MNEMONICS Ophthalmology Mnemonics

Post Enucleation Socket Syndrome (PESS)

Ptosis

Enophthalmos

Deep upper Sulcus

Slack lower lid

Associations of Vortex Keratopathy: ABCD

Arthritis (diclofenac)

Breast Cancer (Tamoxifen)

Cardiac (amiodarone)

Dementia / Depression (Chlorpromazine)

Enzyme deficiency (see F)

Fabry's Disease

Features of Keratoconus: CONES

Central scarring & Fleischer ring

Oil drop reflex / Oedema (hydrops)

Nerves prominent

Excessive bulging of lower lid on downgaze (Munson’s sign)

Striae (Vogt’s)

Systemic associations of keratoconus: ABCDEF

Atopy

Bones (osteogenesis imperfecta)

Crouzon’s syndrome

Down’s syndrome

Ehler’s Danlos syndrome

Fingers (Marfan’s)

Stromal dystrophies: Marilyn Monroe Always Gets Her Man in LA City

Macular dystrophy

Mucopolysaccharide

Alcian blue

Granular Dystrophy

Hyaline material

Masson's Trichrome

Lattice Dystrophy

Amyloid

Congo Red

Secondary glaucoma: NIPPLES

Neovascular

Iridoschisis

PXF

Pigmentary

Lens (phacolytic/phacomorphic)

Iridocorneal Endothelial syndromes

Seclusio pupillae (in iritis)

+trauma (angle recession)

Iridocorneal Endothelial (ICE) Syndrome subtypes: ICE

Iris Naevus

Chandler Syndrome

Essential Iris Atrophy

Systemic Features of Sarcoid: FILLED BAGEL

Facial nerve palsy

Infiltrates of lung parenchyma, Insufficiency of pituitary

Lymphadenopathy (esp lung hilae)

Liver & spleen enlargement

Elevated ACE & calcium

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Bone cysts

Arthralgia

Granulomata of skin

Erythema nodosum

Lupus pernio

Features of Behcet's Disease: ORAL UPSET

Occlusive periphlebitis

Retinitis

Anterior uveitis

Leakage from retinal vessels

Ulceration (aphthous/genital)

Pustules after skin trauma (Pathergy test)

Scratching leaves lines (dermatographism)

Erythema nodosum

Thrombophlebitis

Clinical features of Reiter’s: FUCKING

Plantar Fasciitis

Urethritis

Conjunctivitis

Keratoderma blenorrhagica

Inflamed joints

Nail dystrophy

Gum ulceration

Ophthalmic features of TB: BCG GP

Busacca & Koeppe nodules on iris

Choroiditis

Granulomata in choroid

Granulomatous uveitis (with mutton fat KP’s)

Periphlebitis

Causes of cataract: DAMAGED

Diabetes

Atopy

Myopia / Myotonic dystrophy

Anterior uveitis (chronic)

Glaucomflecken

Electricity / radiation / trauma

Drugs / Dystrophies

Drugs causing cataract: ABCD

Amiodarone

Busulphan

Chlorpromazine

Dexamethasone (po/g)

Causes of ectopia lentis: ECTOPIC M&M

Eye degeneration (phthisis)

Choroidal tumours

Trauma

Overstretched zonules (buphthalmos / megalocornea)

AR with Pupil ectopy

Isolated AR

Cystathione beta-synthase deficiency (homocystinuria)

Marfans

Weill-Marchesani syndrome

Features of posterior scleritis: POST SCLER

Proptosis

Ophthalmoplegia

Swelling of disc

Thickening of sclera (US/CT) & T sign (fluid in sub-Tenon’s space)

Subretinal exudates

Choroidal foLds

Exudative RD

Ring choroidal detachment

Differential Diagnosis of Drusen: AGEING

Alports Syndrome

Glomerulonephritis

Exudate (Hard)

Inherited (Familial Dominant Drusen)

North Carolina Dystrophy

starGardts and fundus flavimaculatus

Suspicious Choroidal Naevi: To Find Small Ocular Melanoma

Thickness >2mm

Fluid (subretinal)

Symptoms

Orange pigment (lipofuscin)

Margin at optic disc

Classification of Retinoblastoma: ABCDE

SmAll (<3mm)

Bigger (>3mm, macular, subretinal fluid)

Contained Seeds

Diffuse seeds (>3mm)

Extensive (>50% globe, opaque media, NVI)

Features of Weill-Marchesani syndrome: 6 S’s

Short

Stubby fingers

Stupid

Spherophakia

Subluxed lens

Shallow AC (?)

Systemic features of Marfan syndrome: MARFANS

Mitral prolapse

Aortic dissection

Regurgitant aortic valve

Fingers long (arachnodactyly)

Arm span>height

Nasal voice (high arched palate)

Sternal excavation

Ocular features of Marfan’s: CLUMPS

Cupping (glaucoma)

Lattice

Upward lens subluxation

Myopia

Cornea Plana

Sclera blue

Things to remember about Lyme Disease: TICK’S CRAP

Tick-borne

Iritis & intermediate uveitis

Conjunctivitis

Keratitis (subepithelial, punctate)

Swelling of disc & Star at macula

Cardiac arrythmias (conduction defects)

Rash (erythema migrans)

Arthritis

Palsies

Microbiology Mnemonics

Capsulated pathogenic organisms are

Some Killers Have Pretty Nice Capsules

Quote:

S Streptococcus pneumoniae

K Klebsiella pneumoniae

H Haemophilus influenzae

P Pseudomonas aeruginosa

N Neisseria meningitidis

C Cryptococcus neoformans

Remeber... All bacilli are gram negative except "L.DATTA"

Quote:

L - Listeria

D - Diphtheria

A - Actinomycetes

T - Tetani Clostridium

T - TB Mycobatcterium

A - Anthrax bacillus

ENDOTOXIN:

Quote:

Endothelial cells/ Edema

Negative (gram- bacteria)

DIC/ Death

Outer membrane

TNF

O-antigen

X-tremely heat stable

IL-1

Nitric oxide/ Neutrophil chemotaxis

Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: classic presentation

Quote:

"Sore throat, Face bloat, Pi$$ coke":

Sore throat: 1 week ago

Face bloat: facial edema

Pi$$ coke: coke-coloured urine

· Alternatively, short version: "Throat, bloat and coke".

