Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
environment
Citation preview
Environmental Management System KSGX 6101
Introduction – Ecological approach and the concept of environmental management
Nasrin Aghamohammadi
PhD(Chemical Engineering)
Acknowledgment
http://www.cura-cms.com/home/1
Week Lecture/Tutorial/Assignment Topic
1
Introduction – Ecological approach ant the concept of environmental management
2
Paradigm shift in environmental management
3
Environment legislation- sources, principles and principles of enforcement and compliance
4
Environmental planning – master plan, structural plan and local plan
5
Local Agenda 21
6
Business sector contribution in environmental management
7
Environmental Impact Assessment
8
Environmental Management Series - EMS
9
Test +Environmental Management Series - EMS
10
Environmental Management series – Environmental audit
11
Environmental Management series – Life cycle analysis
12
Environmental Management series – Environmental performance evaluation
13
Selected issues on environmental problems – group work
14
Application of environmental tools in problems solving – group work
Evaluation
• Test 20%
• Seminar+ Assignment 30%
• Final Exam 50%
http://www.rgbstock.com/bigphoto/mgyUUae/check+it+1
The Environmental Ecosystems
http://preuniversity.grkraj.org/html/12_ENVIRONMENTAL_BIOLOGY.htm
i. To understand definitions of ecology and microbiology in order to apply the elements for environmental management systems
ii.To apply the critical thinking and problem solving based on understanding the hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles in the Environment
OBJECTIVES:
a) Terms & definition in ecosystem , microbiology & Ecology
b) Constituents f Ecosystems
1.Structural Components
i) Biotic components
ii) Abiotic components
2.Functional Components
c) Biomass / Bioenergy
Biomass
Bioenergy
d) Trophic Levels and Ecological Pyramids
e)Food Chains/Food Webs
CONTENTS
f) The bio-geo-chemical cycles
The carbon cycle
The nitrogen cycle
The sulphur cycle
The phosphorus cycle
g)The hydrologic cycle
Energy cycle
a)Terrestrial ecosystems:
b)Aquatic ecosystems
Pond Ecosystem:
Marine Ecosystems
Forest Ecosystem
Desert Ecosystem
Grassland Ecosystem
CONTENTS
Ecolosystem & Microbiology
Slide No. 2 http://www.buzzle.com/articles/biology-terms-glossary-of-biology-terms-and-definitions.html
Terms & definitions: Environment - The sum total of all surroundings of a
living organism, including natural forces and other living things, which provide conditions for development and growth as well as of danger and damage. Ecosystem “The term ecosystem refers to the combined physical and biological components of an environment. These organisms form complex sets of relationships and function as a unit as they interact with their physical environment” (WHO)
Terms & definitions: Biosphere - Shallow layer that extends to approximately 20
km from the bottom of the ocean to the highest point in the atmosphere in which life can survive.
http://cde.nwc.edu/SCI2108/course_documents/earth_moon/earth/earth_science/biosphere/biosphere.htm
Microorganisms
http://www.astrobio.net/exclusive/302/the-tree-of-life-cold-start
A microbial degradation network
• The network indicates that oil biodegradation involves more biological components than just the microorganisms that directly attack oil (the primary oil degraders) and shows that the primary oil degraders interact with these components.
• Oil-degrading bacteria are shown in green. • Solid arrows indicate material fluxes, and broken arrows indicate
direct interactions (for example, lysis by phage and predation by protozoa). For simplicity, only one function is assigned to a microorganism in this schema. However, it should be noted that a microorganism can have more than one function or ability (for example, to weather minerals to release phosphate (P), and to degrade oil). It should also be noted that primary oil degraders need to compete with other microorganisms for limiting nutrients (such as P) and that non-oil-degrading microorganisms (shown in yellow) can be affected by metabolites and other compounds that are released by oil-degrading bacteria and vice versa (Ian M. Head et al., Nature 2006)
Microorganisms
Slide No. 8
http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v4/n3/fig_tab/nrmicro1348_F4.html
Introduction to Ecology
Ecology Is the study of how organisms interact with their living (biotic) environment of other organisms and their nonliving ( abiotic) environment of soil, water, other forms of matter, and energy mostly from the sun.
Connection in Nature
“The goal of ecology is to understand the principles of operation of natural systems and to predict their responses to change.”
What ecology is not? Ecology is not environmentalism, nor “deep ecology.” Ecology is science, based on biological, physical and chemical principles, and should be value-free.
