Ecological and environmental planning

Ecological and environmental Ecological and environmental planningplanning

Emmanuel K. BoonSchool of AdministrationUniversity of GhanaLegon-AccraGhana

Visiting ProfessorDepartment of Human Ecology Vrije Universiteit BrusselBrussels BelgiumLaarbeeklaan 103B-1090 – Brussels, BELGIUMTel.: +32-2-477.42.81Fax: +32-2-477.49.64E-mail: [email protected] http://meko.vub.ac.be/~gronsse/

Human Ecology DepartmentHuman Ecology Department

ContentContent• Definition and importance of planningDefinition and importance of planning• Why environmental planningWhy environmental planning• Characteristics of environmental planningCharacteristics of environmental planning• Obstacles to environmental planningObstacles to environmental planning• Steps in planningSteps in planning• Environmental decision makingEnvironmental decision making• Approaches to planning Approaches to planning • The role of national governments in planningThe role of national governments in planning• Strategic environmental planningStrategic environmental planning• Education and training Education and training • ParticipationParticipation• Coordination/ cooperationCoordination/ cooperation• Evaluation/ monitoringEvaluation/ monitoring• ControlControl• Port environmental planningPort environmental planning


Definition and importanceDefinition and importance

A set of interventions and other actions A set of interventions and other actions undertaken during the elaboration of a undertaken during the elaboration of a planplan

A methodology for taking the future into A methodology for taking the future into accountaccount

Provide people with an environment that Provide people with an environment that supports their way of lifesupports their way of life


Why environmental planning?Why environmental planning?

• Sustainable developmentSustainable development• Reducing or eliminating pollutionReducing or eliminating pollution• Restoring environmental managementRestoring environmental management


Characteristics of environmental Characteristics of environmental planningplanning

• Linked to socio-economic developmentLinked to socio-economic development• Implemented in an integrated manner at Implemented in an integrated manner at

the level of the level of 1.1. Local community Local community

2.2. Regional Regional

3.3. National National

4.4. International levelInternational level


Obstacles to environmental Obstacles to environmental planningplanning

• Environmental pollution does not respect national Environmental pollution does not respect national boundariesboundaries

• Many developing countries are disadvantagedMany developing countries are disadvantaged1.1. By limited planning and administrative structuresBy limited planning and administrative structures2.2. ‘‘top down’ development planningtop down’ development planning3.3. Political and oraganisational obstaclesPolitical and oraganisational obstacles

• Fragmentation of policy and instructionsFragmentation of policy and instructions• Tension between central, regional and local Tension between central, regional and local

governmentsgovernments• International rivalry (ex socio economic disparity International rivalry (ex socio economic disparity

between rich and poor nations)between rich and poor nations)


Steps in planningSteps in planning

• Definition of the problemDefinition of the problem• Establishment of planning objectivesEstablishment of planning objectives• Identification of the assumptions on which Identification of the assumptions on which

planning is to be basedplanning is to be based• Search for and evaluation of alternative Search for and evaluation of alternative

courses of actioncourses of action• Selection of a particular action to be followedSelection of a particular action to be followed


Environmental planningEnvironmental planning

Planners need to translate the concerns of the Planners need to translate the concerns of the community into strategies and policiescommunity into strategies and policies

Growing concern for the quality of the Growing concern for the quality of the environment and for the preservation and environment and for the preservation and conservation of the natureconservation of the nature

The planning process should give equal The planning process should give equal emphasis to both socio economic emphasis to both socio economic development and environmental qualitydevelopment and environmental quality

Integration of environmental health aspectsIntegration of environmental health aspects


Environmental decision makingEnvironmental decision making

• Behavioural and cultural dimensionsBehavioural and cultural dimensions• Nation specific - region specificNation specific - region specific• Communication and understanding by all Communication and understanding by all

the relevant actors and stakeholdersthe relevant actors and stakeholders


Approaches to planningApproaches to planning

• Substantive planningSubstantive planning1.1. Subject matter of planningSubject matter of planning2.2. Object of planningObject of planning

• Procedural planningProcedural planning1.1. Promoting economic growthPromoting economic growth2.2. Inter related stepsInter related steps

Identification of needsIdentification of needsSpecification of goals and objectivesSpecification of goals and objectivesDevelopment of alternative means to attain each goalDevelopment of alternative means to attain each goalEstimation of the costs of each alternativeEstimation of the costs of each alternative

3.3. Selection of the most promising alternative(s)Selection of the most promising alternative(s)


Integration of substantive and Integration of substantive and procedural planningprocedural planning

Role of the state as an agent of changeRole of the state as an agent of change

Analysis based on class, gender, political Analysis based on class, gender, political ideologyideology