Staphylococcus aureus: diseases caused

SOFT PAINS:

Quote:

Skin infections

Osteomyelitis

Food poisoning

Toxic shock syndrome

Pneumonia

Acute endocarditis

Infective arthritis

Necrotizing fasciitis

Sepsis

Food poisoning: bugs inducing

"Eating Contaminated Stuff Causes Very Big Smelly Vomit":

Quote:

E. coli O157-H7 [undercooked meat, esp. hamburgers]

Clostridium botulinum [canned foods]

Salmonella [poultry, meat, eggs]

Vibrio parahaemolyticus [seafood]

Bacillus cereus [reheated rice]

Staphylococcus aureus [meats, mayo, custard]

Clostridium perfringens [reheated meat]

Vibrio vulnificus [seafood]

Streptococcus pyogenes: virulence factors

SMASHED:

Quote:

Streptolysins

M protein

Anti-C5a peptidase

Streptokinase

Hyaluronidase

Exotoxin

DNAses

Streptococcus pyogenes: diseases caused

NIPPLES:

Quote:

Necrotising fasciitis and myositis

Impetigo

Pharyngitis

Pneumonia

Lymphangitis

Erysipelas and cellulitis

Scarlet fever/ Streptococcal TSS

Endocarditis: lab results suggesting it

"High Tech Lab Results Point At Endocarditis":

Quote:

Hematuria

Thrombocytopenia

Leukocytosis, -penia

Red blood cell casta

Proteinuria

Anemia

Elevated ESR

Clostridium difficile: disease caused

Quote:

"Difficult to be in a Closet with someone having explosive foul smelling diarrhea, because it

would smell and there would be no air in there.

Clostridium Difficile causes explosive foul smelling diarrhea and is an anaeorbe (no air).

Trichomaniasis: features

Quote:

· 5 F's:

Flagella

Frothy discharge

Fishy odor (sometimes)

Fornication (STD)

Flagyl (metronidazole) Rx

Nematodes: ones spreading by egg ingestion

Quote:

"ATE eggs":

Ascaris Lumbricoides

Trichuris trichuira

Enterobius vermicularis

spread by ingestion of eggs (vs skin invasion or insect bite)

Food poisoning: bugs inducing

Quote:

"Eating Contaminated Stuff Causes Very Bad Smelly Vomit":

E. coli O157-H7 [undercooked meat, esp. hamburgers]

Clostridium botulinum [canned foods]

Salmonella [poultry, meat, eggs]

Vibrio parahaemolyticus [seafood]

Bacillus cereus [reheated rice]

Staphylococcus aureus [meats, mayo, custard]

Clostridium perfringens [reheated meat]

Vibrio vulnificus [seafood]

Meningitis: risk factors

Quote:

"Can Induce Severe Attacks Of Head PAINS":

Cancer

Immunocompromised state

Sinusitis

Age extremes

Otitis

Head trauma

Parameningeal infection

Alcoholism

Infections (systemic, esp. respiratory)

Neurosurgical procedures

Splenectomy

Influenza infection: clinical manifestations

Quote:

"Having Flu Symptoms Can Make Moaning Children A Nightmare":

Headache

Fever

Sore throat

Chills

Myalgias

Malaise

Cough

Anorexia

Nasal congestion

Toxoplasma gondii: manifestations

Quote:

"My Cat Eats Mice":

Mononucleosis-like illness

Chorioretinits/ Congenital infection

Encephalitis

Myocarditis

Urease positive organisms

Quote:

PUNCH:

Proteus (leads to alkaline urine)

Ureaplasma (renal calculi)

Nocardia

Cryptoccocus (the fungus)

Helicobacter pylori

AIDS pathogens (T-cell suppression) worth knowing

Quote:

"The Major Pathogens Concerning Complete T-Cell Collapse":

Toxoplasma gondii

M. avium intracellulare

Pneumocystis carinii

Candida albicans

Cryptococcus neoformans

Tuberculosis

CMV

Cryptosporidium parvum

different tricks to remember blot techniques

Quote:

South in Gujarati is DAXIN...simple...Southern blot is for DNA

West in Gujarati is PASCHIM...so...Western Blot is for Protein

and Northern is simply for M RNA(just to remember N with M)

its how they eat

north -roti - rna

south -dosa - dna

west -pizza - protein

BACILLUS

Quote:

Bombs Make PAGes

Bombs-for Bacillus............Bamboo stick appearance

Make-Macdyean reaction

P-PLET medium

A-Agar medium[medusa head]

Ge-Gelatin stab

S-Solid medium....String in pearls reaction.......!!!!

Neisseria Meningitidis

Quote:

Loafers Eat BMTC ticket Of Mahatma Gandhi in Chennai

L-Lenticular colonies

E-Exacting growth requirements

B-blood agar[weak hemolysis]

M-Muellar hinton agar

T-Thayer martin agar

C-Chocolate agar

O-Oxidase positive

MG-utilize Glucose and Maltose

C-Catalase positive

PSEUDOMONAS pathogenecity

Remember "PSEUDOMONAS" for memorise pathogenesity of pseudomonas infection

Quote:

P= pulmonary infection

S= septicemia

E= eye infection; endocarditis

U= UTI

D= (dermatological)Ecthyma gangrenosum

O= otitis media

M= meningitis

o= --------

N= nail bed infection

A= B= burns & bed sore

S= sepsis

PATCH for sterile pyuria

Quote:

P- Pregnancy,Prostatitis

A-acute febrile illness,atypical mycobacteriae

T-TB,Trauma,Transplant rejection,Treated UTI

C-Corticosteroid use ,cyclophosphamide

H-H.influenza infection

Encephalitis: differential

HE'S LATIN AMERICAN:

Herpesviridae

Enteroviridae (esp. Polio)

Slow viruses (esp. JC, prions)

Syphilis

Legionella/ Lyme disease/ Lymphocytic meningoencephalitis

Aspergillus

Toxoplasmosis

Intracranial pressure

Neisseria meningitidis

Arboviridae

Measles/ Mumps/ Mycobacterium tuberculosis/ Mucor

E. coli

Rabies/ Rubella

Idiopathic

Cryptococcus/ Candida

Abscess

Neoplasm/ Neurocysticercosis

· Neurocysticercosis should be assumed with recent Latin American immigrant patient unless proven

otherwise.

Eggs that float in Saturated Saline

Remember, "I HATE fertilised eggs"

Hymenolepis nana and Hookworm

Ascaris lumbricoides

Trichuris trichura

Enterobius vermicularis

So the fertilised eggs of all the above float in saturated saline. Everything else sinks.

Posted by ImedRx Comments (0)

Labels: Microbiology, Mnemonics

Pharmacology Mnemonics

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins): side effects, contraindications, interactions

HMG-CoA:

· Side effects:

Hepatotoxicity

Myositis [aka rhabdomyolysis]

· Contraindications:

Girl during pregnancy/ Growing children

· Interactions:

Coumarin/ Cyclosporine

Antiarrhythmics: class III members

BIAS:

Bretylium

Ibutilide

Amiodarone

Sotalol

Beta-blockers: main contraindications, cautions

ABCDE:

Asthma

Block (heart block)

COPD

Diabetes mellitus

Electrolyte (hyperkalemia)

Clopidogrel: use

CLOPIdogrel is a drug that prevents

CLots, an Oral Platelet Inhibitor (OPI).

