taila there was a blackish discoloration of

Tamra & reddish tinge was observed in Taila.

d. Tamra would catch fire & extinguish on its own sometimes.

Precaution:

a. The order of Taila, Takra, Gomutra, Aranala and Kulattha was to follow in

this order itself.

b. In each media of liquids, Tamra was quenched for 7 times.

c. After quenching Tamra in Tila taila, it was allowed to be in it for 20 – 30min

and again heat treatment was given.

d. For every time of heat treatment it was made sure that Tamra gets intensively

heated on fire, Tamra was heated until Red hot.



117

Result:

Result of Tamra Samanya shodhana in Tila taila

SL.No Drug Initial Wt. Final Wt.

Wt Loss Observed changes

1 Tamra 1000 gms 985 gms 15 gms Tamra became soft and

blackish discolouration.

2 Taila 7000 ml 6650 ml 350 ml Dirty red colour

Reason for loss

1. Tamra - Some part of its coat got burnt away.

Some part got lost in Takra

Loss Name of the preparation : Samanya shodhana of Tamra in Takra.

Date of commencement : 29 –03 –2007

Date of completion : 29 –03 – 2007

Reference : R.R.S 5/29

Drugs: - a. Taila shodita Tamra – 985 gms

b. Takra - 7 lit

c. Jala -- Q.S

Procedure: Taila shodita Tamra patra was taken and kept on fire till it turns to Red

hot. Then it was immersed in Takra. Cooled metal was taken out, washed with hot

water & wiped with cloth and same was repeated for 7 times.

Observation:

a. Blackish tinge was observed in Takra

b. There would be watery break up of Takra, curdy part would settle at the

bottom.

c. While dipping sound comes loudly compared to Taila.



118

d. Tamra appeared black but the degree of blackness was less compared to Taila

shodita Tamra.

e. Some part of Tamra turned to choorna & was collected at the bottom.

Precaution: a. Madhyamagni was maintained.

b. For every time of heat treatment it was made sure that Tamra gets

Intensively heated on fire.

c. Each time fresh Takra was taken for the procedure.

d. Each time washing and wiping is compulsory.

Result:

Result of Tamra Samanya shodhana in Takra



1 Tamra 985 gms 970 gms 15 gms Soft, thin, very little

amount changed to

choorna


Some part got lost in Takra

Practical no. 7

Name of the preparation : Samanya shodhana of Tamra in Gomootra

Date of commencement : 30 –03 – 2007

Date of completion : 30 – 03–2007


Equipments: - Steel vessel, Holder, Measurement jar, Gas stove. Cloth, Physical

balance.



119

Drugs: - a.Takra shodita Tamra – 970 gms

b Gomutra - 7 lits

c. Jala -- QS

Procedure: Takra shodita Tamra patra was taken and kept on fire till it turns red hot.

Then it was immersed immediately in Gomutra. Then cooled metal was taken out,

washed with hot water & wiped with cloth and same was repeated for 7 times.

Observation

a) Each time the Tamra quenched in Gomutra there was a lot of smoke.

b) Tamra was heated to red hot & was dipped in to Gomutra

c) Tamra became brittle, the shining of metal was reduced.

d) Part of patra turned to choorna and was collected at the bottom.

e) Blackish ting in Goumutra, appeared greay colour.

Precaution: Madhayamagni was maintained.

Each time fresh Gomutra was taken.

Tamra was heated until Red hot.

Result of Tamra Samanya shodhana in Gomutra



1 Tamra 970 gms 950 gms 20 gms Shining reduced and

became brittle.

2 Gomutra 7000 ml 6870 ml 130 ml Gray coloured with

blackish tinge.

Reason for loss


Some part got lost in Gomutra



120

Practical no. 8

Name of the preparation : Samanya shodhana of Tamra in Aranala.

Date of commencement : 4 -04 – 2007

Date of completion : 4– 04 –2007


Equipments: - Steel vessel, Holder, Measurement jar, Gas stove. Cloth, Physical

balance.

Drugs: - a. Gomutra shodita Tamra – 950 gms

b Aranala - 7000 ml

c. Jala - QS

Procedure: Gomutra shodita Tamra patra was taken and kept on fire till it turns red

hot. After it was complete immersed immediately in Arnala. Then cooled metal was

taken out, washed with hot water & wiped with cloth and same was repeated for 7

times.

Observation:

a. Each time the Tamra quenched in Aranala there was a sound.

b. Tamra patras were torned at periphery & became thin & brittle.

c. Blackish tinge in Aranala.

d. Choornita Tamra was collected at the bottom.

e. Comparatively Tamra was less black than previous

Precaution:

a. Madhayamagni was maintained.

b. Each time fresh Aranala was taken.

c. Tamra was heated until Red hot.



121

Result

Result of Tamra Samanya shodhana in Aranala

SL.No Drug Initial Wt. Final Wt. Wt Loss Observed changes

1 Tamra 950 gms 935 gms 15 gms Thin, brittle and choornite

2 Aranala 7000 ml 6865 ml 135 ml Black disclouration with

less amla gandha.

Reason for loss


Some part got lost in Aranala

Name of the preparation : Samanya shodhana of Tamra in Kulatha Kwatha.

Date of commencement : 06 - 04 –2007

Date of completion : 06 – 04 - 2007


Equipments : Steel vessel, Holder, Measurement jar, Gas stove.

Cloth, Physical balance

Drugs: - a. Aranala shodita Tamra – 935 gms

b Kulatha Kwatha - 6 ltr

c. Jala -- QS

Procedure: Aranala shodita Tamra patra was taken and kept over fire till it turns to

red hot. Then it was immersed immediately in Kulattha kwatha. After that cooled

metal was taken out, washed with hot water & wiped with cloth and same was

repeated for 7 times.



122

Observation

a. A typical sound during Nirvapa of Tamra patra in Kulattha kwatha

b. Tamra appeared progressively black with each Nirvap then the previous.

c. Tamra became thin and more brittle.

d. Kualatha kwatha appeared blackish red.

Precaution

a. Madhayamagni was maintained.

b. Each time fresh Kulattha kwatha was taken.

c. Tamra was heated until Red hot.

Result

Result of Tamra Samanya shodhana in Kulattha kwatha



1 Tamra 935 gms 915 gms 20 gms Blackish, Brittle, thin

part of it choornita

2 Kulattha

kwatha

6000 ml 5870 ml 130 ml Quantity reduced

appeard black

Reason for loss


Some part got lost in Kulattha kwath

Practical No. 9

1.Name of the preparation :- Vrana rakshasa Taila

Date of commencement : 10 -4 -08

Date of completion :- 20 –5-08

Reference :– B.R –47 /71-73

2. Equipments :- Vessel, Cloth, Spoon etc.

3. Drugs :- a. Parada – 20 gms



123

b. Gandhaka - 20 gms

c. Haratala - 20 gms

d. Manashila - 20gms

e. Vatsanabha - 20gms

f. Lashoona - 20gms

g.Girisindhoora -20gms

h. Tamra choorna -20gms

i.Sarshapa taila -3200ml

j.Water -10lit 250ml.

4. Procedure:

a. With Parada and gandhaka kajjali is prepared.

b. Haratala,manashila are added to it .

c. Vatsanabha,lashoona,girisindhoora are added .

d. The whole kalka and dravadravya are mixed together.

e. Sarshapa taila was then added, stirred continuosly.

f. It is kept in sun light for 40 days,in a open glass vessel.

g. After getting the Snehasiddi lakshana, Sneha was filtered at hot stage

through the cloth.

5. Observation:

a. The colour of taila became brown colour.

b. Taila paka was completed in 40 days.

6. Precaution:

a. During Sneha paka stirring was done continuosly for avoided kalka is

adhering the vessel.

b. Taila paka should be prepared in sun light only.

c. Kalka should be squeezed.

7. Result: Final weight of product – 3000 ml

Methodology – Analytical Study


124

ANALYTICAL STUDY

The metallic and mineral preparation of Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia should be

analyzed for physical and chemical properties to confirm the genuinely & safety

before administration to the patients. Hence it is essential to adopt modern analytical

methodology for better understanding and interpretation of physico - chemical

changes occurred during the process.

Organoleptic characters and Physico chemical analysis done by Pharmacy

college Bagalkot like Acid insoluble ash of vrana rakshasa taila , Specific gravity,

Refractive index, Loss on drying at 1100c, Acid value and Saponification value.

Determination of PH

The PH value of an aqueous liquid may be defined as the common

logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration expressed in

grammes.

The pH value of a liquid is determined potentiometrically by means of a

glass electrode and a suitable PH meter.

