E-Governance in

Developing Countries

E-Governance in

Developing Countries

Presented byRajesh Shakya

Reengineering Specialist, ADB (TA-4833)

Presented byRajesh Shakya

Reengineering Specialist, ADB (TA-4833)

PrPrééparedpared by:by:

Dr Paul SchapperDr Paul Schapper

ADB ConsultantADB Consultant

Many StrategiesMany StrategiesMany Strategies

• Hyderabad Declaration of 2004 inclusive of 45 countries

• Kuala Lumpur Declaration of 2003 inclusive of 22 countries,

10 organisations

• Tokyo Declaration of 2003 inclusive of 47 countries,

22 international organisations, 54 private sector entities, 116 NGOs

• The Pacific Islands ICTs Policy and Strategic Plan of 2002inclusive of 22 Pacific island nations

• E-ASEAN Framework Agreement of 2000 inclusive of

10 countries

• E-APEC Strategy 2000 inclusive of 21 countries

• Hyderabad Declaration of 2004 inclusive of 45 countries

• Kuala Lumpur Declaration of 2003 inclusive of 22 countries,

10 organisations

• Tokyo Declaration of 2003 inclusive of 47 countries,

22 international organisations, 54 private sector entities, 116 NGOs

• The Pacific Islands ICTs Policy and Strategic Plan of 2002

inclusive of 22 Pacific island nations

• E-ASEAN Framework Agreement of 2000 inclusive of

10 countries

• E-APEC Strategy 2000 inclusive of 21 countries

Country & Regional ICT Master PlansCountry & Regional ICT Master PlansCountry & Regional ICT Master Plans

Country Focus

� E-Japan Strategy 2003 and

supporting strategies

� E-Korea Vision 2006, Broadband

IT Korea Vision 2007

� Connected Singapore Info Comm

21 and the National IT Strategic

Agenda

� E-Sri Lanka

� Bhutan ICT Master Plan

� Philippines National IT Plan 21

� India National IT Plan and other

strategies

� Nepal IT Policy 2000

� Viet Nam IT Directive 58

Country FocusCountry Focus

�� EE--Japan Strategy 2003 and Japan Strategy 2003 and

supporting strategiessupporting strategies

�� EE--Korea Vision 2006, Broadband Korea Vision 2006, Broadband

IT Korea Vision 2007IT Korea Vision 2007

�� Connected Singapore Info Connected Singapore Info CommComm

21 and the National IT Strategic 21 and the National IT Strategic

AgendaAgenda

�� EE--Sri LankaSri Lanka

�� Bhutan ICT Master PlanBhutan ICT Master Plan

�� Philippines National IT Plan 21Philippines National IT Plan 21

�� India National IT Plan and other India National IT Plan and other

strategiesstrategies

�� Nepal IT Policy 2000 Nepal IT Policy 2000

�� Viet Nam IT Directive 58Viet Nam IT Directive 58

Regional Focus

� Hyderabad Declaration 2004

� APT Ministerial Conference 2004

� Kuala Lumpur Declaration 2003

� Tokyo Declaration 2003

� Okinawa Charter 2000

� E-ASEAN Framework Agreement

2000

� E-APEC Strategy 2000

� Seoul Declaration

Regional FocusRegional Focus

�� Hyderabad Declaration 2004Hyderabad Declaration 2004

�� APT Ministerial Conference 2004APT Ministerial Conference 2004

�� Kuala Lumpur Declaration 2003Kuala Lumpur Declaration 2003

�� Tokyo Declaration 2003Tokyo Declaration 2003

�� Okinawa Charter 2000Okinawa Charter 2000

�� EE--ASEAN Framework Agreement ASEAN Framework Agreement

20002000

�� EE--APEC Strategy 2000APEC Strategy 2000

�� Seoul DeclarationSeoul Declaration

Similar ObjectivesSimilar ObjectivesSimilar Objectives

• Improved public service delivery

• Enhanced public governance – transparency, accountability

• Enhanced social equity for minorities, gender, youth

• Strengthened cultural support and ties

• Enhanced opportunities for public participation

• Inclusivity, digital divide

• Greater access to information, training and education

• Enhanced opportunities for social and economic networks

• Strengthened economic performance and opportunity

• Commercial innovation, R&D

• Millennium Development Goals

• Improved public service delivery

• Enhanced public governance – transparency, accountability

• Enhanced social equity for minorities, gender, youth

• Strengthened cultural support and ties

• Enhanced opportunities for public participation

• Inclusivity, digital divide

• Greater access to information, training and education

• Enhanced opportunities for social and economic networks

• Strengthened economic performance and opportunity

• Commercial innovation, R&D

• Millennium Development Goals

Supply Factors

•Infrastructure, flexibility, innovation, efficiency

•Private sector investment, entrepreneurship

•Connectivity, affordability, capacity

•Legislation, governance

•Consumer, privacy protection

•IP protection

•E-commerce rules, authentication, security

•Skills, e-literacy, training, digital divides

•Regional, international coordination, cooperation

•Open source & proprietary software, applications

•Standards policies

•Sustainable resourcing models

Demand Factors

•Competition, flexibility, price, information flows, technology, innovation

•Skills, knowledge, economics, business, culture, community, social capital

•Leadership – government (also represents scale)

•Networks

•Applications

Supply Factors

•Infrastructure, flexibility, innovation, efficiency

•Private sector investment, entrepreneurship

•Connectivity, affordability, capacity

•Legislation, governance

•Consumer, privacy protection

•IP protection

•E-commerce rules, authentication, security

•Skills, e-literacy, training, digital divides

•Regional, international coordination, cooperation

•Open source & proprietary software, applications

•Standards policies

•Sustainable resourcing models

Demand Factors

•Competition, flexibility, price, information flows, technology, innovation

•Skills, knowledge, economics, business, culture, community, social capital

•Leadership – government (also represents scale)

•Networks

•Applications

Many IssuesMany Issues

Publication

Public information &.Public approval.