Amiodarone: action, side effects

6 P's:

Prolongs action potential duration

Photosensitivity

Pigmentation of skin

Peripheral neuropathy

Pulmonary alveolitis and fibrosis

Peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 is inhibited -> hypothyroidism

Beta blockers: members

"The NEPAL Prime Minister":

Timolol

Nadolol

Esmolol

Pindolol

Atenolol

Labetalol

Propranolol

Metoprolol

Ca++ channel blockers: uses

CA++ MASH:

Cerebral vasospasm/ CHF

Angina

Migranes

Atrial flutter, fibrillation

Supraventricular tachycardia

Hypertension

· Alternatively: "CHASM":

Cererbral vasospasm / CHF

Hypertension

Angina

Suprventricular tachyarrhythmia

Migranes

Beta-blockers: nonselective beta-blockers

"Tim Pinches His Nasal Problem" (because he has a runny nose...):

Timolol

Pindolol

Hismolol

Naldolol

Propranolol

Antiarrhythmics: classification I to IV

MBA College· In order of class I to IV:

Membrane stabilizers (class I)

Beta blockers

Action potential widening agents

Calcium channel blockers

Enoxaprin (prototype low molecular weight heparin): action, monitoring

EnoXaprin only acts on factor Xa.

Monitor Xa concentration, rather than APTT

anti hyprtensive safe for pregnancy are---

My N.H.L ---

Quote:

M-methyl dopa..

N-nifedipine...

H-hydralazine..

L-labetalol.

methyldopa

Quote:

M = mental retardation

E = electrolyte imbalance

T = tolerance

H = headache/ hepatotoxicity, rebound HTN

Y = psYchological upset

D = dry mouth, drowsiness

O = oedema, orthostatic hypotension

P = Parkinsonism

A = Anemia [+ve coomb's test]

sodium nitroprusside

clinical uses: MR. CHIEF SURGERY IN EMERGENCY

Quote:

Mr. = Acute MI

chief = Acute CHF

Surgery = maintain hemostasis during surgeries

emergency = hypertensive emergencies

antihypertensives used in emergencies.............

Saurav Ganguly HELP

Quote:

S-sodium nitroprusside

G-GTN

H-hydralazine

E-esmolol

L-labetalol

P-phentolamine

Anticholinergic side effects

"Know the ABCD'S of anticholinergic side effects":

Quote:

Anorexia

Blurry vision

Constipation/ Confusion

Dry Mouth

Sedation/ Stasis of urine

Antimuscarinics: members, action

"Inhibits Parasympathetic And Sweat":

Quote:

Ipratropium

Pirenzepine

Atropine

Scopolamine

_Muscarinic receptors at all parasympathetic endings sweat glands in sympathetic.

Aspirin: side effects

ASPIRIN:

Quote:

Asthma

Salicyalism

Peptic ulcer disease/ Phosphorylation-oxidation uncoupling/ PPH/ Platelet disaggregation/

Premature closure of PDA

Intestinal blood loss

Reye's syndrome

Idiosyncracy

Noise (tinnitus)

Benzodiazapines: ones not metabolized by the liver (safe to use in liver failure)

LOT:

Quote:

Lorazepam

Oxazepam

Temazepam

Benzodiazepenes: antidote

Quote:

"Ben is off with the flu":

Benzodiazepine effects off with Flumazenil.

Benzodiazepenes: drugs which decrease their metabolism

"I'm Overly Calm":

Quote:

Isoniazid

Oral contraceptive pills

Cimetidine

_ These drugs increase calming effect of BZDs by retarding metabolism.

Benzodiazepines: actions

"Ben SCAMs Pam into seduction not by brain but by muscle":

Quote:

Sedation

anti-Convulsant

anti-Anxiety

Muscle relaxant

Not by brain: No antipsychotic activity.

Beta selective blockers

"BEAM ONE up, Scotty":

Quote:

Beta blockers:

Esmolol

Atenolol

Metropolol

Botulism toxin: action, related bungarotoxin

Quote:

Action: "Botulism Bottles up the Ach so it can't be the released":

Related bungarotoxin: "Botulism is related to Beta Bungarotoxin (beta-, not alpha-

bungarotoxin--alpha has different mechanism).

Cholinergics (eg organophosphates): effects

If you know these, you will be "LESS DUMB": or SLUDGE

Quote:

Lacrimation

Excitation of nicotinic synapses

Salivation

Sweating

Diarrhea

Urination

Micturition

Bronchoconstriction

Delerium-causing drugs

ACUTE CHANGE IN MS:

Quote:

Antibiotics (biaxin, penicillin, ciprofloxacin)

Cardiac drugs (digoxin, lidocaine)

Urinary incontinence drugs (anticholinergics)

Theophylline

Ethanol

Corticosteroids

H blockers

Antiparkinsonian drugs

Narcotics (esp. mepridine)

Geriatric psychiatric drugs

ENT drugs

Insomnia drugs

NSAIDs (eg indomethacin, naproxin)

Muscle relaxants

Seizure medicines

Direct sympathomimetic catecholamines

DINED:

Quote:

Dopamine

Isoproterenol

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

Dobutamine

Inhalation anesthetics

SHINE:

Quote:

Sevoflurane

Halothane

Isoflurane

Nitrous oxide

Enflurane

_ If want the defunct Methoxyflurane too, make it MoonSHINE.

Ipratropium: action

Atropine is buried in the middle: iprAtropium, so it behaves like Atropine.

Lead poisoning: presentation

ABCDEFG:

Quote:

Anemia

Basophilic stripping

Colicky pain

Diarrhea

Encephalopathy

Foot drop

Gum (lead line)

Lithium: side effects

LITH:

Quote:

Leukocytosis

Insipidus [diabetes insipidus, tied to polyuria]

Tremor/ Teratogenesis

Hypothyroidism

MAOIs: indications

MAOI'S:

Quote:

Melancholic [classic name for atypical depression]

Anxiety

Obesity disorders [anorexia, bulemia]

Imagined illnesses [hypochondria]

Social phobias

_ Listed in decreasing order of importance.

_ Note MAOI is inside MelAnchOlIc.

Methyldopa: side effects

METHYLDOPA:

Quote:

Mental retardation

Electrolyte imbalance

Tolerance

Headache/ Hepatotoxicity

psYcological upset

Lactation in female

Dry mouth

Oedema

Parkinsonism

Anaemia (haemolytic)

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: members

"PIT of despair":

Quote:

Phenelzine

Isocarboxazid

Tranylcypromine

_ A pit of despair, since MAOs treat depression.

Morphine: effects

MORPHINES:

Quote:

Miosis

Orthostatic hypotension

Respiratory depression

Pain supression

Histamine release/ Hormonal alterations

Increased ICT

Nausea

Euphoria

Sedation

Morphine: effects at mu receptor

PEAR:

Quote:

Physical dependence

Euphoria

Analgesia

Respiratory depression

Narcotic antagonists

Quote:

The Narcotic Antagonists are NAloxone and NAltrexone.