Environmentalism advocates for certain actions and policy positions.
Slide No. 4
Why study ecology?
Curiosity – How does the world around us work? How are we shaped by our surroundings?
Responsibility – How do our actions change our environment? How do
we minimize the detrimental effects of our actions? Overfishing, habitat destruction, loss of biodiversity, climate change.
Nature as a guide – The living world has been around much longer
than we have and has solved many problems with creative solutions. Ecological systems are models for sustainability. How can we feed our growing population? Where will we live?
Sustainability –A property of human society in which ecosystems
(including humans) are managed such that the conditions supporting present day life on earth can continue. Ecology helps us understand complex problems.
What are the related issues?
• Urbanization
• Biodiversity loss
• Land degradation and desertification
• Freshwater ecosystems
• Global environmental change
How to study ecology? What kinds of experiments do ecologists perform? Observations – Go into the field and see what’s happening Microcosms – Isolate a portion, limit factors, manipulate
conditions. Mathematical models – Describe ecosystems interactions
as equations. Start with energy flows At the individual level, how do organisms “make a living”? At the ecosystem level, how does energy move around?
How to study ecology? Move on to nutrients How does nutrient availability limit organism growth? On an ecosystem and global scale, how do organisms fit in
to global nutrient cycles? Then focus on populations and communities Numerical models of the growth of individual
populations Then apply these to model competition between
populations for the same resources Metrics of species diversity and responses of
communities to changes
Why do ecosystems matter for human health? • Ecosystem services are the benefits that people obtain from
ecosystems.
• From the availability of adequate food and water, to disease regulation of vectors, pests, and pathogens, human health and well-being depends on these services and conditions from the natural environment. Biodiversity underlies all ecosystem services.
• The causal links between environmental change and human health are complex because they are often indirect, displaced in space and time, and dependent on a number of modifying forces.
• Significant direct human health impacts can occur if ecosystem services are no longer adequate to meet social needs.
• Indirectly, changes in ecosystem services affect livelihoods, income, local migration and, on occasion, may even cause political conflict.
CONSTITUENTS OF ECOSYSTEMS:
Every ecosystem, big or small, is always made up of two major components. They are structural components and functional components.
1. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS:
Structural components consist of living organisms and non-living structures. The former is called biotic and the latter is called abiotic. They exist together interact with each other in building up or reclaiming the system.
i) Biotic components: All living organisms from plants to animals are included under biotic structural elements. However the biotic components vary from system to system.
ii) Abiotic components: Non living components of the biosphere
They are the inert matter found on earth. Soil and its constituents, water and its constituents, temperature of the atmosphere, rainfall, atmospheric moisture, gases, wind, light, etc, all form abiotic contents.
CONSTITUENTS OF ECOSYSTEMS:
2. FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS:
The functional components are mainly the processes involved in the flow of energy (solar energy), from abiotic components (including nutrients) into biotic components (as biomass), from one biotic to another biotic system and lastly from biotic back to abiotic system.
The success of an ecosystem mainly depends upon the longevity (or half life) of the bioenergy retained within the biomass.
The half life of the bioenergy in a biomass in turn is controlled by the rate of producer’s activity, the rate of consumer’s activity, the rate of detritivores activity and rate at which these three interact with each other.
CONSTITUENTS OF ECOSYSTEMS: 2. FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS…
The major functional process of an ecosystem is autotrophic mechanisms, by which Solar energy is converted into chemical energy as the main capital Using such energy and other abiotic ingredients biomass is built up by various respiratory, and intermediary metabolic process, responsible for the growth of biomass.
Lastly the biomass (after death) is converted by various oxidative processes into basic abiotic ingredients and there is a net loss of energy in the form of heat.
All bio-geo- chemical cycles arc involved in this. In all these energy transformation, there is a loss of energy in one or the other form; thus they obey the second law of thermodynamics. It is the functional process that ultimately determines the success of biosystem in an ecosystem.
BIOMASS / BIOENERGY: Biomass:
Living organisms are made up of various organic compounds like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, etc.
All of them contain energy in their chemical bonds. The total organic matter (usually dry weight) of all living organism found in any given area, at a given time, is called biomass. The production and the ability to produce biomass depend upon the structural and functional components of an ecosystem.
Bioenergy: The chemical energy present in the organic materials found in biomass is called Bioenergy. It has been estimated that one gram molecular weight of the organic matter of biomass (dry wt) contains about 42 K. Calories of energy. Such energy is called Bioenergy.
