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Early Buddhist Architecture in Japan

Early Buddhist Architecture in Japan

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Early Buddhist Architecture in Japan. I. Some basic values in East Asian urbanism influence the design of many Buddhist monasteries. East Asian Imperial Capitals. Xi’an, China 6 th cen. . Nara, Japan, 8 th century. Kyoto, Japan, 9 th cen . A.D. II. A. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Early Buddhist Architecture in Japan

Early Buddhist Architecture in Japan

Page 2: Early Buddhist Architecture in Japan

Kyoto, Japan, 9th cen. A.D.

II. A.

Xi’an, China 6th cen. Nara, Japan, 8th century

East Asian Imperial Capitals

I. Some basic values in East Asian urbanism influence the design of many Buddhist monasteries

Page 3: Early Buddhist Architecture in Japan

Xi’an, China 6th cen.

I. A. An ideal city: Confucian geomancy in city plans (Nara, Japan, inspired by the city of Xi’an, China)

Page 4: Early Buddhist Architecture in Japan

I. A. 1. How did Chinese cosmology picture the earth?

Ideal Chinese capital cityCosmic diagram in Four Deities tile, 200 BC

Page 5: Early Buddhist Architecture in Japan

East Green

Dragon

West: White Tiger

South: Red Bird

II. A. 2. What meaning does Confucian geomancy attribute to the four cardinal directions?

Xi’an, China, 6th cen.

North: Dark Turtle & Snake

II. A. 3. What position would the virtuous ruler occupy in a Confucian city?

Confucius (551-449 B.C.)

Page 6: Early Buddhist Architecture in Japan

II. Context: Buddhism enters Japan in AD552 from China (through Korea) as a quality of higher civilization, including the ideal of the centralized state

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The Horyuji, near Nara, Japan, 7th cen. AD (670-714)

II. A. Parts of the Horyuji Gakumonju (its full name, meaning Learning Temple) as reflection of the fact that temples at this time were more intent on studying the faith than disseminating it

Page 8: Early Buddhist Architecture in Japan

The Horyuji

II. B. What is the orientation of East Asian monasteries like Horyuji?

Cosmic diagram in Four Deities tile, 200 BC

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III. A pantheistic world view (the divine is everywhere) in the pagoda and the image hall

The Horyuji

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III. A. The pagoda (the stupa of East Asian Buddhist monasteries)

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III. A. 1. What was the purpose of the pagoda in East Asian Buddhist monasteries?

Pagoda of the Horyuji, AD 670Brick Pagoda, Dengfeng, China, AD 523

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III. A. 2. Like stupas, pagodas presented an image of clarity of Buddhism. How did pagodas come to look so different from the Indian stupa?

The Yungang Caves, Buddhist sanctuary, China, 5th-6th century AD

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III. A. 3. How was the pagoda filled with the divinity of the Buddha, becoming an autonomous entity within the monastic complex?

Pagoda of the Horyuji

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III. A. 4. What was the eventual destiny of the pagoda in future Buddhist temple designs?

The Shitennoji, Osaka, Japan, 592-628

The Horyuji, Nara, 670

The Asuka-dera, Nara, Japan, 588

The Yakushiji, Nara, Japan, 688

Page 15: Early Buddhist Architecture in Japan

The Great Stupa at Sanchi

II. B. A deified Buddha: the purpose of the image hall (kondo or golden hall) in East Asian Buddhism

The Image Hall at HoryujiBorobudur – terrace with sculpted frieze

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II. B. 1. How was the image hall filled with the divinity of the Buddha, becoming an autonomous entity within the monastery like the pagoda?

The Image Hall (Kondo) of the Horyuji

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III. B. 2. Monumentality: Creating the grandeur of the temple with wood  a. How do the posts at Horyuji contribute to the sense of imposing dignity?

The Image Hall (Kondo) of the Horyuji

entasis - swelling

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Image hall of Horyuji Buddhist temple

III. B. 2. b. Why is the bracketing system key to the structure and ornament of the Buddhist temple in East Asia?

Deity hall of the Shinto shrine at Ise

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two basic parts of East Asian bracketing system = bearing block + bracket arm

III. B. 2. b.

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higher: three-block bracketsimple bracket system

III. B. 2. b.

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highersimple bracket system

three-block bracket

farther outward

projecting three-block

III. B. 2. b.

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highersimple bracket system

three-block bracket

farther outward

projecting three-block

III. B. 2. b.

Page 23: Early Buddhist Architecture in Japan

farther outward

projecting three-block

one-step

two-step

still higher and farther outward

one-step projecting complexor

two-step projecting complex

steeper, higher, farther

III. B. 2. b.

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Cloud brackets of the Nara style in the Image Hall (Kondo) of the Horyuji

III. B. 2. b.

Page 25: Early Buddhist Architecture in Japan

Cloud brackets of the Nara style in the Image Hall (Kondo) of the Horyuji

III. B. 2. c. How does the massive roof appear to be effortlessly buoyant?

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III. C. Eliade’s sacred and profane space in the East Asian monastery

Xi’an, China Shinto Shrine at Ise The Horyuji

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III. C. 1. What were two functions the enveloping corridor (kairo) around the temple?

The Horyuji

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III. C. 2. How does the enveloping kairo also strengthen the sense of the divine Buddha as the subject filling the monastery with his presence?

the Horyuji

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III. C. 3. Why was the inner or middle gate threshold in south side of enclosure not simply an entrance?

The Horyuji

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III. C. 3.

The Horyuji

outer gate inner gate

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III. D. Spaces where human beings are the autonomous subject: What monastery buildings were outside the most sacred boundary of the kairo?

the Horyuji