_ Important clinically to treat narcotic overdose.

Parkinsonism: drugs

SALAD:

Quote:

Selegiline

Anticholinenergics (trihexyphenidyl, benzhexol, ophenadrine)

L-Dopa + peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa, benserazide)

Amantadine

Dopamine postsynaptic receptor agonists (bromocriptine, lisuride, pergolide)

Phenytoin: adverse effects

PHENYTOIN:

Quote:

P- interactions

Hirsutism

Enlarged gums

Nystagmus

Yellow-browning of skin

Teratogenicity

Osteomalacia

Interference with B metabolism (hence anemia)

Neuropathies: vertigo, ataxia, headache

Physostigmine vs. neostigmine

LMNOP:

Quote:

Lipid soluble

Miotic

Natural

Orally absorbed well

Physostigmine

_ Neostigmine, on the contrary, is:

Water soluble

Used in myesthenia gravis

Synthetic

Poor oral absorption

Pupils in overdose: morphine vs. amphetamine

"MorPHINE: Fine. AmPHETamine: Fat":

Quote:

Morphine overdose: pupils constricted (fine).

Amphetamine overdose: pupils dilated (fat).

Serotonin syndrome: components

Causes HARM:

Quote:

Hyperthermia

Autonomic instability (delirium)

Rigidity

Myoclonus

Sodium valproate: side effects

VALPROATE:

Quote:

Vomiting

Alopecia

Liver toxicity

Pancreatitis/ Pancytopenia

Retention of fats (weight gain)

Oedema (peripheral oedema)

Appetite increase

Tremor

Enzyme inducer (liver)

Succinylcholine: action, use

Quote:

Succinylcholine gets Stuck to Ach receptor, then Sucks ions in through open pore.

You Suck stuff in through a mouth-tube, and drug is used for intubation.

Tricyclic antidepressants: members worth knowing

"I have to hide, the CIA is after me":

Quote:

Clomipramine

Imipramine

Amitrptyline

_ If want the next worth knowing, the DNDis also after me:

Desipramine

Norrtriptyline

Doxepin

Tricyclic antidipressents (TCA): side effects TCA'S:

Quote:

ThrombocytopeniaCardiac (arrhymia, MI, stroke)

Anticholinergic (tachycardia, urinary retention, etc)

Seizures

Vigabatrin: mechanism

Vi-GABA-Tr-In:

Quote:

Via GABA Transferase Inhibition

Antibiotics contraindicated during pregnancy

MCAT:

Quote:

Metronidazole

Chloramphenicol

Aminoglycoside

Tetracycline

Busulfan: features

ABCDEF:

Quote:

Alkylating agent

Bone marrow suppression s/e

CML indication

Dark skin (hyperpigmentation) s/e

Endrocrine insufficiency (adrenal) s/e

Fibrosis (pulmonary) s/e

Metabolism enzyme inducers

"Randy's Black Car Goes Putt Putt and Smokes":

Quote:

Rifampin

Barbiturates

Carbamazepine

Grisoefulvin

Phenytoin

Phenobarb

Smoking cigarettes

Morphine: side-effects

MORPHINE:

Quote:

Myosis

Out of it (sedation)

Respiratory depression

Pneumonia (aspiration)

Hypotension

Infrequency (constipation, urinary retention)

Nausea

Emesis

Therapeutic index: formula

TILE:

Code:

TI = LD / ED

Zero order kinetics drugs (most common ones)

"PEAZ (sounds like pees) out a constant amount":

Quote:

Phenytoin

Ethanol

Aspirin

Zero order

_ Someone that pees out a constant amount describes zero order kinetics (always the same

amount out)

Asthma drugs: leukotriene inhibitor action

Quote:

zAfirlukast: Antagonist of lipoxygenase

zIlueton: Inhibitor of LT receptor

Beta- vs Beta- receptor location

"You have heart and lungs":

Quote:

Beta- are therefore primarily on heart.

Beta- primarily on lungs.

Hepatic necrosis: drugs causing focal to massive necrosis

"Very Angry Hepatocytes":

Quote:

Valproic acid

Acetaminophen

Halothane

Adrenoceptors: vasomotor function of alpha vs. beta

ABCD:

Quote:

Alpha = Constrict.

Beta = Dilate.

Beta blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity

Quote:

Picture diabetic and asthmatic kids riding away on a cart that rolls on pinwheels.

Pindolol and Carteolol have high and moderate ISA respectively, making them acceptable for

use in some

diabetics or asthmatics despite the fact that they are non-seletive beta blockers.

Beta-blockers: main contraindications, cautions

ABCDE:

Quote:

Asthma

Block (heart block)

COPD

Diabetes mellitus

Electrolyte (hyperkalemia)

Beta-blockers: nonselective beta-blockers "Tim Pinches His Nasal Problem" (because he has a

runny nose...):

Quote:

Timolol

Pindolol

Hismolol

Naldolol

Propranolol

PREANASTHETIC MEDICATION

HOSANA this is a christian word.

Quote:

H-H2blockers

O-opeoids

S-sedatives-antianxiety

A-anticholenergic

N-neuroleptics

A-antiemetics

simple and sobar

anti epeleptic drugs

Dr.BHAISAB's New PC.

Quote:

D...deoxy barbiturates

B...barbiturates

H....hydantoin

A.. aliphatic carb acids

I....iminostilbenes

S....succinimides

B....BZD's

N.... newer drugs

P....Phenyltriazines

C... cyclic gaba analogues

adverse effects of tetracyclins-KAPIL DEV

Quote:

K kidney toxicity

A antianabolic effect

P phototoxicity

I inc ICP

L liver toxicity

D diabetes insipidus

E enamel problems

V vestibular toxicity

GENERAL TOXICITY OF ANTICANCER DRUGS

SHaLi's BF Ghoghari Gautam is Chor.

Quote:

S-skin

H-hyperurecemia

L-lymphoreticular tissue

B-bone marrow

F-Foetus

G-gonads

G-git

C-carcinogenecity

6 H s and 8 H s of adverse effects of thaizide diuretics and loop diuretics respectively.....

'melbourne cricket authority has high funds though players get minor amount' .. for clinical uses of

beta blockers...

Drugs causing pulmonary fibrosis:

Quote:

BAB like in baba (father)

Bleomycin

Amiodarone

Busulfan

ADRS OF CHLORAMPHENICOL

smart boys in girls hostel

B.... bone marrow depression

H...hypersensitivity

I....irritative effects

S.....superinfections

G.....Gray baby syndrome

ampicillin uses

UR GMCS BeST

Quote:

UTI

Respi

Gonorrhoea

Maningitis

cholecystitis

septicemias

bacillary dysentry

sabe

typhoid

misch

Acyclovir “I see clover”

I see a three-leaf clover (this is a prodrug that gets converted into a triphosphate – it resembles

dNTP and inhibits DNA Polymerase). Imagine putting clovers over herpes sores and genital warts

(this is used to treat those).