TROPHIC LEVELS AND ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
All the existing biotic components in any ecosystem can be grouped into:
Producers,
Consumers and
Detritivores ( decomposers) (an animal that feeds on dead organic material)
Producers may be primary or secondary.
Similarly the consumers can be grouped into primary, secondary and tertiary kinds.
Each of them can be quantified in terms of number, biomass or energy. Such grouping is called Trophs and relationally they can be organized into trophic levels.
Trophic Levels.
http://preuniversity.grkraj.org/html/12_ENVIRONMENTAL_BIOLOGY.htm
http://preuniversity.grkraj.org/html/12_ENVIRONMENTAL_BIOLOGY.htm
FOOD CHAINS/FOOD WEBS The plant eating animals are called as herbivores and they act as primary
consumers.
Linear food chain: Organisms are arranged in the order of ' who eats whom. In all these cases, the starting point is the producer.
Phytoplankton -» Larvae -» Fishes -» Whales.
Food Web: Grass or its products are eaten by grasshoppers, mice, rabbits, deer, goats, etc. The grasshopper is eaten by lizards or frogs. Frogs are eaten by snakes or hawks. Similarly mice can be eaten by snakes or foxes. Foxes can be eaten by tigers or lions. This system is not linear but interlinked and forms a kind of network called Food web.
Biological Questions
1. What factor, including chemical elements (necessary for life), might be limiting abundance and growth?
2. What toxic chemical element might be present that is limiting abundance and growth?
3. What can people do to improve the production of a desired biological resource?
4. What are sources of chemical elements required for life, and how might we make these more readily available?
5. What problems occur when an element is too abundant, as in the case of Lake Washington?
Source: Environment Science: Earth as living plant, Daniel: Edward A. Keller 2nd ed
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
As well as the flow of energy through a food chain, other flows and cycles can be found within ecosystems. Ecosystems have water cycles and nutrient cycles . So when an animal eats another animal or a plant it not only obtains that organism's energy, but its water and nutrients as well. Different nutrients are passed around an ecosystem as organisms consume other biotic and abiotic factors. The important nutrients are carbon, nitrogen, Sulphur and Phosphorous .
Flows and cycles
Water cycle Through the Biosphere
• The water cycle describes how water moves from the ocean, to the atmosphere (evaporation), to land (rain) and back to the ocean (rivers). On the way the water will be intercepted by plants and animals, both of which need water to survive.
• Plants need water for photosynthesis.
• Animals use water to remove toxins and stay cool (sweat)
• Both plants and animals give off water as a by-product of respiration.
• Animals drink water, but can also obtain water by consuming plants and animals that have stored water.
• The diagram shows the continuous cycle of water between the ocean, the atmosphere and the land.
http://shrdocs.com/presentations/29411/index.html
Global Warming
Ice and Snow
The Aquatic Ecosystem
O2 CO2 Nutrients C, P, N O2 CO2 Man
CO2
Phytoplankton algae and
large rooted plants
Zooplanktons and Benthos*
Fish
Organic waste and dead organisms
Detrivores
Decay Bacteria and fungi
CO2 O2
O2
Benthos* •Can’t swim •At the bottom of pond •Eaten by fish •Scavengers
Decomposers
Live on organic wastes
Producers
* Prof Nik Meriam Sulaiman
Hydrological Questions
1. What determines whether is body of water will be biologically productive?
2. When a body of water becomes polluted, how can we alter the biogeochemical cycles that involve the pollutant, to reduce its level and its effects.
Source: Environment Science: Earth as living plant, Daniel: Edward A. Keller 2nd ed Slide No. 22
Geological Questions
1. What physical and chemical processes control the movement and storage of chemical elements in the environment?
2. How are chemical elements transferred from the solid Earth to the water, atmosphere, or life forms?
3. How does the long-term (1,000’s of years or longer) storage of chemical elements in rocks and soils affect ecosystems at local to global scales?
Source: Environment Science: Earth as living plant, Daniel: Edward A. Keller 2nd ed
THE BIO-GEO-CHEMICAL CYCLES
Chemical elements circulate between the organisms and the environment through pathways comprising the natural cycles, the most important of which are probably: The hydrologic cycle The bio-geo-chemical cycles of: • carbon, • nitrogen, • phosphorus and • sulphur In the unpolluted natural environment, these cycles operate in a balanced state with little variation thereby contributing to the stability of the whole biosphere.
