EARLY AMERICAN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT

NATIVE AMERICANS’ SPORTS Sport was closely

aligned with social, spiritual, and economic aspects of life

Gambling was widespread

Sports played varied by tribe

Baggataway (lacrosse) Shinny (hockey) Double-ball (field hockey) Footraces Archery Swimming Fishing Canoeing

PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES IN THE COLONIES Early settlers—survived with

hunting, fishing, and work-related recreation

Puritans—forbid frivolous activities

Dutch—bowling; sleighing; horse racing

Virginians—fox hunting; horse racing; hawking; cockfighting

British influence—rounders; cricket; boxing; track and field

EARLY AMERICAN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Introduction of German gymnastics 1823-1833—Round Hill School—

Joseph Cogswell and George Bancroft Daily sports and gymnastics

1825-1830—Charles Beck—turner and friend of Friedrich Jahn Established an outdoor gymnastics area

Translated Jahn's book

EARLY AMERICAN PHYSICAL EDUCATION Charles Follen—turner and pupil of

Jahn's Established gymnasium in Boston

in 1826 Taught the first German

gymnastics at Harvard in 1826 Francis Lieber—pupil of Jahn and a

turner Directed the Boston gymnasium

in 1827 Started a pool in Boston in 1827

GERMAN GYMNASTICS In the late 1820s and 1830s, decline of interest

in German gymnastics Round Hill School closed; Follen, Lieber, and

Beck went into other jobs Newness wore off Too much emphasis on nationalism and strength Only German teachers Revival of German gymnastics in the 1850s

when immigrants moved to the Midwest 1860—22 turnvereins; 1,672 members

Turnvereins

CATHARINE BEECHER Director of the Hartford Seminary for

Girls (1824) and the founder of the Western Female Institute (1837)

Calisthenics—a course of exercises designed to promote health and thus to secure beauty and strength (30 min a day) No special room or apparatus For the whole family, but especially

for women—diagrams of how to execute exercises

CATHARINE BEECHER

Principles from Per Henrik Ling's Swedish gymnastics

Her program was probably the first system adapted to the needs of Americans

She was one of the first to actively struggle to establish physical education as a part of the school curriculum on a daily basis

DIOCLESION LEWIS

Light gymnastics or exercises with wands, rings, bean-bags, dumbbells, and Indian clubs along with music—teacher directed exercises

Borrowed ideas from Catharine Beecher and Per Henrik Ling (Swedish)

1861-1868—He founded: Normal Institute for Physical Education in Boston—first teacher training school for physical education in America

SWEDISH GYMNASTICS

Hartvig Nissen—Norwegian In 1883 came to Washington,

D.C. and taught Swedish gymnastics

Taught at Harvard Summer School, Sargent Normal School, and Posse-Nissen School

SWEDISH GYMNASTICS Baron Nils Posse

Graduated from the Royal Gymnastics Central Institute in Sweden

Came to Boston in 1885 Taught at the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics (1889-1890)

Established the Posse Normal School in 1890

Field Hockey 1906

BOSTON NORMAL SCHOOL OF GYMNASTICS — 1889 Founded by Mary Hemenway Directed by Amy Morris Homans Baron Posse was the first

teacher Purpose was to train teachers

in Swedish gymnastics Moved to Wellesley College as

the Department of Hygiene and Physical Education in 1909

Amy Morris Homans (1848-1933)

Founded the Association of Directors of Physical Education for woman (1915)

BOSTON CONFERENCE ON PHYSICAL TRAINING — 1889 Purpose was "to bring

to the attention of the general public and the leaders in the field the Swedish system."

Speakers also for the German system, the Sargent system, and Hitchcock's program

EDWARD HITCHCOCK (1861-1911) Anthropometrics—

find the average, ideal college male using age, weight, height, chest girth, arm girth, forearm girth, lung capacity, and pull-ups

EDWARD HITCHCOCK

Program had an emphasis on health (AMHERST) Required 30-minute class four times

per week for all students 20 minutes for light gymnastics and

marching as a class 10 minutes for individual apparatus

work or sports

DUDLEY SARGENT (1879-1919)

Apparatus—chest weights; chest pulleys; chest developers; leg machines, and rowing machines used in individualized programs

DUDLEY SARGENT—HARVARD

Anthropometrics—to find the ideal student, but mostly to establish individualized goals and programs for each student

No Swedish or German gymnastics Sports, such as boxing, rowing, and

baseball, were promoted

DUDLEY SARGENT Sargent Normal

School—1881—initially taught women at Harvard Annex and later founded a teacher training school for physical education

Harvard Summer School (1887-1932)—advanced teacher training program

DELPHINE HANNA — OBERLIN — (1885-1920)

1903—First woman professor of physical education

Anthropometrics of college women

Instructed Luther Gulick, Thomas Wood, Jay Nash, and Jesse Williams

WILLIAM ANDERSON

Chautauqua Summer School of Physical Education (1886-1930s)

Brooklyn (Anderson) Normal School (1886-1953)

ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION — 1885 Founded by William Anderson Major issues between 1885-

1900 Anthropometrics Battle of the Systems

BATTLE OF THE SYSTEMSSYSTEM PURPOSE

German gymnastics Developed individual abilities and healthy, strong youth for

war or emergencies using apparatus

Swedish gymnastics Promoted health, correct

expression, and beauty of performance using exact movement patterns

Hitchcock’s system Emphasized health through required exercises with light apparatus

Sargent’s system Advocated hygienic, educative, recreative, and remedial

aims through individualized exercises on apparatus

Association gymnastics Contributed to the development of the all-around man

EARLIER NAMES1885 Association for the Advancement of

Physical Education1886 American Association for the

Advancement of Physical Education 1903 American Physical Education Association1937 American Association for Health and

Physical Education 1938 American Association for Health,

Physical Education and Recreation 1974 American Association for Health,

Physical Education, Recreation and Dance

1979 American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance

YOUNG MEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION AND YOUNG WOMEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION YMCA founded in 1844 in

England by George Williams

YMCA founded in 1851 in Boston

YWCA founded in 1866 in Boston by Mrs. Henry Durant

YMCA AND YWCA

1885—YMCA Training School in Springfield—to train YMCA directors Purposes of the YMCA—to

develop the all-around man (intellectual, physical, and spiritual)

Central School of Hygiene and Physical Education was the YWCA training school

                                                       

PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS

1896-1903 American Physical Education Review

1903-1930 APEA Review 1930-1938 Journal of Health and Physical

Education 1938-1974 Journal of Health, Physical

Education and Recreation

1975-1981 Journal of Physical Education and Recreation

1981-present Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance

PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS

1930-1979 Research Quarterly1980-present Research Quarterly for

Exercise and Sport 1940-present The Physical Educator – Phi

Epsilon Kappa1963-present Quest – NAPEHE1892-1896 Physical Educator1901-1928 Journal of Physical Training – YMCA

DEVELOPMENT OF AMATEUR SPORTS

1868—New York Athletic Club founded

1888—Amateur Athletic Union started (AAU)

1852—First intercollegiate sport for men (Harvard and Yale in rowing)

1859—First intercollegiate baseball game

DEVELOPMENT OF AMATEUR SPORTS

1869—First intercollegiate football game

1896—First intercollegiate sport for women in basketball