METHOD

Operate the PH meter and electrode system according to the manufactures

instructions.standardise the meter and electrodes,if necessary,with M/20

potassium hydrogenpthalate(PH 4.00) when measuring an alkaline solution.

Refractive Index:

The Refractive index (n) of a substance is the ratio of the velocity of

light in a vacuum to its velocity in the substance. It varies with the wavelength of

the light used in the measurement.



125

It may also be defined as the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence

to the since of angle of refraction. Refractive indices are started in terms of

sodium light of wavelength 9893A at a temperature of 200 unless otherwise

specified.

Loss on drying at1100:

One gram of Yashada bhasma accurately weighed, heated on electric oven up

to 1100 c and again weighed. The difference in weighed was calculated & the

result is attached.

Acid Value:

The Acid value of an oil or fat is defined, as the number of milligrams

of Potassium hydroxide required neutralizing the free acid in one gram of the

sample.

Method :

Mix 25ml Ether with 25ml alcohol (95%) and 1ml of 1%

phenolphthalein solution and neutralize with N/10 alkali (few drops). Dissolve

about 5gm of the fat or oil. Accurately weighed, in the mixed neutral solvent, and

titrate with N/10 Potassium hydroxide, and shaking constantly until a pink colour

which persists for 15seconds is obtained.

The titration should preferably not exceed about 10ml.

No. of ml of N/10 alkali used X 5.61

Acid value =

Weight of sample in gm.



126

The free fatty acid content is also express as FFA, calculated as oleic acid%

(1ml. N/10) alkali = 0.028 gm oleic acid.

Saponification value:

The saponification value of an oil or fat is defined as the number of

milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the fatty resulting acids

from the complete hydrolysis of 1 gram of the sample.

Alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide:

Dissolve 35-40 g. potassium hydroxide in 20 ml of water and dilute to one liter with

alcohol (95%) Allow standing overnight and decanting off the pure liquid

Method:

Weight 2g. of the oil or fat into a conical flask and add exactly 25ml of the alcoholic

potassium hydroxide solution. Attack a reflux condenser and heat the flask in boiling

water for one hour, shaking frequently. Add 1 ml of phenolphthalein (1%) solution

and titration the excess alkali with N/2 hydrochloric acid (titration=a ml) carry out a

blank at the same time (titration=b ml).

(b-a) x 56.1

Saponification value =

Wt. In g. of sample



127

IODINE VALUE

The iodine value of an oil or fat is the weight of iodine absorbed by 100 parts

by

weight of the sample,when determined by one of the fallowing methods.

METHOD

Place the sample,accurately weighed,in a iodine flask of 250ml capacity,add 10 ml of

carbon tetrachloride,and dissolve.add 10 ml of chloroform and 20 ml of iodine

monochloride solution,insert the stopper,previously moistened with potassium iodine

solution and allow to stand in a dark place at a temperature of about 17c for thirty

minutes.add 15 ml of potassium iodine solution and 100ml of water shake and titrate

with N/10 sodium thiosulphate using starch mucilage as indicator. Note the number of

ml required a.at the same time carry out the operation in exactly the same manner,but

with out the sample being tested,and note the number of ml.N/20 sodium thiosulphate

required.

Calculate the iodine value from the formula

Iodine value= (b-a)*0.01269*100/wt in gm of sample.

If b-a is greater than b/2 the test must be repeated using a smaller of the sample.

Methodology – Clinical Study


128

CLINICAL STUDY

This clinical study was conducted after proper understanding of classical

explanations, observations and management of kaphaja dusta vrana. For this clinical

study clinical symptoms and the management of kaphaja dusta vrana are taken into

consideration.

The materials are studied as under:

Patients: The patients with confirmed diagnosis of kaphaja dusta vrana were

selected from the O.P.D. Section of P.G.R.C.D.G.M. Ayurvedic medical college

hospital Gadag randamly.

Methods of collection of data:

a. criteria for Inclusion:

a) Patients with Kaphaja Dusta Vrana lakshanas aged between 10-50

years.

b) The patients which are having the signs and symptoms of Kaphaja

dusta vrana were taken for the clinical trial.

c) Clinical assessment of the classical signs and symptoms of kaphaja

Dusta Vrana were be assessed based on grading.

a) Criteria For Exclusion :

1) Patients below 10 years and above 50 Years of age.

2) The Patients with systemic complications like Kshaya (Tuberculosis)

Kotha, Vataraktha, Bhagna will be excluded from the study.

b) Criteria of Diagnosis:

Diagnosis were made on the basis of classical signs and symptoms as mentioned in Ayurvedic texts, like Kandu, Srava, Vedana etc.



129

c) Study Design:

Clinical efficacy of the Vrana Rakshasa Taila were assessed with the help of

changes in the signs and symptoms of vrana and also on the basis of statistics as

paired ‘t’ test.

Sample size:

Minimum of 20 patients of Kaphaja Dusta Vrana of either sex were taken after the dropout of patients in a single group trial.

g) Posology: Only for external application.

a) Dosage: As required depending size, shape & site of the wound.

Study Duration: - Total duration of study is 30 days It is divided into

a) Application of the taila to the vrana for 15 days

b) Follow up – 15days

h. Assessment of results:

i) Criteria for the assessment of Results :

Assessment of results before and after treatment were made on the basis of

subjective and objective parameters by grading. As Gandha, Vedana,

Varna,Srava,Akruti, and also on the basis of paired ‘t’ test. Pictorial representation of

the case is done.

a) Subjective parameters:

1) Vedana.

Gradings – 0-- No vedana

01--Vedana when the wound site is disturbed (dressing)

02--Vedana when patient moves the affected part and relives at rest

03--Vedana continuously present & not relived by rest requires

medications



130

2) Kandu.

Gradings – 0--No Kandu

01--Occasionally when the attention is drawn towards the

wound

02--Present continuously & relived by scratching

03-Present continuosly

b) Objective parameters:

1) Gandha.

O - No Gandha

1 - Mild Gandha when we removed the bandage.

2 - Moderate Gandha when we can smell from a 2 feet distance.

3 - Severe Gandha, we can perceive it from 10 feet distance.

2) Varna.

0--Normal skin colour

01--Red

02--Bluish

03--Moist with pus

04--Moist with pus with blood discharge

3) Srava.

0 - No Srava

1 – Rakta yukta Srava

2 – Pooya yukta Srava

3 – Pooya & Rakta yukta Srava

4) Akruti.

0 – Irregular Wound is 1.5cms to 2cms - 01

1 – Circular Wound is 2.5cms to 3cms - 02

2 – Trangular Wound is 3cms and above - 03

3 – Rectangle

4- Others



131

Fallowing investigations were done

A. Lab Investigations:

1) Hb% 5) ESR 9) Culture & Sensitive (if required)

2) TC 6) Blood sugar

3) DC 7) Urine Routine

4) BT 8) CT

B. Interventions:

1. The patients were assessed before and after treatment as per assessment

criteria.

2. The nature of the study explained to the patients in detail and pretreatment

consent was taken.

3. The patients have full right to withdraw from the study at any time.

4. The data were maintained confidentially.

Over all Assessment of results:

The overall assessments of results in the present study were done.

Observation and Results


132

OBSERVATION AND RESULTS

The present clinical study was meant for evaluation of efficacy of vrana

rakshasa taila in the management of kaphaja dusta vrana Total 20 patients were

randomly selected for the above mentioned study. The entire patients were assessed

before and after treatment. Both subjective and objective changes were recorded

according to the proforma of case sheet. The collective data is grouped into 8

categories.

1. Observation based on age.

2. Observation based on sex.

3. Observation based on education.

4. Observation based on marital status.

5. Observation based on religion.

6. Observation based on occupation.

7. Observation based on economical status.

8. Observation based on Vrana lakshanas

Observation of demographic data:

Table No :42 showing the distribution of patient’s according to age

Age

In years

No.of patients

Percentage

10-20 01 5

20-30 04 20

30-40 10 50

40-50 05 25

Total 20 100

In this 10-20years patients are only one, 20-30 years 04 patients, 30-40 years 10 patients,

40-50 years 05 patient.



133

Fig No :01 showing the distribution of patient’s age group

Table No : 43 showing the distribution of patients according to sex

Sex No of Patients Percentage Male 15 75% Female 05 25%

Fig No : 02showing the distribution of patient’s sex group:

In this male patients are 15 in number,female patients are 05 in number.