4 approaches to formal planning4 approaches to formal planning

1.1. Top-downTop-down

2.2. Bottom-upBottom-up

3.3. Mixture of Top-down and Bottom-upMixture of Top-down and Bottom-up

4.4. Team approachTeam approach


2 environmental planning approaches2 environmental planning approaches

1.1. Institutional approachInstitutional approach• Used in the social planning process Used in the social planning process

• Remedial measures: legislation, regulation, taxes and Remedial measures: legislation, regulation, taxes and chargescharges

2.2. Commercial approachCommercial approach• Used in the business sectorUsed in the business sector

• Remedial measures: non-regulatory initiatives for Remedial measures: non-regulatory initiatives for improving existing treatment process, developing new improving existing treatment process, developing new environmental friendly processes and products, waste environmental friendly processes and products, waste minimization programmes, improving the logistics of minimization programmes, improving the logistics of transportation, storage and sale of productstransportation, storage and sale of products


Role of national governments in Role of national governments in environmental planningenvironmental planning

National governments must: National governments must: • Establish priorities for environmental protectionEstablish priorities for environmental protection• Calculate and create the trade offs to be made Calculate and create the trade offs to be made

between environmental protection and other between environmental protection and other national goalsnational goals

• Plan resource use and protection over several Plan resource use and protection over several generationsgenerations

• The planning process should give equal emphasis The planning process should give equal emphasis to both national socio-economic development and to both national socio-economic development and environmental qualityenvironmental quality


3 features for environmental 3 features for environmental planningplanning

1.1. Multi disciplinary nature of planningMulti disciplinary nature of planning• Economic, social, ecological, land use and Economic, social, ecological, land use and

technical considerationstechnical considerations

2.2. Public involvement Public involvement 3.3. Systematic approach of the processSystematic approach of the process

• Setting of objectives through the Setting of objectives through the implementation of remedial programmesimplementation of remedial programmes

• Assessment of results Assessment of results • Permanent feed-backPermanent feed-back


The following must be considered The following must be considered during the planning processduring the planning process

1.1. Environmental effect-oriented issuesEnvironmental effect-oriented issuesfocus on the minimization of ecological threatsfocus on the minimization of ecological threats

2.2. Technologically-oriented issuesTechnologically-oriented issuesFocus on access of all counties to BATFocus on access of all counties to BAT

3.3. Economically-oriented issues Economically-oriented issues focus on potential financial consequencesfocus on potential financial consequences


ACTION during planningACTION during planningA: anticipate the participation/involvement of all stakeholders A: anticipate the participation/involvement of all stakeholders

as well as environmental, technical end economic as well as environmental, technical end economic consequencesconsequences

C: Conclude the most plausible economic and environmental C: Conclude the most plausible economic and environmental developmentdevelopment

T: Tabulate the possible advantages and disadvantages of all T: Tabulate the possible advantages and disadvantages of all possible decisionspossible decisions

I: Initiate evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of I: Initiate evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of alternative decisionsalternative decisions

O: Omit all less useful alternatives and highlight the proffered O: Omit all less useful alternatives and highlight the proffered onesones

N: Negotiate with all relevant parties for acceptance of the N: Negotiate with all relevant parties for acceptance of the preferred actionpreferred action


Strategic environmental planningStrategic environmental planning

= Estimating the degree of risk of policies and = Estimating the degree of risk of policies and actionsactions

Essential features: Essential features: • Future impact of current decisions and actionsFuture impact of current decisions and actions• Cause-effect relationships of decisions over timeCause-effect relationships of decisions over time• Alternative courses of action and their influece Alternative courses of action and their influece

on the current decisionon the current decision• Future opportunities and threats + other relevant Future opportunities and threats + other relevant

datadata


Strategic environmental planning Strategic environmental planning processprocess

• Setting objectivesSetting objectives• Definition of strategies and policiesDefinition of strategies and policies• Development of a detailed plan Development of a detailed plan • Continuing process of deciding in advance Continuing process of deciding in advance

• What is to be doneWhat is to be done

• WhenWhen

• HowHow

• Who is going to do itWho is going to do it


Strategic managementStrategic management


Environmental education and trainingEnvironmental education and training


Participation in environmental Participation in environmental planningplanning

Involve public participation at all levelsInvolve public participation at all levelsIndividual Individual

CommunityCommunity

GlobalGlobal

Panning = teamworkPanning = teamwork


Cooperation/ coordinationCooperation/ coordination• Planning process involves several agenciesPlanning process involves several agencies• Complex interrelationships between agenciesComplex interrelationships between agencies• Cultural diversityCultural diversity Policies, plans and programmes need Policies, plans and programmes need

coordinationcoordination Cooperation has to be guaranteed through Cooperation has to be guaranteed through

• Video and tele-conferencingVideo and tele-conferencing• Information networksInformation networks