Amantadine “Homan to Dean” In case you haven’t heard, Dr. Homan is our new SOM dean. His new

policy: he won’t let us come to school without our white coats (this drug blocks uncoating, stage 2,

in viral infection). Other interesting facts about him: he can pee for 12 hours straight! (The half-life

is 12h and it’s excreted unchanged in the kidney .)

Dr. Homan can’t take the pressure of being a new dean so he becomes a nervous drunk with

depression, feelings of detachment, insomnia, dizziness, ataxia, slurred speech, and inability to

concentrate (these are some of the adverse effects)

Cephachlor “Chlorine” – as in swimming pools

You swim and get water up your nose and in your ears (this drug treats sinusitis and OTITIS media).

Cephadroxil “Drop rocks” While you are peeing you drop rocks (This drug treats UTIs).

Cephalothin “…Loathing”

If your heart is infected, you can’t love, only loathe (this is used to treat severe infections such as

endocarditis).

Cephamandole “…Man doll” You have to inflate your man doll and you get an upper respiratory

infection. If you “use” this anatomically correct man doll, he will give you pelvic inflammatory

disease (This drug is indicated for URI and PID). He’s also so real that he bleeds!!! (Adverse effect:

It affects Vit-K dependent clotting function)

Cephazolin “…Soul in” You want to keep your soul in and not die if you go to surgery (this drug is

used prophylactically for surgery).

Cephoperazone “…Opera zone” Going to the opera makes me want to get drunk to the point of

illness. These drugs, when mixed with ethanol interfere with ALDH, affecting alcohol metabolism

(you end up with increased acetaldehyde – a DISULFIRAM-LIKE REACTION).

Also, if you see Phantom of the Opera, expect to see some blood! (This affects Vit-K dependent

clotting function.)

Cephotaxime “…Tax time” IRS is hard to kill off – they are MULTIPLE DRUG RESISTANT (Use this drug

against MDR strains.).

Clindamycin “Clean the mice”

You’re cleaning the mice because they are covered with ticks (this drug is used to treat Lyme

Disease). You have to use SOS kitchen cleaner to clean the mice (SOS = 50 S ribosomal unit – where

this drug acts).

Richard Gere likes to put mice in “where the sun don’t shine” and this is a very FRAGILE procedure

(Clindamycin may cause Pseudomembranous enterocolitis and it’s also used to treat B. fragilis

infections).

Fluconazole “Flu cone” Imagine an emaciated AIDS patient eating an ice cream cone made of the

flu and he gets an oral and esophageal fungal infection. (This is used to treat oral and esophageal

candidiasis in AIDS patients).

Foscarnet “Fox cARRR net” If you catch foxes in a net, they won’t reproduce (this drug is a stage 3

inhibitor). ARRR… it inhibits RNA polymerase and Reverse transcriptase to block Reproduction.

You’re going to put the foxes into a car that’s made out of bones instead of metal (this drug binds

to bones and decreases Ca2+ and Mg2+).

Also, a foxy lady is HOT (this drug will cause a fever) and never wear fox urine to hunt (this is

excreted in the kidney and causes renal insufficiency).

inhalational corticosteroids

Bed Bug Flew To Florida

Quote:

B-BECLOMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE

B-BUDESONIDE

F-FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE

T-TRIAMCINALONE

F-FLUNISOLIDE

Succinylcholine: action, use

Quote:

Succinylcholine gets Stuck to Ach receptor, then Sucks ions in through open pore.

You Suck stuff in through a mouth-tube, and drug is used for intubation

Cholinergics (eg organophosphates): effects

If you know these, you will be "LESS DUMB":

Quote:

Lacrimation

Excitation of nicotinic synapses

Salivation

Sweating

Diarrhea

Urination

Micturition

Bronchoconstriction

Steroids: side effects

BECLOMETHASONE:

Quote:

Buffalo hump

Easy bruising

Cataracts

Larger appetite

Obesity

Moonface

Euphoria

Thin arms & legs

Hypertension/ Hyperglycaemia

Avascular necrosis of femoral head

Skin thinning

Osteoporosis

Negative nitrogen balance

Emotional liability

Methyldopa: side effects

METHYLDOPA:

Quote:

Mental retardation

Electrolyte imbalance

Tolerance

Headache/ Hepatotoxicity

psYcological upset

Lactation in female

Dry mouth

Oedema

Parkinsonism

Anaemia (haemolytic)

Sodium valproate: side effects

VALPROATE:

Quote:

Vomiting

Alopecia

Liver toxicity

Pancreatitis/ Pancytopenia

Retention of fats (weight gain)

Oedema (peripheral oedema)

Appetite increase

Tremor

Enzyme inducer (liver)

Captopril (an ACE inhibitor): side effects

CAPTOPRIL:

Quote:

Cough

Angioedema/ Agranulocystosis

Proteinuria/ Potassium excess

Taste changes

Orthostatic hypotension

Pregnancy contraindication/ Pancreatitis/ Pressure drop (first dose hypertension)

Renal failure (and renal artery stenosis contraindication)/ Rash

Indomethacin inhibition

Leukopenia/ Liver toxicity

Lithium: side effects

LITH:

Quote:

Leukocytosis

Insipidus [diabetes insipidus, tied to polyuria]

Tremor/ Teratogenesis

Hypothyroidism

Opioids: effects

BAD AMERICANS:

Quote:

Bradycardia & hypotension

Anorexia

Diminished pupilary size

Analgesics

Miosis

Euphoria

Respiratory depression

Increased smooth muscle activity (biliary tract constriction)

Constipation

Ameliorate cough reflex

Nausea and vomiting

Sedations

Ca++ channel blockers: uses

CA++ MASH:

Quote:

Cerebral vasospasm/ CHF

Angina

Migranes

Atrial flutter, fibrillation

Supraventricular tachycardia

Hypertension

·

Alternatively: "CHASM":

Quote:

Cererbral vasospasm / CHF

Hypertension

Angina

Suprventricular tachyarrhythmia

Migranes

Pupils in overdose: morphine vs. amphetamine

MorPHINE: Fine.

AmPHETamine: Fat

"Morphine overdose: pupils constricted (fine)

Amphetamine overdose: pupils dilated (fat)

Phenobarbitone side effects

Children are annoying (hyperkinesia, irritability, insomnia, aggression)

Adults are dosy (sedation, dizziness, drowsiness

Atropine: origin tells action or vice versa

Atropine causes your pupils to dilate, and it came from nightshade [belladona]In the night or in shade, your pupils

dilate so you can see

Atropine use: tachycardia or bradycardia

"A goes with B":

Atropine used clinically to treat Bradycardia

Reserpine action

Reserpine depletes the Reserves of catecholamines [and serotonin]

Sodium channel blockade: Procainamide, Quinidine, Disopyramide

"Quaker Preachers Discussed Sobriety."