Table No: 44showing distribution of patients by Religion

Religion No of Patients Percentage Hindu 17 85% Muslim 03 15% Oters 00 00.00% Present study explains Hindu, Muslim are reported with problem of Vrana. It does not mean that others are not having this problem. Hindus are 17 in number, 03 muslim patients are reported. Fig No: 03showing the distribution of patient’s Religion: 0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0 Hindu

Muslim

Christian

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14Pour

Middle class

Higher class

0

5

10

15

Male

Female



134

Table No-45 Observations of patients based on Education

Education No.of patients % Percentage

Educated 10 50

Un-Educated 10 50

Total 20 100

Fig N0--04 Even though there is no specific relation to the disease, but awareness to the

Ayurvedic treatment and faith is observed in this study. It explains that educated 10

patients (50) and uneducated 10 patients (50) are reported.

Table No-46 Observations of patients based on marital rates:

Fig No-05 In this study many are married i.e.13 patients (65) and unmarried

are rest of 7 patients

Marriage No. of patients %

Percentage

Married 13 65

Un-Married 07 35

Total 20 100

0

2

4

6

8

10

Educated

Un-Educated

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Married

Un-Married



135

Table No—47 Observations of patients based on Occupation

Occupation No.of patients Percentage

Agriculture 04 20

Student 03 15

Housewife 05 20

Employee 01 5

Business 04 20

Labour 03 15

Total 20 100

Fig No--06 In this study we consider the 5 categories of occupation for the convenience of studies. Out of 20 patients 5 patients (25 %) belongs to the housewife, 4 patients (20%) belongs to the agriculture, 4 patients (20%) belongs to business, 1 patients belongs to the employee,3 patients (15) are the student

Table No—48 Observations of patients based on Economical status Status

No.of patients

Percentage

Pour 03 15

Middle class 13 65

Higher class 04 20

Total 20 100

0

1

2

3

4

5 Agriculture

Student

Housewife

Employee

Business

labour



136

It refers to the physical and psychological status of an individual patient. Out

of 20 patients 13 patients (65%) belong to middle class, 03 Patients (15%) belong to

poor class and 4 patients belong to higher class.

Table No-49 Observations based on Vrana lakshanas Symptoms B.T Percentage A.T Percentage

Gandha 16 80 05 25

Varna 20 100 07 35

Srava 16 80 06 30

Akruti 20 100 10 50

Vedana 09 45 01 5

Kandu 20 100 08 40

Daha 09 45 01 5

The above table shows the number, percentage of the patients complaining the

Vrana lakshana before & after the treatment. Before the treatment 20 patients have the

complaint Varna, , Akruti ,Kandu. After the treatment 7, 10& 8 patients are having

the same.

Before the treatment 16 patients have the complaint Srava and 06 after treatment.

Gandha16 patients, after treatment 05 & Daha before treatment 09 & after

treatment 01.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14Pour

Middle class

Higher class



137

Showing the grades of Gandha before & after treatment

Table No-50

Showing the grades of Srava before & after treatment Table No-51

Showing the grades of kandu before & after treatment No. of patients Group Grade

0 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 4 %

20 B.T 0 0 13 65 5 25 2 10 0 0

20 A.T 12 60 8 40 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table No--52

No. of patients Group Grade

0 % 1 % 2 % 3 %

20 B.T 4 20 11 55 3 15 2 10

20 A.T 15 75 5 25 0 0 0 0

No. of

patients

Group Grade

0 % 1 % 2 % 3

%

4 %

20 B.T 0 0 14 70 4 20 2 10 0 0

20 A.T 13 65 7 35 0 0 0 0 0 0



138

Showing the grades of Varva before & after treatment No. of patients Group Grade

0 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 4 %

20 B.T 4 20 9 45 6 30 1 5 0 0

20 A.T 14 70 6 30 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table No-53 Showing the grades of Vedana before & after treatment No. of patients 0 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 4 %

20 B.T 11 55 7 35 1 5 1 5 0 0

20 A.T 19 95 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table No-54 Showing the grades of Daha before & after treatment No. of patients Group Grade

0 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 4 %

20 B.T 11 55 8 40 0 0 1 5 0 0

20 A.T 19 95 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table No --55 Showing the grades of Akruti before & after treatment No. of patients Group Grade

0 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 4 %

20 B.T 0 0 5 25 8 40 6 30 1 5

20 A.T 10 50 10 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table No-56



139

RESULTS

20 patients were studied in each group. patients treated with vrana

rakshasa taila. The results obtained were assessed on the basis of Varna, Kandu,

Akruti, Srava and Vedana, Daha.

Analysis of Subjective parameters

Table No.-57

When compare the mean effects after the treatment, all parameters show

significant. The Kandu shows highly significant (P < 0.001).

Individual parameters shows highly significant, but over all performance is

better than in all the parameters except vedana.

In subjective parameters (as P< 0.01 by comparing t - value), the parameter

Akruti, Kandu, shows more significant after the treatment. The parameter Vedana

shows less effect . (By comparing t – value, p – value, mean and SD)

Parameters

Mean S.D S.E T.Value P.Value Remarks

Gandha

0.41 0.344 0.076 11.18 < 0.001 H.S

Varna

0.29 0.365 0.081 12.96 < 0.001 H.S

Srava

0.42 0.484 0.108 7.407 < 0.001 H.S

Akruti

0.54 0.344 0.076 21.71 < 0.001 H.S

Vedana

0.55 0.576 0.128 4.296 < 0.001 H.S

Kandu 0.25 0.155 0.034 30.88 <0.001 H.S

Daha 0.55 0.368 0.082 6.09 <0.001 H.S



140

Overall Assessment of therapeutic response

“Evaluation of efficacy of vrana rakshasa taila in the management of kaphaja dusta

vrana” has the following data of result assessed on the basis of subjective and

objective parameters. Statistical evaluation is done carefully. The final result in the

study is declared. For the declaration it is classified as

OVERALL ASSESSMENT OF CLINICAL RESPONSE:

1. Good Response-76-100% Improvement in Subjective and Objective parameters.

2. Moderate Response-51-75% Improvement in Subjective and Objective parameters.

3. Mild response-26-50% Improvement in Subjective and Objective parameters.

4. Poor response-1-25% Improvement in Subjective and Objective parameters.

5. No Response-0% No Change in Subjective and Objective parameters.

Showing the result of the study

Result Patients percentage

Good response 10 50

Moderate response 09 45

Mild response 01 05

Poor response 00 00

No response 00 00.00

Total 20 100

Table No.-58

In the present study among 20 patients, 10(50%) patients have shown Good

response, 09 (45%) patients were shown Moderate response and 1(5%) patient shown

Mild response. Fig N0-07

0

2

4

6

8

10 Good response

Moderate response

Mild response

Poor response

No response

Discussion


141

DISCUSSION

The study entitled “ Preparation, physico chemical analysis of vrana rakshasa

taila and its clinical efficacy on kaphaja dusta vrana” is presented in 4 parts.

1. Literary study

2. Pharmaceutical study

3. Analytical study

4. Clinical study

1. Literary study:

In drug review ingredients of vrana rakshasa taila are discussed according

to Ayurvedic as well as modern concept.

Parada—It is well known from ancient periods,It acts as

Vrunaropaka and Vruna Shodhaka, Krimigna (Antimicrobial, insecticide).

Doshaprabhava – Tridoshaghna. Vyadiprabhava – Krimi, Kushta,

Gandhaka---

It is well known from ancient periods ,It is very much effective in the skin disorders.

Stands next to Parada in importance as it is believed to impart many desirable

properties and reduces toxic effect of parada. The Gandhaka which is clear, yellow

in colour just like Shukapiccha, transparent and as smooth and glistening as butter

known as “Amlasar Gandhaka” recommended for Rasakarma is selected for

shodhana. Practically pure sulphur may contain traces of selenium, tellurium and

arsenic sometimes mixed with bitumen and clay. According to Rasa texts, Pashana

and Visha if these impurities are not removed before use, Gandhaka is likely to

produce many diseases. Hence, Shodhana is adopted prior to its use for therapeutic

purpose.

Haratala--- It is well known from ancient periods.

Rasa -- Katu Anurasa -- Kashaya

Guna -- Snigdha, Ushna Veery -- Ushna Vipaka -- Katu

Dosha Prabhava -- Kapha Vatahara, Raktadoshahara

Discussion


142

Karma -- Deepana, Krimighna ,Rasayana, Balya,Kantikara,

Vajikarana, Vishahara, Mrtyuhara, Bhutabadhahara

Vyadhi Prabhava --Kushta, Kandu, Visarpa, Vatavyadhi, Kaphavyadhi

Manashila--- It is well known from ancient periods.