Flows and cycles
Bio-geo-chemical Cycles ecosystems contain a wide variety of biotic and abiotic components and they exhibit one or the other functions. Using various minerals nutrients, water, CO2, nitrogen, light energy, plants build up the organic matter.
Continuous use of the above said materials depletes the components from the soil, water and air in course of time.
Carbon Cycle Through the Biosphere
Consumers use the plant products and during oxidation they convert some organic matter into CO2 by respiration.
Bio-geo-chemical Cycles
http://preuniversity.grkraj.org/html/12_ENVIRONMENTAL_BIOLOGY.htm
The Carbon Cycle
Coal, oil, Carbonate Rocks
Decomposers
CO2 Reservoir AtmosphericAquatic
Combustion Weathering Volcanic activity
Chemical combination
Consumers Producers
Death and wastes
De
co
mp
osit
ion
Re
sp
ira
tio
n
Co
mb
usti
on
Ph
oto
syn
the
sis
Re
sp
ira
tio
n
Co
mb
usti
on
Slide No.
Forest Fires
CO2 in
Atmosphere The Carbon Cycle
Carbon store in
The atmosphere
Carbon store in
Ocean biota, water
And sediment
Carbon store in
Land biota, rock, soil
And fossil fuels
Figure (b) Parts of the carbon cycle simplified illustrate the cyclic nature of the movement of carbon.
Source: Modified after G. Laruhert, 1987,La Recherché, IS, pp. 782-783, with some data from R. Flougliton, 1993, Bullelin of the
Ecological Social of America, 74(4), pp.355—356.] page 62
Carbon Cycle
Carbon dioxide and Temperature
http://ete.cet.edu/gcc/?/globaltemp_carbon_cycle/
Carbon dioxide and Temperature
http://ete.cet.edu/gcc/?/globaltemp_carbon_cycle/
Bio-geo-chemical Cycles Nitrogen Cycle Through the Biosphere
Also they release ammonia. etc., back to the soil or to the atmosphere. The death and decay of the plants and animals also leads to release of nitrogen, phosphorus and other components back to the soil. Thus they enrich the soil.
http://preuniversity.grkraj.org/html/12_ENVIRONMENTAL_BIOLOGY.htm
The Nitrogen Cycle
Electro-chemical and photochemical fixation
Atmospheric Nitrogen
Denitrifying bacteria NO3N2
Nitrogen fixing Bacteria
Industrial fixation
Nitrate (NO3)
Denitrifying bacteria NO3NO2
Nitrate bacteria NO2NO3
Nitrite bacteria NH3NO2
Ammonia
Amino acids Urea Organic residues
Consumers Herbivores
Decomposers
Ammonifying bacteria
Decay and wastes
Producers
Denitrifying bacteria NO3NH3
Nitrogen in
Atmosphere
Nitrogen Oxide From Burning Fuel
Electrical Storm
Nitrogen Cycle Through the Biosphere
Nitrogen Atomic # 7 … 14.0067 g mol –1 B.P. –195.8°C
a. Role in biology N is an essential component of proteins, nucleic acids and other
cellular constituents
b.Reservoirs - 79% of the atmosphere is N2 gas. The N=N triple bond is relatively difficult to break ,requires special conditions. As a result most ecosystems are N-limited. N2 dissolves in water, cycles through air, water and living tissue.
Slide No. 3 Slide No. 3
Slide No. 11
Nitrogen Cycle Through the Biosphere b.Nitrogen Fixation Abiotic: lightning (very high T and P) 107 metric tons yr-1 ~ 5-8% of
total annual N fixation. (weathering of rocks is an insignificant source)
Biotic: Nitrogen fixation by microbes, (prokaryotic bacteria) typically either free-living azobacter or rhizobium living symbiotically with plants (such as legumes). Total N fixed by biological processes is approx. 1.75 x108 metric tons yr-1
Industrial: The Haber-Bosch process (1909)– high P and relatively high T, uses Iron as a catalyst to convert N2 to ammonia (usually further processed to urea and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) – still the cheapest means of industrial N fixation. 5x107 metric tons yr-1
Combustion Side Effect: High T and P oxidizes N2 to Nox 2x107 metric tons yr-1
Since 1940s amount of N available for uptake has more than doubled. Anthropogenic N inputs are now equal to biological fixation. Sources are fertilizers, legume crops, atm deposition, sewage, deforestation, draining of wetland
Slide No. 3
Slide No. 3 Slide No. 11
Effects of increased N loading Effects of Increased N loading:
• Eutrophication in aquatic systems, coastal algal blooms and “Dead Zone”, fish kills, increased turbidity, selective pressures in terrestrial systems favoring species-poor grasslands and forests
• Nitrate MCL – 10mg L-1 …
• Nitric oxide – precursor of acid rain and smog
• Nitrous oxide – long lived greenhouse gas that can trap 200 times as much heat as CO2
Sulphur Cycle
Human Impacts of Sulphur Emissions
The Sulphur Cycle
Sulphur containing organic matter SH, etc.