Quaker-Quinidine

Preachers-Procainamide

Discussed-Disopyramide

Sobriety-Sodium channel blockade

Class IB - Sodium channel blockade: Lidocaine, Phenytoin, Mexiletine, tocainide

"Philadelphians Like Salty Mexican Tacos."

Philadelphians-Phenytoin

Like-Lidocaine

Salty-Sodium channel blockade

Mexican-Mexiletine

Tacos-Tocainide

Class IC - Sodium channel blockade: Flecainide, Encainide, Propafenone

"Flea Encrusted Prophets."

Flea-Flecainide

Encrusted-Encainide

Prophets-Propafenone

Class II - Beta-adrenergic blockade: Propranolol

"Betting Professionals."

Betting-Beta-adrenergic blockade

Professionals-Propranolol

Class III - Prolong repolarization: Amiodarone, Bretylium, Solatol

"Britain Repossessed American Soaps."

Britain-Bretylium

Repossessed-Repolarization is prolonged.

American-Amiodarone

Soaps-Solatol

Class IV - Calcium channel blockade: Verapamil, Diltiazem

"Calligraphist's Verbal Dilemma."

Calligraphist-Calcium channel blockade

Verbal-Verapamil

Dilemma-Diltiazem

Antiarrhythmic agents:

"A Dubious Quality Product...

Bought To Preserve Little Money...

Can Fabricate Enough Problems."

A-1a B-1b C-1c

1a-A:

D-Disopyramide

Q-Quinidine

P-Procainamide

1b-B:

T-Tocainamide

P-Phenytoin

L-Lidocaine

M-Mexiletine

1c-C:

F-Flecainamide

E-Encainamide

P-Propafenone

Mnemonics For Side Effects.

ACEI, Side Effects

CAPTOPRIL

Cough,

anaphylaxis,

palpitations,

taste,

orthostatic ↓BP,

Potassium (↑K+),

Renal impairment,

impotence,

leucocytosis

Anti-epileptic side Effects

ABCDEFGH

Ataxia,

blood dyscrasia,

cleft lip,

dupuytrens / vit D def,

exfoliation of skin & Stevens Johnson’s. Fits,

GI upset / gum hypertrophy,

hepatitis / hairy

Barbiturate side Effects

ABCD

Ataxia,

behavioural disturbance,

↓concentration / coma,

depression / drowsy / diplopia

Cholinergic OD side Effects

DUMB BELS

Diarrhoea,

Urination,

Miosis / muscle weakness,

bronchorrea

Bradycardia,

emesis,

lacrimation,

salivation / sweating

Cyclosporin Side Effects

4HRT

4H - Hyper K+, hypertension, gum hypertrophy, hairy

R – Renal toxicity

T - Tremor

Digoxin S/E

GECCKO

GIT – n&v, abdo pain, ulcers

Eyes – blurring, halo, xanthopsia

CNS – depression, confusion, delirium, hallucinations

Cardiac – ANY arrhythmia

K - low

MAOI side Effects

3Hs

Hepatocellular jaundice,

Hyperthermia,

hypertension

TCAD side Effects

CAN WOO

Cvs,

Anticholinergic,

Neuro,

Withdrawal,

Overdose,

Others

Steroids Side Effects

HIGH COMPACT IMPS

Hypertension,

Immunosuppression,

Gastric Ulcer (bleeding),

Heartburn

Cataract,

Osteoporosis,

Muscle weakness,

Path # / Psychosis,

Acne / Altered Glucose,

Cushingoid,

Thin skin

Increased appetite,

Myopathy,

poor wound healing,

stress response reduced

AM CUSHINGOID

Acne,

Myopathy (prox) / muscle wasting (prox)

Cushingoid / Cataract,

Ulcers,

Striae, skin thin (bruising),

Hypertension / hairy,

Infection,

Glycosuria,

Obesity / Osteoporosis / Oedema,

Immunosuppression / Insomnia,

Depression

Posted by ImedRx Comments (0)

Labels: Mnemonics, Pharmacology

Pathology Mnemonics

MI: post-MI complications

ACT RAPID:

Arrhythmias (SVT, VT, VF)

Congestive cardiac failure

Tamponade/ Thromboembolic disorders

Rupture (ventricle, septum, papillary muscle)

Aneurysm (ventricle)

Pericarditis

Infaction (a second one)

Death/ Dressler's syndrome

Deep venous thrombosis: diagnosis

DVT:

Dilated superficial veins/ Discoloration/ Doppler ultrasound

Venography is gold standard

Tenderness of Thigh and calf

MI: complications

HAS CRAPPED:

Heart failure/ Hypertension

Arrhythmia

Shock

Cardiac Rupture

Aneurysm

Pericarditis

Pulmonary Emboli

DVT

Heart failure causes

"HEART MAy DIE":

Hypertension

Embolism

Anemia

Rheumatic heart disease

Thyrotoxicosis (incl. pregnancy)

Myocardial infarct

Arrythmia

Y

Diet & lifestyle

Infection

Endocarditis

Cardiovascular risk factors (Framingham)

FRAMINGHAM:

Family history

Running (exercise)

Adiposity (obesity)

Marlboros (tobacco)

Insulin resistance (diabetes)

Non-regulated lipids (dyslipidaemia)

Georgie Pie (high fat diet)

Hypertension

Age

Male

Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia PARTNER together:

Quote:

Platelet count low

Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic)

Renal failure

Temperature rise

Neurological deficits

ER admission (as it is an emergency)

Nephritic syndrome: glomerular diseases commonly presenting as nephritic syndrome

Quote:

PARIS: Post-streptococcal

Alport's

RPGN

IgA nephropathy

SLE

· Alternatively: PIG ARMS to include Goodpasture's [one cause of RPGN], Membranoproliferative [only sometimes included in the

classic nephritic list].

Anemia: TIBC finding to differentiate iron deficiency vs. chronic disease

Quote:

TIBC levels at the: Top=Iron deficiency.

Bottom=Chronic disease

Macrocytic anaemia: differential

Quote:

FAT RBC: Fetus (pregnancy)

Alcohol

Thyroid disease(ie hypothyroidism)

Reticulocytosis

B12 and folate deficiency

Cirrhosis and chronic liver disease

Hypokalaemia: clinical features

Quote:

TIMID CHIMP: Tetany

Increases paralytic ileus (aggravates)

Muscle weakness

Increases possibility of hepatic encephalopathy

Digoxin toxicity

Cardiac arrythmias

Hypotonia

Increases P-R interval, T wave and prominent U wave

Muscle cramps

Polyuria

Renal failure (chronic): consequences

Quote:

ABCDEFG:

Anemia

-due to less EPO

Bone alterations -osteomalacia

-osteoporosis

-von Recklinghausen Cardiopulmonary -atherosclerosis

-CHF

-hypertension

-pericarditis D vitamin loss

Electrolyte imbalance -sodium loss/gain

-metabolic acidosis

-hyperkalemia Feverous infections -due to leukocyte abnormalities and dialysis hazards

GI disturbances -haemorrhagic gastritis

-peptic ulcer disease

-intractable hiccups

Aneurysm types

Quote:

MAD SCAB: Mycotic

Atherosclerotic

Dissecting

Syphilitic

Capillary microaneurysm

Arteriovenous fistula

Berry

Necrosis: the 4 types

Code:

"Life Can Get Complicated":

Liquifactive

Coagulation

Gangrene

Caseous

· 'Life' used since necrosis is 'death'.