Rasa - Tikta katu Guna -Snigda, Guru

Veerya - Ushna Vipaka -Katu

Doshagnata - K-V Karma -Rasayana, Lekhana

Rogagnata - Bootha badha, Agni mandya, Kandu, Kasa,

Kshaya ,Twacha roga, Jwara,etc.

vatsanabha---

It is known to Ayurvedic pharmacopoecia .

Charaka classified it under sthavara visha,Susruta considered it under Kanda visha.

Amrit synonym of vatsanabha,quoted by Rasatarangini & Dhanvantari Nighantu.

Tt may be act quick in the body if it is administer after proper shodhana & with

proper dose,precaution it is highly benificial to the body.

Grhya vatsanabha is sthoola,snigdha,guru,naveena as explained by taranginikara.It

is indicated in Swasa,Kasa,Kaphaja vikaras.It may be due to its krimihara proparty.

Girisindhoora---

Girisindhoora is well known to ancients and they included it in

sadharanarasa, where as Bhavaprakasha and Rasataranginikara consider it as a

upadhatu. By this it may be argued that Girisindhoora might be the derivative of the

metal and even chemical analysis also proved that it is lead pro oxide.

Sindhoora found in mineral form, but most of the authorities not

mentioned shodhana and Marana. But some authorities mention bhavana with

godugdha or amlavarga dravya. It may be due to its external limitation.

Discussion


143

Tamra---

Information available on Tamra from vedic period to till today indicates its

importance throughout, past present & future, in beginning it was used to made

utensils, ornaments & coins. From samhita period & on wards it was using in

chikitsa. It is given in the form of bhasma & many yoga’s of tamra bhasma are also

available. In Rasa texts detail description about guna, dosha, shodhana, marana,

amrutikarana & etc are explained.

Guna—laghu, Rasa---katu,tikta, veerya---ushana, vipaka---katu.

Doshakarma—kapha nashaka,krimihara.

By this property only it acts as krimihara,kaphanashaka .

Sarshapa taila--- It is well known from ancient periods.

Sarshapa are used as a traditional medicine in various conditions.

It is Katu,Tikta rasa,ushana veerya,doshaprabhava is kapha,vata shamaka so it is

used in kaphaja dusta vrana.

2. Pharmaceutical study.

In sidhaoushadha sangraha they explained that we have to take

Ashodhita drugs for the preparation of Vrana Rakshasa Taila. Because we are

preparing the taila in surya tapi vidhana. In this we are keeping the drugs in a glass

vessel and keeping it in sun light up to the evoparation of the water.In classics they

mentioned that keep it up to the evoparation of water,but it is a time consuming

process and it will spoil due to dust,moisture .so we have to process all the

ingrideants with the water and keeping in sun light is beneficial one.

Various types of Taila kalpanas mentioned in the classics. In that vrana rakshasa taila

in bhishajya ratnavali used sarshapa taila because it mitigates the vata and kapha, it

is best Raktashodhaka, Kandughna, Kushtaghna, Kothaghna and Krimighna.

Kajjali is a combination of Parada & Gandhaka,it acts as a

krimighana,Kandughana,yogavahi proparty.

Discussion


144

Haratala & Manashila are the arsenic group of drugs.These are vshana

veerya,kapha shamaka guna,acts as krimighana,kandughana.

Vatsanabha is ushana veerya, it dose the kapha,vata shamana.krimi,kandu nashana

action.

Girisindhoora is Tridoshashamaka, Kushtaghna, Kandughna, Vrunaropana and

shodhana. Even modern science also used in various ointments and liniments,

which are indicated in eczema, eruptive skin disease, ulcers etc.

The intention is the preparation of taila of the above combination might be to store

the active principle of compound drug and make it suitable for application.

Rasona is having pancha rasa,ushana veerya it acts as deepana,shothahara.

It is vedana stapaka.

Tamra it is ushana veerya,does the shamana of the kapha vikaras.It acts as

krimighana.

The colour of vrana rakshasa taila was changed might be due to chemical reaction.

3. Analytical study.

1. To know the concentration of saturated or unsaturated fatty acid, compound is

subjected to “Acid value test and Saponification test”, and then it comes to

know that the compound has Acid value 0.025mg\gm i.e. unsaturated fatty

acid concentrations and Saponification value 19.28mg\gm that is saturated

fatty acid. So this taila only indicated externally then also it will not produces

any free radicals by the absorption. There by it is confirmed that classically

prepared this taila is samyak siddha taila, because by this procedure

unsaturated taila is converted into saturated fatty acid.

2. To confirm either taila is highly viscid or the clear solution, compound is

subjected to “Refractive index test”, the value of this test is 1.4646 . By this it

is confirmed that taila is very clear and not viscid, their by is absorbed very

quickly.

Discussion


145

3. When the compound is subject to the test “Loss on 1100c”, the value of this

test is 6.2% w/ w . So it is confirmed that taila is free from water molecule and

no chance of microorganism growth.

4. Clinical study.

In this clinical study out of 20 patients were selected for the treatment of

vrana rakshasa taila in the management of KAPHAJA DUSTA VRANA.

The demographic data shows that most of the patients come under middle age

group (70%) and male patients (75%), which suggests that it was seen more in

middle age and males.

All the 20 patients presented with subjective symptoms like Varna, Kandu and

. Out of 20 patients, 16 patients have srava and 09 patients have vedana of

varying degree before and after the treatment.

Vrana rakshasa taila was found highly significant with P<0.001. 50% of the

patients completely relieved from Akruti, 40% were relieved from Kandu, 35%

from Varna,30% from Srava &25% from Gandha, and 05% were relived from

Vedana,Daha.

In this group out of 20 patients 10 patients (50%) responded well, 09 patients

(45%) have been moderately responded, 01 patients (05%) have been mild

responded, and no patients were found doesn’t responded.

Probable mode of action of vrana rakshasa taila.

In the present study an effect has been made to discuss the probable mode of

action of vrana rakshasa taila on kaphaja dusta vrana.The pharmacodynamic

properties of

Parada

Karma --- Yogavahi, Vrunaropana and Vruna Shodhana, Krimigna

Discussion


146

Gandhaka---

Rasa – Madhura, Katu, Tikta,Kashaya Guna – Sara, snigd

Veerya – Ushna Vipaka - Katu/ Madhura

Doshaghnata - Vatakapha Nashaka

Haratala

Rasa ---- Katu Anurasa ---- Kashaya

Guna---- Snigdha, Ushna Veery--- Ushna Vipaka --- Katu

Dosha Prabhava --- Kapha Vatahara, Raktadoshahara

Karma----- Deepana, Krimighna ,Rasayana, Balya,Kantikara

Manashila

Rasa - Tikta katu Guna -Snigda, Guru

Veerya - Ushna Vipaka -Katu

Doshagnata - K-V Karma -Rasayana, Lekhana

Rogagnata - Bootha badha, Agni mandya, Kandu, Kasa & Kshaya Twacha

roga, Jwara.

vatsanabha

rasa-madhura guna—ushana veerya---ushana

vipaka---madhura doshaprabhava----vata,kapha shamaka.

Rasona

Rasa – Pancharasa Katu Guna – Snigdha, Tikshna, Picchila, Guru,

Sara.

Veerya – Ushna Vipaka – Katu

Discussion


147

Girisindhoora is

Rasa – Katu, Tikta Guna – Ushna

Veerya – Ushna Doshaghnata – Tridosha shamaka

Karma – Vrunaropaka & shodhaka, Kushtaghna, Kandughna etc

It is a local stimulant and indicated in eczema, eruptive skin disease, ulcers

etc

Tamra

Guna—laghu, Rasa---katu,tikta, veerya---ushana, vipaka---katu.

Doshakarma—kapha nashaka,krimihara.

Sarshapa:

Guna –Snigdha laghu Veerya – Ushna

Rasa- Katu, Tikta Vipaka – katu

Doshaghnata – Vatakaphashamaka

Karma - Raktashodhaka, Kandu & Kothaghna, Krimighna, Kushtaghna.

By observing these properties all drugs are having kapha shamaka and

Kushta, Kandu and shothahara etc properties. So this yoga is best in the kaphaja

dusta vrana, which is Kapha pradhana vyadhi.

DISCUSSION ON CLINICAL STUDY

This clinical study on Kaphaja dusta vrana by observing above all data and

by statistical result it is proved that, the formulation,VRANARAKSHASA TAILA is

having significant effect over Kandu, Varna,Akruti and less effective in daha and

vedana of Kaphaja dusta vrana.


148

CONCLUSION

1. Rasaushadies are more potent for curing the vyadhis and it is proved on

Vrana.

2. Shodhita drugs definitely regulate the action of drug; so that it is made suitable

for further procedure and induce the disease curing property.