Integration & standardization.

Websites mark-up.

Interaction

Active exchange of Information.

Online reports.Customized information.

Databases & process integration

Transaction

Competitive exchange

of goods and services.

On-line productivity.

Integrated services.

TransparencyTransparency

EfficiencyEfficiency

Competition and

Development

Competition and

Development

Transformation

Changes in economy

and social relationships.

Changes in job structures

and value chains.

Relocation of services &

new services appearing.

Structural

Change

Structural

Change

E-… development PhasesEE--…… development Phasesdevelopment Phases

Infrastructure

� Co-located with

production� Interactive ICTs� International up-links

Skills

� ICT Engineering

� ICT Applications & Dev

� Competitive

� R&D

Resources

� Investment funds

� Venture capital

Infrastructure

� Co-located with

production

� Interactive ICTs� International up-links

Skills

� ICT Engineering

� ICT Applications & Dev

� Competitive

� R&D

Resources

� Investment funds

� Venture capital

Information EconomyInformation EconomyInformation EconomyInformation EconomyIndustrial Objectives

Information EconomyInformation EconomyInformation EconomyInformation EconomyIndustrial Objectives

Infrastructure

� Co-located with communities� Affordable ICTs� International down-links

� Last mile

� IP Voice

Skills

� E-literacy� ICT awareness

� Cooperative

� SME Entrepreneurship

Resources

� Cash flow� Social capital

Infrastructure

� Co-located with communities

� Affordable ICTs

� International down-links� Last mile

� IP Voice

Skills

� E-literacy

� ICT awareness� Cooperative

� SME Entrepreneurship

Resources

� Cash flow� Social capital

Information CommunitySocial Objectives

Information CommunitySocial Objectives

� Critical mass for Regional Access Network

� Policy framework for regulatory harmonization

� Viability for commercial investment

�� Critical mass for Regional Access NetworkCritical mass for Regional Access Network

�� Policy framework for regulatory harmonizationPolicy framework for regulatory harmonization

�� Viability for commercial investmentViability for commercial investment

Common policies espoused by every member country provide

common ground for collaboration:

� HR Skills, education and research development

� Software / hardware industry development

� Community / cultural rural ICT development

� E-Commerce development

� ICT access and enablement

Common policies espoused by every member country provide Common policies espoused by every member country provide

common ground for collaboration:common ground for collaboration:

�� HR Skills, education and research developmentHR Skills, education and research development

�� Software / hardware industry developmentSoftware / hardware industry development

�� Community / cultural rural ICT developmentCommunity / cultural rural ICT development

�� EE--Commerce developmentCommerce development

�� ICT access and enablementICT access and enablement

Opportunity for South Asia Collaboration

Opportunity for Opportunity for South Asia CollaborationSouth Asia Collaboration

South Asia

ARNet

University

HRD Network

SA

E-Commerce

Development

Network

South Asia

Rural

Community

Development

Exchange

South Asia

Priority

Development

Network

Implies Common Technical Standards

& Specifications

Implies Common Technical Standards

& Specifications

Supply / vendor driven……………..,,,, Demand / client driven

Platform strategy……………………….………...Client strategy

Focus on technology…………………………Focus on context

Detached governance……………….... Integrated governance

Weak messages…………………………….…Strong leadershipIndividualized Strategies……………. Institutional Framework

Big Bang solutions……………… Incremental implementation

Skills shortage…………………... Human Capacity acquisition

Weak business case…………………….. High value e-contentFlawed design framework…………………….. Open standards

Black box architecture………………………. SOA Architecture

Bureau centric…………………………….… Community centric

Supply / vendor driven……………..,,,, Demand / client drivenPlatform strategy……………………….………...Client strategy

Focus on technology…………………………Focus on context

Detached governance……………….... Integrated governance

Weak messages…………………………….…Strong leadershipIndividualized Strategies……………. Institutional Framework

Big Bang solutions……………… Incremental implementation

Skills shortage…………………... Human Capacity acquisition

Weak business case…………………….. High value e-contentFlawed design framework…………………….. Open standards

Black box architecture………………………. SOA Architecture

Bureau centric…………………………….… Community centric

E-Government Failure & SuccessFactors

EE--Government Failure & SuccessGovernment Failure & SuccessFactorsFactors

MythsMythsMyths

• E-government is software

• E-government is de-personalising

• E-government can be bought

• E-government is technology and

• comes in boxes

• E-government is software

• E-government is de-personalising

• E-government can be bought

• E-government is technology and

• comes in boxes

ConclusionsConclusions

• Most of the developing countries are going through the same

core problem – low literacy rate and wide Digital Gap

• Process reengineering vs Process Automation

• Share the best practices among the countries

• e-Governance Architecture design should a holistic approachbut implementation can be in phases

• Going digital is mandatory because of International competition

• Going broadband is mandatory because of service expectations

• Most of the developing countries are going through the same

core problem – low literacy rate and wide Digital Gap

• Process reengineering vs Process Automation

• Share the best practices among the countries

• e-Governance Architecture design should a holistic approachbut implementation can be in phases

• Going digital is mandatory because of International competition

• Going broadband is mandatory because of service expectations