Turner syndrome: components

Code:

CLOWNS:

Cardiac abnormalities (specifically Coartication)

Lymphoedema

Ovaries underdeveloped (causing sterility, amenorrhea)

Webbed neck

Nipples widely spaced

Short

Fragile-X syndrome: features

Code:

DSM-4: Discontinued chromosome staining

Shows anticipation

Male (male more affected)

Mental retardation (2nd most common genetic cause)

Macrognathia

Macroorchidism

Whipple's disease: full features

Code:

WHIPPLES: Weight loss

Hyperpigmentation of skin

Infection with tropheryma whippelii

PAS positive granules in macrophage

Polyarthritis

Lymphadenopathy

Enteric involvement

Steatorrhea

CREST sydrome: components

Code:

CREST: Calcinosis

Raynaud's phenomena

Esophageal dysmotility

Sclerodactyly

Telangectasia

Edwards' syndrome: characteristics

Code:

EDWARDS: Eighteen (trisomy)

Digit overlapping flexion

Wide head

Absent intellect (mentally retarded)

Rocker-bottom feet

Diseased heart

Small lower jaw

Fragile X syndrome: features

Code:

FEMALES FMR1 gene

Exhibits anticpation

Macro-orchidism

Autism

Long face with large jaw

Everted eyes

Kawasaki disease: features

Disease name: a Kawasaki motorcycle.

Usually young children, epidemic in Japan: Japanese child rides the motorcycle.

Conjunctival, oral erythema: red eyes, mouth.

Fever: thermometer.

Erythema of palms, soles: red palms, soles.

Generalized rash: rash dots.

Cervical lymphadenitis: enlarged cervical nodes with inflammation arrows.

Vasculitis of arteries: inflammation arrows on arteries.

Cardiovascular sequelae [20%]: inflammation arrows on cardiac arteries.

Treat with aspirin: aspirin headlight.

Kawasaki Disease Criteria

"Be careful when riding a Kawasaki motorcycle, you might getCREAMed.

Conjunctivitis (non-exudative)

Rash (polymorphous non-vesicular)

Edema (or erythema of hands or feet)

Adenopathy (cervical, often unilateral)

Mucosal involvement (erythema or fissures or crusting)

To have Kawasaki disease you must have fever for greater than 5 days plus 4 of the above.

Second most common casue of genetic mental retardation.

Kawasaki disease: diagnostic criteria

CHILD:

5 letters=5 days, >5 years old, 5 out 6 criteria for diagnosis:

Conjuctivitis (bilateral)

Hyperthermia (fever) >5 days

Idiopathic polymorphic rash

Lymphoadenopathy (cervical)

Dryness & redness of (i)lips & month (ii)palms & soles [2 separate criteria]

Physiology Mnemonics

Cochlea: inner vs. outer hair cell function

Quote:

"Outer cells are Out of the brain. Inner cells are Into the brain": Outer hair cells are motor efferents to amplify signal.

Inner hair cells are sensory afferents that actually pick up the sound.

Pituitary hormones

Quote:

FLAGTOP: Follicle stimulating hormone

Lutinizing hormone

Adrenocorticotropin hormone

Growth hormone

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Oxytocin

Prolactin Alternatively: GOAT FLAP with the second 'A' for Anti-diruetic homone/vasopressin

· Note: there is also melanocyte secreting homone and Lipotropin, but they are not well

understood.

Adrenal cortex layers and products

Quote:

"Go Find Rex, Make Good Sex":

· Layers: Glomerulosa

Fasiculata

Reticulata

· Respective products:

Mineralcorticoids

Glucocorticoids

Sex hormones

· Alternatively for layers: GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate, convenient since adrenal glands are atop kidney).

Einthoven's Triangle: organization

Quote:

Corners are at RA (right arm), LA (left arm), LL (left leg).

Number of L's at a corner tell how many + signs are at that corner [eg LL is ++].

Sum of number of L's of any 2 corners tells the name of the lead [eg LL-LA is lead III].

For reference axes, the negative angle hemisphere is on the half of the triangle drawing that has all the negative signs; positive angle

hemisphere contains only positive signs.

· See diagram.

Heart valves: sequence of flow

Quote:

TRIPS BIAS: TRIcuspid

Pulmonary

Semilunar

BIcuspid

Aortic

Semilunar Alternatively: "TRIPS, MI ASs!" (uses MItral instead of BIcuspid

Compliance of lungs factors

Quote:

COMPLIANCE: Collagen deposition (fibrosis)

Ossification of costal cartilages

Major obesity

Pulmonary venous congestion

Lung size

Increased expanding pressure

Age

No surfactant

Chest wall scarring

Emphysema

· All but L/A/E decrease compliance.

Progesterone: actions

Quote:

PROGESTE: Produce cervical mucous

Relax uterine smooth muscle

Oxycotin sensitivity down

Gonadotropin [FSH, LH] secretions down

Endometrial spiral arteries and secretions up

Sustain pregnancy

Temperature up / Tit development

Excitability of myometrium down

Hyperthyroidism: signs and symptoms

Quote:

THYROIDISM: Tremor

Heart rate up

Yawning [fatigability]

Restlessness

Oligomenorrhea & amenorrhea

Intolerance to heat

Diarrhea

Irritability

Sweating

Musle wasting & weight loss

Hemoglobin and myoglobin: binding strengths, sites

Quote:

"ABC" of glycosylated Hb (Hb1c):

· Glucose binds to Amino terminal of Beta Chain.

"HbF binds Forcefully":

· HbF binds oxygen more forcefully than HbA, so Oxy-Hb dissociation curve shifts to left.

Stored blood is SOS:

· Stored blood Hb binds to Oxygen Strongly because of decrease in 2,3 BPG.

2,3 BPG binding site is BBC:

· BPG binds to Beta Chain of Hb.

Myoglobin binding strength is MOM:

· Myoglobin binds Oxygen More strongly than Hb.

Oestrogen: functions

Quote:

OESTROGEN SUX: Organ development (sex organs)

Endocrine: FSH and LH regulation

Secondary sex characteristics development

Tropic for pregnancy

Receptor synthesis (of progesterone, oestrogen, LH)

Osteoporosis decrease (inhibits bone reabsorption)

Granulosa cell development

Endocrine: increases prolactin secretion, but then blocks its effect

Nipple development

Sex drive increase

Uterine contractility increase

oXytocin sensitivity increase

Electrical conductivity of tissues

Quote:

"Be Careful To Shock My Best Nerve": In order of least conductive to most conductive:

Bones

Cartilage

Tendon

Skin

Muscle

Blood

Nerve

Potassium: causes of potassium leaving cells

A$$E$

Acidosis: H+ ions move in.