3. Most of the drugs in vrana rakshasa taila are ushana,teekshana in nature,

by this it cures the kaphaja dusta vrana.

4. By physico – chemical analysis it is proved that vrana rakshasa taila is very

clear and not viscid, there by it is absorbed very quickly.

5. This formulation is mentioned in Bhishajya ratnavali in the context of Vrana

chikitsa.

SCOPE FOR THE FURTHER STUDY

Sample size is small, taking big size sample with different types of vrana can

be carried out.

Summary


149

SUMMARY

The present study entitled “ preparation and physico-chemical analysis of

vrana rakshasa taila and its clinical efficacy on kaphaja dusta vrana.”

In this study an attempt was made to prepare genuine vrana rakshasa taila by

following the classical procedures, its genuinity was confirmed by physico-chemical

analysis, and its clinical efficacy was evaluated by clinical study.

1. In the introduction Aims & objectives of the Rasashastra, importance of Taila

kalpanas, description of Vrana & necessity for the assortment of this research

work is explained in brief.

2. Aims & Objectives of the present study are mentioned in the Objective chapter.

3. Review of Literature is dealt in two main headings i.e. Drug review and Disease

review and Procedure review.

a) The chapter Drug review deals about the ingredients of the Tailakalpana both

in ayurveda & modern view, i.e about the first reference, its material,

occurrence, synonyms according to different authorities, grahya & agrahy

lakshana, classification, pharmacological properties and pharmaceutical

processes according to different acharyas i.e shodhana, including its

indication in different diseases explained in detail.

b) Disease review deals about etomology, definition of Vrana, direct and indirect

references including its historical background, nidana, roopa, samprapti and

Summary


150

line of treatment according to various authorities.

c) In the same chapter next part deals about the modern concept of Vrana i.e.

wound starting from definition, causative factors, signs & symptoms and

treatment.

4. METHODOLOGY:-

It deals about pharmaceutical, analytical & clinical study.

a. In pharmaceutical study detail explanation about parada shodhana,

Gandhaka shodhana, Haratala and Manashila shodhana, preparation of

vrana rakshasa taila is explained.

b. The analytical study deals about chemical analysis of vrana rakshasa

taila carried out in pharmacy Bagalakot.

c. In clinical study, The patients of KAPHAJA DUSTA VRANA after the

complete diagnose were selected. The clinical study was done by

application of vrana rakshasa taila in one groups for 15 days and the

patients were accessed for the same.

5. Results:

Patients were observed on the basis of various angle i.e. demographic

and various disease relevant points. The patients were assessed according to the

subjective & objective parameters criteria and results are drawn with the help of

statistical values P & S.D etc.

Summary


151

6. Discussion: First drug & disease discussion has been done in both the view i.e

ayurvedic as well as modern aspect. In the part of pharmaceutical discussion,

rationalities behind shodhana, taila kalpana were discussed appropriately. In

analytical discussion role of physico-chemical analysis of taila kalpana is

discussed and in clinical discussion, discussion about the kaphaja dusta vrana patients

as well as probable mode of action of vrana rakshasa taila in kaphaja dusta vrana

is explained.

7. Conclusion: The essence of the research work has been reported.

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37.Ibid.

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56. Bhudeb mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2, 3rd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Publishers; Chap 2 Haratala prakarna page No-161.

57.Ibid Page No-164.

58.Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini edited by Kashinath Shastri 11th Taranga Sloka- 39-41 11th ed. New Delhi: Motilala Banarasidas Publication; 2004 Page. 250.

59. Ibid, Sloka 56 Page 253.

Bhudeb mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2, 3rd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Publishers; Chap 2 Haratala prakarna page No-194.

Ayurvediya Rasashastra by Siddinandana Mishra, 14th edition Choukambha orientalia, Varanasi Haratala prakarana, 2004 Page 149.

Rasashastra By Dr. Damodar Joshi A.M.S.H.P.A. Phd, Edited By Dr. K.P. Sree Kumari Amma M.D. (Ayu) Chap 4, I edition Publication division Ayurveda college, Trivandrum.1986 Page- 144-145.

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64.Yadavji Trikamji Achary-Rasamrta. Dr. Damodhar Joshi Chap2,Edition-1st Choukambha Sanskrit Sansthan Varanasi,1998.

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99.Budheva mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2. 3rd chapter, Siddhinandana mishra 2nd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Samskrita bhavana; 1998 pp-222.

100.Sri Bhavamishra Bhavaprakasha Nighantu 7th chapter shloka 76, Sri Brahmashankar mishra 6th edition, Varanasi; chawkhambha Sanskrit samsthana ; 1984 pp 611.

101.Kaidevacharya Kaideva nighantu 2nd chapter shloka 66-67, Proff.P.V.Sharma 1st edition, Varanasi; Choukumba orientalia; 1979 pp-284.

102.Nrupaadanapala Madanapala nighantu 4th chapter shloka 35, Khemraj Krishnadas, Mumbai; Sarvadhika prakashana; pp- 103.

103.Bajandas swami Dadupant Rasadarpana voll 1st 6th chapter, 3rd edition, Rohatak; Nath pustak bhandar; pp-139.

104.Shri Sadhanandha sharma Rasatarangini 21st chapter shloka 150, Kashinath shastri 11th edition, Varanasi; Motilal Bhanarasidas; 2000 pp-547.

105. Rasa vagabhata Rasa ratna Samuchchaya 3rd chapter shloka 157, Pandit Dharmanandha Sharma 2nd edition, Varanasi; Motilal Banarasidas; 1996 pp-42.

106.Budheva mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2. 3rd chapter, Siddhinandana mishra 2nd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Samskrita bhavana; 1998 pp-224.

107. Rasa vagabhata Rasa ratna Samuchchaya 3rd chapter shloka 146, Pandit Dharmanandha Sharma 2nd edition, Varanasi; Motilal Banarasidas; 1996 pp-41.

108.Shri Dhanvantari Dhanvantari nighantu 3rd chapter shloka 98, Dr. P.V.Sharma 1st edition, Varanasi; Choukumba orintalia; 1982 pp-108.

109.Sri Bhavamishra Bhavaprakasha Nighantu 7th chapter shloka 77, Sri Brahmashankar mishra 6th edition, Varanasi; chawkhambha Sanskrit samsthana ; 1984 pp-- 611.

110.Narahari Rajnighantu 13th chapter shloka 52, Indradev tripati 2nd edition, Varanasi; chawkhambha Sanskrit series; 1998 pp 439.

111.Acharya somadheva Rasendra chudamani 10th chapter shloka 106, Dr Siddinandan mishra 2nd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha orientalia; 1999 pp-195.

112.Rasa vagabhata Rasa ratna Samuchchaya 3rd chapter shloka 146, Pandit Dharmanandha Sharma 2nd edition, Varanasi; Motilal Banarasidas; 1996 pp-41.

113.Shri Sadhanandha sharma Rasatarangini 21st chapter shloka 151, Kashinath shastri 11th edition, Varanasi; Motilal Bhanarasidas; 2000 pp-548.

114.Acharya somadheva Rasendra chudamani 10th chapter shloka 106, Dr Siddinandan mishra 2nd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha orientalia; 1999 pp-195.

115.Sri Bhavamishra Bhavaprakasha Nighantu 7th chapter shloka 77, Sri Brahmashankar mishra 6th edition, Varanasi; chawkhambha Sanskrit samsthana ; 1984 pp 611.

116.Nrupaadanapala Madanapala nighantu 4th chapter shloka 36, Khemraj Krishnadas, Mumbai; Sarvadhika prakashana; page 103.

117.Jadavaji Trikamaji Rasamritam 18th chapter shloka 109, Dr Damodara Joshi 1st edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha samskrit bhavan; 1998 pp-77.

118.Kaidevacharya Kaideva nighantu 2nd chapter shloka 67-68, Prof. P.V.Sharma 1st edition, Varanasi; Choukumba orientalia; 1979 pp-284.

119.Shri Dhanvantari Dhanvantari nighantu 3rd chapter shloka 98, Dr. P.V.Sharma 1st edition, Varanasi; Choukumba orintalia; 1982 pp-108.

120.Jadavaji Trikamaji Rasamritam 18th chapter, Dr Damodara joshi 1st edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha samskrit bhavan; 1998 pp-77.

121. B.S.Bowl and G.D.Sharma Modern approach alimentary inorganic chemistry chapter 2nd edition, New delhi;S.Chand and company;1980 pp-293-94

122. R.Ghosh’s Pharmacology Materia medica and therapeutics 5th chapter, S.S.Senagupta 23rd edition, Culcutta;Hilton and company;1976 pp-889.