SO3
Atmospheric Sulphates, SO4
2-
Atmospheric SO2 Atmospheric Sulphates, H2S etc.
Sea spray Plant uptake Combustion Bacterial emission
Mineralisation Assimilation
Reduction
Sulphur S Sulphides H2S etc.
Oxidation
Inorganic Sulphates, SO42-
Precipitation
Reduct
ion
Oxid
ation
Reduct
ion
Oxid
ation
Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphorus – Atomic # 15 … 30.97 g mol –1 B.P. 280°C
• P is very reactive, does not exist in pure elemental form. In contact with air, it forms phosphate PO4
3-. In water, phosphates are protonated to form HPO4
2-, H2PO4- and H3PO4.
• PO43- orthophosphate, the most simple molecular form of
phosphate, aqueous form under very basic or alkaline conditions
• HPO42- : aqueous form under basic or alkaline conditions
• H2PO4- : aqueous form under neutral conditions
• H3PO4 : aqueous form under very acidic conditions
a. Role in biology
• Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plants and animals in the form of ions PO4
3- and HPO42- . It is found in DNA-molecules (it binds
deoxyribose sugars together forming the backbone of the DNA molecule), ATP and ADP, and lipid cell membranes (phospholipids). P is also a fundamental to tissues such as bones and teeth.
Slide No. 16
Reservoirs
P does not exist in a gaseous state at typical environmental Temps and Pressures.
• Cycles through :
• water (DOP and DIP),
• soils and sediments (adsorption to mineral surfaces)
• organic tissue/humic material.
Phosphorus Sources
• sedimentary rocks
• some ocean sediments (PO4 is soluble in H2O).
• fertilizers and sewage.
• Detergents
Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphorus Sinks
• uptake of orthophosphate by plants through the roots, incorporation into plant tissue and heterotroph tissues, decomposition returns P to water and soils via microbial mineralization; eventually it is washed out to the oceans, sinks to the floor (becomes limestone) and is not recycled for millions of years.
Phosphorus Cycle
The Phosphorus Cycle Source: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/ Dana/16002_28.html
Phosphates in sewage
Run Off
The Phosphorus Cycle
Question Time
ENERGY CYCLES
Slide No. 21
Terrestrial ecosystems
A large area dominated by uniform vegetation with other flora and fauna in an equilibrated, but stable state are generally called Biomics. But the term biomes cannot to be applied to aquatic ecosystem because they are considered as higher categories. Terrestrial ecosystem is further classified according to their three dimensional structure of the flora, such as: • height of the tall trees, • number of layers of foliage The main terrestrial ecosystems are • Forest, • Woodlands, • Shrub land, • Grassland, • Scrubland • Desert
Aquatic ecosystems
Aquatic ecosystem is being the largest of all occupying 75% of the earth area, and also having a uniform Vegetation over a long period of time, they are considered as higher category than the terrestrial biomes.
1- pond ecosystem
2-marine ecosystem
3-Forest Ecosystem
4-Dessert Ecosystem
5- Grassland Ecosystem
Energy Flow Through The Ecosystem
http://www.wpclipart.com/energy/informational/energy_cycle.png.html
Carbon and Energy transformations
Energy cycle is a process where by energy from the sun is taken up by plants which absorbs the energy in their chloroplast. Plants collect energy from the sun and use carbon dioxide and water in the process called photosynthesis to produce sugars.
Slide No. 23
Environmental Issue:
Can damaged ecosystems be restored?
Keywords?
References
http://preuniversity.grkraj.org/html/12_ENVIRONMENTAL_BIOLOGY.htm http://shrdocs.com/presentations/29411/index.html Environmental Science, G Tyler Miller and Scott Spoolman 2008