Starvation: catabolism of cells.

Stress: catabolism of cells (postoperative).

Exercise: catabolism of cells.

Sodium chloride lost: K+ replaces it and is then excreted.

Pituitary: anterior pituitary products: acidophilic vs basophilic

Quote:

• Acidophilic:

GPA:

Growth hormone

Prolactin

Acidophilic

• Basophilic:

B-FLAT

Basophilic

FSH

LH

ACTH

TSH

Erythropoiesis stages

Quote:

"Powerful Businesses Pollute Our Reeling Environment": Proerythroblast

Basophilic erythroblast

Polychromatic erythroblast

Orthochromatophilic erythroblast

Reticulocyte

Erythrocyte

Neutrophil's 2 distinctive physical features

Quote:

1: There's up to 5 lobes of the nucleus joined by thin appendages. Tie this to it being a neutrophil nucleus by arranging the 5 lobes

into a capital N for Neutrophil.

2: the chicken leg (Barr Body) sticking out. Say it out loud: chick-N. The chick-N leg is for Neutrophil.

White blood cell relative concentrations

Quote:

"Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas":

From greatest to least:

Neutrophils (65%)

Lymphocytes (25%)

Monocytes (6%)

Eosinophils (3%)

Basophils (1%)

• Alternatively: "Nine Little Monkeys Eating Bananas".

• Alternatively: "Noone Likes My Educational Background".

• Alternatively: "Never Let Mamma Eat Beans".

• Can remember that Eosinophils is 3%, by the mirror image of E is 3.

Basophil morphology

Quote:

Basophil has Big Blue Balls (granules).

Leukocytes: granulated and agranulated

Quote:

"BEN Loves Money":

• Granulocytes:

Basophil

Eosinophil

Neurophil

• Agranulocytes:

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

• Alternatively: Granpa BEN..." to keep the granulated group straight.

Mast cell primary granule contents

Quote:

"Master, His Hepes Causes Choking & Gagging!":

Mast = Mast cell

His = Histamine

He= Heparin

C = Chymase

Ch = Chemotactic factor for eosinophils

Gag = GAGase

Basophil vs. eosinophils: effect for allergic persons

Quote:

Basophils are "Bad-o-phils" because they contribute to our allergic reactions.

Eosinophils are "Easy-on-me-phils" because they counteract our allergic reactions.

Muscle sarcomere: A vs. I as light or dark

Quote:

There is only one vowel in "dark" and one vowel in "light". These one vowels match up to their one letter names:

DArk band is the A band.

LIght band is the I band.

Muscle sarcomere: H line vs. Z disc location

Quote:

HAZI (Hazy): H line is in A-band.

Z disc is in the I band.

Muscle cells: cardiac vs. skeletal's nuclei location/number

Quote:

Nuclei location mirrors where the muscle is located in human body.

Heart muscle is in the middle of body, so heart muscle has nucleus in middle.

Skeletal muscles are at periphery of body, so nuclei are at periphery.

Also, you have 1 heart, so usually only 1 nucleus per heart muscle cell, but have many skeletal muscles, so have many nuclei per

long fibre.

Muscle sarcomere bands

Quote:

"Zee Intelligent Animal Has Muscle": • From the Z disk, working inward, remembering symmetry:

Z I A H M H A I Z.

• Alternatively: "Zoe Is A Horny Momma".

Muscle fiber: types

Quote:

• Type 1:

"1 slow fat red ox":

-slow twitch

-lipid accumulation

-red fibers

-oxidative

• Type 2:

"2 fast skinny white breasts":

-fast twitch

-low lipid

-white fibers, like chicken breasts

Haematology: key numbers

Quote:

3 and 4 are key in in haematology:

1.34 cm3 of oxygen is carried by a gram of hemoglobin.

There's 3.4mg of iron in each gram of hemoglobin.

There's an average of 3.4 lobes per neutrophil.

There's 34mg bilirubin from each gram of hemoglobin.

Macrocytic anemia: causes

Quote:

ABCDEF:

Alcohol + liver disease

B12 deficiency

Compensatory reticulocytosis (blood loss and hemolysis)

Drug (cytotoxic and AZT)/ Dysplasia (marrow problems)

Endocrine (hypothyroidism)

Folate deficieny/ Fetus (pregnancy)

Alkalosis: metabolic changes in alkalosis

Quote:

"Al-K-loss, Al-Ca-loss":

There is loss of K+ (hypokalemia) and Ca++ (hypocalcemia) in state of alkalosis.

Hemoglobin and myoglobin: binding strengths, sites

Quote:

"ABC" of glycosylated Hb (Hb1c):

• Glucose binds to Amino terminal of Beta Chain.

"HbF binds Forcefully":

• HbF binds oxygen more forcefully than HbA, so Oxy-Hb dissociation curve shifts to left.

Stored blood is SOS:

• Stored blood Hb binds to Oxygen Strongly because of decrease in 2,3 BPG.

2,3 BPG binding site is BBC:

• BPG binds to Beta Chain of Hb.

Myoglobin binding strength is MOM:

• Myoglobin binds Oxygen More strongly than Hb.

Intrinsic vs. extrinsic pathway tests

Quote:

"PeT PiTTbull":

PeT: PT is for extrinsic pathway.

PiTTbull: PTT is for intrinsic pathway.

Carotid sinus vs. carotid body function

Quote:

carotid SinuS: measures preSSure.

carotid bO2dy measures O2.

Heart valves: closure sequence

Quote:

"Many Things Are Possible":

Mitral, Tricuspid, Aortic, Pulmonic

Pituitary: anterior hypophysis hormones

Quote:

FLATPiG:

FSH

LH

ACTH

TSH

Prolactin

ignore GH

Electrical conductivity of tissues

Quote:

"Be Careful To Shock My Best Nerve": In order of least conductive to most conductive:

Bones

Cartilage

Tendon

Skin

Muscle

Blood

Nerve

Compliance of lungs factors

Quote:

COMPLIANCE: Collagen deposition (fibrosis)

Ossification of costal cartilages

Major obesity

Pulmonary venous congestion

Lung size

Increased expanding pressure

Age

No surfactant

Chest wall scarring

Emphysema

• All but L/A/E decrease compliance.

Alkalosis vs. acidosis: directions of pH and HCO3

Quote:

ROME: Respiratory= Opposite:

• pH is high, PCO2 is down (Alkalosis).

• pH is low, PCO2 is up (Acidosis).

Metabolic= Equal:

• pH is high, HCO3 is high (Alkalosis).

• pH is low, HCO3 is low (Acidosis)