123. Acharya P.V.Sharma edited Dravyaguna Vijnana Vol-2, Chapter-1st, Reprint edition , pub: Chowkhambha Bharati Academy Varanasi, 2005 P-72-73.

124.Vyadhyavara Shri Choodamani Rasakamadhenu, Yadavaji Trikamaji Chap 1, Sl-305,306 Edn Varanasi, Choukambha Orientalia, Upakarana pada, 1990 P. 157. a.Panditha Narahari of Raja Nigantu Dr. Indradeo Tripathi 3rd Edn.Varanasi Choukambha Krishnadas Academy Suvarnadivarga Sl-18 2003 P.432. b.Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini Kashinath Shastri 17th Taranga Sl-1,2 11th Edn. New Delhi: Motilala Banarasidas Publication; 2004 P. 408. c.Bhudeb mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2, 3rd Edn, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Publishers; Chap 4 Tamra prakarna P.273. 125.Dr.K.M Nadakrani – Indian Materia Medica Volume II – A.K Nadakarni Edition 2nd Reprint Popular Prakashana Bombay ,1992 Page 47. 126.Yadavji Trikamji Achary-Rasamritam. Dr. Damodhar Joshi chp-3 Edition-1st Choukambha Sanskrit Sansthan Varanasi 1998 Page 44. 127.Mellors Modern Inorganic Chemistry revised and edited by G.D. Parkes, M.A. D.Phil, Longmans, Green & Co Ltd. London. 1961 edition Page 646 & 647.

128.Vagbhata, Rasaratna samuchachaya, edited by Kapil Deo, 5th chap shloka

43,1st Edn Varaanasi Choukmba samskrita bhavan:1988, P.57. 129.Acharya Madhava- Ayurveda Prakasha, Sri. Gulrajsharma Mishra. Chap3. Sloka- 145 Edn 2nd reprint , Choukambha Bharti Academy Varnasi 1999 Page 373 130.Bhavamishra Bhavaprakash Nihgantu Edited by Dr. G.S.Pandey Dhatwadi varga sloka 26,27 9th edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Bharathi Academy; 1993 page No 605. 131.Panditha Narahari of Raja Nigantu Edited by Dr. Indradeo Tripathi Suvarnadivarga sloka-19 3rdEdn. 2003.Varanasi Choukambha Krishnadas Academy 2003 Page-432. 132.Bhudeb mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2, Chapter – 4th Tamra prakarna 3rd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Publishers; page No-275. 133.Vyadhyavara Shri Choodamani Rasakamadhenu, Yadavaji Trikamaji Upakarana pada, Chap 1, Sl-310 Varanasi, Choukambha Orientalia, Upakarana pada, 1990 P. 158. 134.Vagbhata, Rasaratna samuchachaya, edited by Kapil Deo, 5th chap shloka 46, 1st Edn Varaanasi Choukmba samskrita bhavan:1988, P.57.

135.Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini edited by Kashinath Shastri 17th Taranga Sloka-45 11th ed. New Delhi: Motilala Banarasidas Publication; 2004Page No-419. 136.Yadavji Trikamji Achary-Rasamritam. Dr. Damodhar Joshi Chap 3 Sloka-35 Edition-1st Choukambha Sanskrit Sansthan Varanasi 1998 Page 44 137.Acharya Somadeva. Rasendra chudamani edited by Siddinandana Mishra Chap 14 Sloka-69Edition -1st , Choukambha orientalia, Varanasi 1984 Page 246. 138.Rasatantra sara va Sidda Prayoga sangraha edited by shri Krishna Nandaji Maharaja Edition 16th Krishna gopal Ayurveda Bhavan Page 100

139.Acharya Madhava- Ayurveda Prakasha, Sri. Gulrajsharma Mishra. Chap3. Sloka- 145 Edn 2nd reprint , Choukambha Bharti Academy Varnasi 1999Page 373 140.Bhavamishra Bhavaprakash Nihgantu Edited by Dr. G.S.Pandey Dhatwadi varga sloka 26 9th edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Bharathi Academy; 1993 page No 605. 141.Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini edited by Kashinath Shastri 17th Taranga Sloka-45, 11th ed. New Delhi: Motilala Banarasidas Publication; 2004 Page No-419. 142.Bhudeb mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2, 3rd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Publishers; Chapter – 4th Tamra prakarna page No-275. 143.Yadavji Trikamji Achary-Rasamritam. Dr. Damodhar Joshi Chap 3 Sloka-35,36 Edition-1stChoukambha Sanskrit Sansthan Varanasi 1998 Page 44,45

144.Bhudeb mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2, Chapter – 4th Tamra prakarna 3rd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Publishers; page No-275. 145.Yoga Ratnakara Purvardh Vaidya Laximipati Shastri Edition 4

Choukambha Vishawabharti Varanasi Dhathu varga 1998page 132.

146.Acharya Madhava- Ayurveda Prakasha, Sri. Gulrajsharma Mishra. Chap3. Sloka- 145 Edn 2 reprint , Choukambha Bharti Academy Varnasi 1999 Page 373 147.Bhavamishra Bhavaprakash Nihgantu Edited by Dr. G.S.Pandey Dhatwadi varga sloka 26 9th edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Bharathi Academy; 1993 page No 605. 148.Panditha Narahari of Raja Nigantu Edited by Dr. Indradeo Tripathi Suvarnadivarga sloka-19,3rdEdn.Varanasi Choukambha Krishnadas Academy 2003 Page-432. 149.Acharya Somadeva. Rasendra chudamani edited by Siddinandana Mishra Chap 14 Sloka-69 Edition -1st , Choukambha orientalia, Varanasi 1984Page-246

150.Vagbhata, Rasaratna samuchachaya, edited by Kapil Deo, 5th chap shloka 46, 1st Edn Varaanasi Choukmba samskrita bhavan:1988, P.57. 151.Rasatantra sara va Sidda Prayoga sangraha edited by shri Krishna Nandaji Maharaja Edition 16th Krishna gopal Ayurveda Bhavan Page 100 152.Panditha Narahari of Raja Nigantu Edited by Dr. Indradev Tripathi Suvarnadivarga sloka-19 3rdEdn.Varanasi Choukambha Krishnadas Academy 2003 Page-432. 153.Acharya Madhava- Ayurveda Prakasha, Sri. Gulrajsharma Mishra Chap3. Sloka- 145.Edn 2nd reprint , Choukambha Bharti Academy Varnasi . 1999 Page 373 154.Bhavamishra Bhavaprakash Nihgantu Edited by Dr. G.S.Pandey Dhatwadi varga sloka 26, 9th edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Bharathi Academy; 1993 page No 605. 155.Bhudeb mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2, Chapter – 4th Tamra prakarna 3rd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Publishers; page No-275. 156.Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini edited by Kashinath Shastri 17th Taranga Sloka-45 11th ed. New Delhi: Motilala Banarasidas Publication; 2004 Page No-419. 157.Acharya Somadeva. Rasendra chudamani edited by Siddinandana Mishra Chap 14 Sloka-69 Edition -1st 1984, Choukambha orientalia, Varanasi Page 246. 158.Vyadhyavara Shri Choodamani Rasakamadhenu, Yadavaji Trikamaji Upakarana pada, Chap 1, Sl-311 Edn Varanasi, Choukambha Orientalia,1990 P. 158. 159.Bhudeb mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2, 3rd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Publishers; Chapter – 4th Tamra prakarna page No-275. 160.Vagbhata, Rasaratna samuchachaya, edited by Kapil Deo, 5th chap shloka 46, 1st Edn Varaanasi Choukmba samskrita bhavan:1988, P.57. 161.Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini edited by Kashinath Shastri 17th Taranga Sloka-45-4711th ed. New Delhi: Motilala Banarasidas Publication; 2004 Page -419-420. 162.Acharya Madhava- Ayurveda Prakasha, Sri. Gulrajsharma Mishra. Chap3. Sloka- 145 Edn 2nd reprint , Choukambha Bharti Academy Varnasi 1999 Page 373 163.Bhavamishra Bhavaprakash Nihgantu Edited by Dr. G.S.Pandey Dhatwadi varga sloka 26-27 9th edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Bharathi Academy; 1993 page No 605

164.Govindadas, Bhaishajya Ratnavali edited by Ambikadatta Shastri chapter 2 sloka 110.12th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrita Samsthan; 1996, Page 20 165.Yoga Ratnakara Purvardh Vaidya Laximipati Shastri Edition 4 Choukambha Vishawabharti Varanasi Dhathu Varga 1988 page 132 166.Vagbhata, Rasaratna samuchachaya, edited by Kapil Deo, 5th chapter shloka