Evaluation, monitoring and controlEvaluation, monitoring and controlEvaluationEvaluation • Phase 1: Definition and estimation of various impactsPhase 1: Definition and estimation of various impacts• Phase 2: Integrate impacts in an overall view-> Phase 2: Integrate impacts in an overall view->

judgmentjudgmentMonitoringMonitoring• Performance monitoring: control use of inputs and Performance monitoring: control use of inputs and

production of outputsproduction of outputs• Process monitoring: evaluate efficiency and Process monitoring: evaluate efficiency and

effectiveness of the planeffectiveness of the plan• Impact evaluation: estimate quantitative effects on Impact evaluation: estimate quantitative effects on

socio-economic conditions of the target populationsocio-economic conditions of the target population• Cost benefit analysis: compare alternative projectsCost benefit analysis: compare alternative projects


Port planningPort planning

• Economic plan Economic plan • Tourism planTourism plan• Industry planIndustry plan• Service planService plan• Environmental planEnvironmental plan All plans impact on one another, conflict with All plans impact on one another, conflict with

one anotherone another A planning framework within the public which A planning framework within the public which

public bodies, the private sector and individuals public bodies, the private sector and individuals can all operatecan all operate


Port planning at micro levelPort planning at micro level

• Setting port objectivesSetting port objectives• Establishing policies, procedures, Establishing policies, procedures,

programmes for their realizationprogrammes for their realization• Determining what needs to be done, by Determining what needs to be done, by

whom and when whom and when


Port planning at micro levelPort planning at micro level

• Agreement on purpose Agreement on purpose • Assignment and acceptance of individual Assignment and acceptance of individual

responsibilitiesresponsibilities• Coordination of activitiesCoordination of activities• Increased communication on group goalsIncreased communication on group goals• Lateral communicationLateral communication


Environmental planning in portsEnvironmental planning in portsexperience from Ghanaexperience from Ghana

Aim of environmental planning: combating marine pollution and Aim of environmental planning: combating marine pollution and pollution of the coastal environmentpollution of the coastal environment

• Tanker operationsTanker operationsTOR provides material for mopping oilTOR provides material for mopping oil

• Oil reception facilitiesOil reception facilitiesReception facilities for oily waste are neededReception facilities for oily waste are needed

• CollisionsCollisionsAgreement with neighboring countries for the protection of the Agreement with neighboring countries for the protection of the coast (Abidjan Convention)coast (Abidjan Convention)

• Vessel operationsVessel operationsEnvironmental plans are needed for sinking vesselsEnvironmental plans are needed for sinking vessels


Environmental planning in portsEnvironmental planning in portsexperience from Ghana (2)experience from Ghana (2)

• Oil spill emergency response planOil spill emergency response planNational oil spill response planNational oil spill response plan

• Regulations on pollution Regulations on pollution Vessel pollution prevention law Vessel pollution prevention law

• Port state controlPort state controlInspection of ships cargo record books and Inspection of ships cargo record books and documentationdocumentation

• Land based pollutionLand based pollutionType of chemicals and their toxity has to be knownType of chemicals and their toxity has to be known

• Port administrationPort administrationPlans to minimize paper wastePlans to minimize paper waste


Environmental planning in portsEnvironmental planning in portsexperience from Ghana (3)experience from Ghana (3)

• Plant maintenance and repair workshop -> Plant maintenance and repair workshop -> grease and engine oilgrease and engine oil

• Civil engineering workshop -> dust and gasCivil engineering workshop -> dust and gas• Electrical and marine workshop -> gas, dust Electrical and marine workshop -> gas, dust

and solid wasteand solid waste• Fish market and surrounding area -> waste Fish market and surrounding area -> waste

from ships and other food itemsfrom ships and other food items• Industry -> industrial wasteIndustry -> industrial waste


RecommendationsRecommendations• Public awareness Public awareness

Education for staff and customersEducation for staff and customers

• National maritime legislationNational maritime legislationMerchant shipping actMerchant shipping act

• Port environmental policy and managementPort environmental policy and managementDevelopment of an environmental management planDevelopment of an environmental management plan

• Environmental impact assessment (EIA)Environmental impact assessment (EIA)EPA request companies to conduct EIAEPA request companies to conduct EIA

• Reception facilitiesReception facilitiesA treatment plant must be consideredA treatment plant must be considered


ConclusionConclusion

There is a crucial need for:There is a crucial need for:• integrating environment into development integrating environment into development

planningplanning• environmental education and trainingenvironmental education and training• participation of key actors and public in participation of key actors and public in

planningplanning• harmonization policies and plans at all levelsharmonization policies and plans at all levels• evaluation, monitoring and controlevaluation, monitoring and control

Documents

Ecological and environmental planning