44,1st Edn Varaanasi Choukmba samskrita bhavan:1988, P.57. 167.Vagbhata, Rasaratna samuchachaya, edited by Kapil Deo, 5th chap shloka 43, 1st Edn Varaanasi Choukmba samskrita bhavan:1988, P.57. 168.Acharya Madhava- Ayurveda Prakasha, Sri. Gulrajsharma Mishra. Chap3. Sloka- 115-117 Edn 2nd reprint 1999, Choukambha Bharti Academy Varnasi Page 368 169.Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini edited by Kashinath Shastri17th Taranga Sloka-10-11 11th ed. New Delhi: Motilala Banarasidas Publication; 2004Page -410. 170.Yoga Ratnakara Purvardh Vaidya Laximipati Shastri Dhathu Varga Edition 4 Choukambha Vishawabharti Varanasi 1988 page 132. 171.Acharya Somadeva. Rasendra chudamani edited by Siddinandana Mishra Chap 14 Sloka-44Edition -1st Choukambha orientalia, Varanasi 1984 Page 241. 172.Bhavamishra Bhavaprakash Nihgantu Edited by Dr. G.S.Pandey Dhatwadi varga sloka 28 9th edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Bharathi Academy; 1993 page No 605 173.Vagbhata, Rasaratna samuchachaya, edited by Kapil Deo, 5th chap shloka

47,48,1st Edn Varaanasi Choukmba samskrita bhavan:1988, P.57. 174.Bhudeb mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2, 3rd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Publishers; Chapter – 4th Tamra prakarna page No-276. 175.Govindadas, Bhaishajya Ratnavali edited by Ambikadatta Shastri chapter 2 sloka 106-107.12th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrita Samsthan; 1996, Page 108 176.Gopal krishnabhatta-Rasendra Sara Sangraha, Indradev Tripati, Chapter 1 sloka-277-278 Edition 3rd Choukambha Krishnadasa Acedamy Varnasi 2003 Page 73. 177.Vyadhyavara Shri Choodamani Rasakamadhenu, Yadavaji Trikamaji Upakarana pada, Chap 1, Sl-312-313Edn Varanasi, Choukambha Orientalia, 1990 P. 158. 178.Yadavji Trikamji Achary-Rasamritam. Dr. Damodhar Joshi Chap 3 Sloka-47Edition-1st Choukambha Sanskrit Sansthan Varanasi 1998 Page 48

179. Vagbhata, Rasaratna samuchachaya, edited by Kapil Deo, 5th chap shloka

29,1st Edn Varaanasi Choukmba samskrita bhavan:1988, P.55. 180.Nityananda Siddha, Rasaratnakara Riddhi Khanda, Commentator, Swaminath Mishra, Edition -1st Choukhamba orientalia, Varanasi Chap 3 Sloka 105, Page 37 181.Acharya Bindu Rasa paddati edited by Siddinandana Mishra, Edition 1st, Choukhamba orientalia Varanasi, Loha prakarana, Sloka -49 Page 62. 182.Vaidhyavara Shri choodamani, Rasakamadhenu, Commentator Yadavaji Trikamaji , chap 1, Sloka 10, Choukamba orientalia Varanasi, Upakarana pada, 1990 Page. 129. 183.Vaidya V.M.Gogate Ayurvedic pharmacology and therapeutic uses of medicinal plants, Shri Ramakrishnan 1st edition, Mumbai;Bharatiya vaidya bhavana; 2000 pp-736. 184.Internet PMID,12113324, 11731065, 6526069 ( indexed for medicine) 185.H H Wilson,bhasya of sayanacarya edited Rugveda vol 2 sanskrit

text english transalation edition 2-2001 published by parimal publication2.7.06 Delhi p-17.

186. H H Wilson,bhasya of sayanacarya edited Rugveda vol 2 sanskrit text english transalation edition 2-2001 published by parimal publication1.112.10 Delhi p-272.

187.W.D.Whitney edited Atharvaveda english translated second khanda 3shukti-2004edition vol1 published parimal publication Delhi 2. 3. 2 to 6

188.Sàbdakalpadhruma-Raja radhakanta deva edited S k Dhurama

part4 3 edition,Choukamba sanskrit bhavan Varanasi.p—555.

189. Kaviraja Ambika Datta Shastry edited Sushrutasamhita, Chiktsasthana, Chapter- 1/6, Reprint edition , pub: Chaukhambha Orientalia

Varanasi, 2006 p-03.

190 Kaviraja Ambika Datta Shastry edited Sushrutasamhita, Sootrasthana, Chapter- 21/40, Reprint edition , pub: Chaukhambha Orientalia Varanasi,2006 p-

64.

191 Kaviraja Ambika Datta Shastry edited Sushrutasamhita, Chiktsasthana, Chapter-1/5, Reprint edition , pub: Chaukhambha Orientalia Varanasi,2006 p-02.

192 Kaviraja Ambika Datta Shastry edited Sushrutasamhita, Chiktsasthana, Chapter-1/7, Reprint edition pub: Chaukhambha Orientalia Varanasi,2006 p-03. 193 Agnivesha Charaka samhita,edited Kashinath shastri, Chikisasthana,Chapter- 25|11 eight edition Varanasi Chawkhambha Sanskrit samsthana;2004 p-616.

194.Acharya Madhava,madhava nidana Sudarshana shastri,30 edition chap- 42,sloka-2. Varanasi; chawkhambha sanskrita bhavan 2001,pp- 97.

195.Vagbhatacharya Ashtangan sangraha eidted,Kashinath shastri,Uttar tantra,chapter 29 shloka7,1st edition Varanasi; chawkhambha orientalia 2006 p-774 196. Vagbhatacharya Ashtanga Hrudaya, eidted, Kashinath shastri, Uttar tantra,chapter 25 shloka5 1st edition,Varanasi; chawkhambha orientalia 2006 p-865 197. Agnivesha Charaka samhita,edited Kashinath shastri, Chikisasthana,Chapter-25|13 eight edition Varanasi Chawkhambha Sanskrit samsthana; 2004 p-616. 198. Acharya Madhava,madhava nidana Sudarshana shastri,30 edition chap-42,sloka-3. Varanasi; chawkhambha sanskrita bhavan 2001,pp- 97. 199. Vagbhatacharya Ashtanga sangraha eidted, Kashinath shastri, Uttar tantra,chapter 29 shloka8 , 1st edition Varanasi; chawkhambha orientalia 2006 p-774. 200. Vagbhatacharya Ashtanga Hrudaya, eidted, Kashinath shastri, Uttar tantra,chapter 25 shloka7 , Reprint edition Varanasi; chawkhambha orientalia 2007p-865 201. Agnivesha Charaka samhita,edited Kashinath shastri, Chikisasthana,Chapter-25|15 eight edition , Varanasi Chawkhambha Sanskrit samsthana; 2004 p-616. 202. Acharya Madhava,madhava nidana Sudarshana shastri,30 edition chap-42,sloka-4. Varanasi; chawkhambha sanskrita bhavan 2001,pp- 97. 203 Vagbhatacharya Ashtanga sangraha eidted, Kashinath shastri, Uttar tantra,chapter 29 shloka9 , 1st edition ,Varanasi; chawkhambha orientalia 2006 p-774. 204. Vagbhatacharya Ashtanga Hrudaya eidted, Kashinath shastri, Uttar tantra,chapter 29 shloka9 , 1st edition ,Varanasi; chawkhambha orientalia 2006 p-865 205. Agnivesha Charaka samhita,edited Kashinath shastri, Chikisasthana,Chapter-25|27 eight edition , Varanasi Chawkhambha Sanskrit samsthana;2004 p-621.

206. Acharya Madhava,madhava nidana Sudarshana shastri,30 edition chap-43,sloka-18-24. Varanasi; chawkhambha sanskrita bhavan 2001,pp- 97. 207 Kaviraja Ambika Datta Shastry edited Sushrutasamhita, Sootra sthana, Chapter- 22/8, Reprint edition pub: Chaukhambha Orientalia Varanasi,2006 p-.

208. Agnivesha Charaka samhita,edited Kashinath shastri, Chikisasthana,Chapter-25|28 eight edition , Varanasi Chawkhambha Sanskrit samsthana; 2004 p-621.

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Case Sheet

A CLINICAL TRIAL ON VRANA RAKSHASA TAILA IN MANAGEMENT OF KAPHAJA DUSTHA VRANA

1

SPECIAL CASE SHEET FOR KAPHAJA DUSHTA VRANA Post Graduate Research and Studies Center (Rasashastra)

Shree D.G.M Ayurvedic Medical College, Gadag. A CLINICAL TRIAL ON VRANA RAKSHASA TAILA IN MANAGEMENT OF KAPHAJA DUSTHA VRANA

Guide : Dr. M.C.Patil P.G. Scholar : Ravindra G. Nandi

MD (Ayu).

Atura charya Food Vihara Nidra

Anubandha vedanaGandha Akruti Adhistana

Diwaswapna

Raatrijagarana

Prakruti VP: VK: KP: D:

Family history

Veg: masha

Dadhi

Dugdha

Mixed:

Mala Pravruti Prakruta

Vibandha

Sara:

Treatment History Habit

Anala: Desha:

Name: Age/sex: Occupation: Religion: Place: Socio economic: status OPD/IPD No. Address:

Pradhana vedana 1.Vedana

2.Srava

3.Kandu

4.Daha

5.H/O

previous

attack

Antibiotics Surgery

Smoking Alcohol Tobacco Tea/Coffee

Samagni : Mandagni Teekeshnagni : Vishamagni :

J

S

A

Case Sheet


2

c

Hygienic history

Allergic history

Gen. Examination

Local examination

Systemic

Investigations:

BP : Pulse : Temp R.R : Nails : Conjuctiva : Tongue : Weight:

Size of the Wound Surface of Wound

R.S: C.V.S: C.N.S

Hb% TC DC ESR Culture and sensitivity HPE

EXAMINATION OF THE WOUND:

Samanya Pareeksha

Darsàna Pareekshaa:

Aakruti:

San’khyaa:

Sthaana:

Varna of the Vrana:

Sraava: Present/Absent

Consistency:

Colour:

Gandha(smell)

Margin of the Vrana:

Edge of the vrana

Floor of the wound Varna of the surrounding area

Shotha of the surrounding area

Sparsana pareekshaa Size of the wound: Length: Floor : Rough/smooth Hard/soft : present/ absent Bleed on touch : present/ absent Tenderness : present/ absent

Case Sheet


3

ASSESSMENT

After treatment

S.L Signs and symptoms

Before treatment

Day Follow up

Investigation B.T A.T

1 Gandha 01 04 07 10 12 14 15

2 Varna

3 Srava

4 Akruti

5 Vedana

6 Kandu

7 Daha

Hb% T.C D.C E.S.R B.T C.T FBS PPBS RBS Culture

Case Sheet


4

INFORMED CONSENT

I Son/Daughter/Wife of am exercising my free will, to participate in above study as a subject. I have

been informed to my satisfaction, by the attending physician the purpose of the clinical evaluation and nature of the drug treatment. I am also aware of my right

to opt out of the treatment schedule, at any time during the course of the treatment.

EzÀÄ £Á£ÀÄ ²æÃ/²æÃªÀÄw _______________________ £À£Àß ¸ÀéEZÉÒ¬ÄAzÀ PÉÆqÀÄªÀ aQvÁì ¸ÀªÀÄäw. ¥Àæ¸ÀÄÛvÀ £ÀqÉ¢gÀÄªÀ aQvÁì ¥ÀzÀÞw0iÀÄ §UÉÎ £À£ÀUÉ aQvÀìPÀjAzÀ

¸ÀA¥ÀÇtð ªÀiÁ»w zÉÆgÉwzÀÄÝ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ 0iÀiÁªÁUÁzÀÄgÀÄ aQvÀì¬ÄAzÀ »AwgÀÄUÀ®Ä ¸ÁévÀAvÀæ÷å«zÉ JAzÀÄ w½¢gÀÄvÀÛ£É.

gÉÆÃV0iÀÄ gÀÄdÄ / Patient's Signature

INVESTIGATORS:

1).Scholar Signature: 2).Signature of Guide:

SHLOKA

Preparation of Vrana rakshasa taila:

xÉÔiÉMÇü aÉlkÉMÇü iÉÉsÉÇ ÍxÉlSÕUgcÉ qÉlÉ:ÍzÉsÉÉ | UxÉÉålÉgcÉ ÌuÉwÉÇ iÉÉqÉëÇ mÉëirÉåMÇü MüwÉïqÉÉWûUåiÉç || MÑüQûuÉÇ xÉwÉïmÉÇ iÉæsÉÇ xÉÉkÉrÉåiÉçxÉÔrÉïiÉÉmÉiÉ: | lÉÉQûÏuÉëhÉgcÉ ÌuÉxTüÉåOÇû qÉÉÇxÉuÉëÑÌ¬ ÌuÉcÉÍcÉïMüÉqÉç | SSìÓMÑü¹ÉmÉÍcÉMühQÕûqÉhQûsÉÉÌlÉ uÉëhÉÇxiÉjÉÉ | uÉëhÉUÉ¤ÉxÉlÉÉqÉåSÇ iÉæsÉÇ WûÎliÉ aÉSÉlÉç oÉWÕûlÉç ||

(pÉæ.U 71-73)

Master chart

Lab investigation

RBS Hb% ESR TC DC (E) S.L NO O P D

BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT

1 225 170 140 13 13.2 20 16 7000 6900 2 2

2 1533 160 140 13 13 24 22 9200 8300 3 2

3 1668 140 120 15 15 30 28 6000 5400 3 3

4 2225 120 110 10 10.3 35 32 7500 6000 4 3

5 2627 110 110 12 12 40 40 7000 6600 3 2

6 2865 140 120 11 11 33 32 7500 7000 3 2

7 3032 130 120 10.5 11 40 20 8000 7800 5 3

8 3245 100 100 12.5 12 30 24 6200 5600 2 1

9 4305 110 110 12 12.3 26 24 6500 5900 4 2

10 4309 120 120 11 10 28 22 8000 7500 5 4

BT-Before Treatment, AT-After Treatment

0 – Normal, 1 – Mild, 2 – Moderate, 3 - Severe

Lab investigation

BT-Before

Treatment, AT-

After Treatmen

t

0 – Normal, 1 – Mild,

2 – Moderate, 3 - Severe

Sl.No O P D RBS Hb% ESR TC DC (E)

BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT

11 4410 130 120 10.5 11 32 24 7200 7000 3 2

12 4567 140 130 11.5 11.6 34 22 10000 9300 1 2

13 4568 110 110 12 12.2 27 20 6800 6300 2 2

14 4590 120 120 12.5 12.5 40 24 6000 5800 4 3

15 4637 130 130 12 12.2 42 28 10000 9000 4 5

16 4846 120 120 11 11 38 30 7000 6800 2 2

17 5277 140 130 10 10.2 36 26 6300 6200 2 2

18 5371 130 120 13 13.3 34 22 7500 7300 5 4

19 5766 150 120 12 12.3 34 22 7000 6800 3 3

20 6075 130 130 11 11.2 36 22 6700 6300 5 4

Assement of subjective& objective parameters. Sl.No OPD GANDHA VARNA SRAVA AKRUTI VEDANA KANDU DAHA B.T A.T B.T A.T B.T A.T B.T A.T B.T A.T B.T A.T B.T A.T 1 225 01 00 01 00 03 01 02 00 00 00 03 01 00 00 2 1533 02 01 02 01 02 01 01 00 02 01 01 00 01 00 3 1668 01 00 01 01 02 01 02 01 00 00 01 00 00 00 4 2225 01 00 01 01 02 01 03 01 00 00 02 01 00 00 5 2627 01 00 01 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 01 01 00 6 2865 00 00 01 00 00 00 04 01 00 00 02 01 01 00 7 3032 00 00 01 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 01 00 00 8 3245 01 00 03 00 02 01 03 01 01 00 01 00 00 00 9 4305 03 01 02 01 02 01 01 00 01 00 01 00 00 00 10 4309 01 00 01 00 02 01 01 00 00 00 01 01 01 00 11 4410 00 00 01 00 01 00 03 01 00 00 01 00 01 00 12 4567 01 00 02 01 01 00 02 01 00 00 01 00 00 00 13 4568 01 00 01 00 01 00 03 01 00 00 01 00 00 00 14 4590 01 00 03 01 01 00 02 00 01 00 01 00 00 00 15 4637 01 00 01 00 00 00 02 01 01 00 02 01 00 00 16 4846 02 01 01 00 01 00 01 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 17 5277 01 00 01 00 01 00 02 00 01 00 01 00 01 00 18 5371 03 01 01 00 01 00 01 00 03 00 03 01 03 01 19 5766 02 01 01 00 01 00 03 01 01 00 01 00 01 00 20 6075 00 00 02 01 00 00 03 01 01 00 01 00 01 00

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