Ecological Housing Assignment 001

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    ECOLOGICAL HOUSIN

    Civilizations are often known by their architectural legacy. We discover in them the accumulated

    wisdom of thousands of years, based on a deep understanding of sustainable patterns of living. These

    priceless legacies are vanishing under the assault of the technologies and fashions let loose by the

    Industrial Revolution. The rapid growth of the global economy and the rising trends in population

    and urbanization has raised concrete jungles over once verdant landscapes, threatening flora and

    fauna. Social changes that accompany affluence such as the splitting up of the extended families into

    nuclear families and the demand for larger houses, have added momentum to the increasing demand

    for housing. The informal sector is playing a major part in supplying the huge demand for housing.

    This often includes self built houses, many of them illegal and mostly lacking infrastructure (UNEP

    DTIE, 2003. p.5) A combination of increasing quantities and decreasing qualities is straining the

    carrying capacity of the global ecosystem. Taking into account its entire lifespan, the builtenvironment worldwide is currently responsible for up to 25 to 40% of energy use, 30 to 40% of

    solid waste generation, and 30 to 40% of global greenhouse gas emissions.(UNEP DTIE, 2006)

    On the positive side, the building and construction sector have become the engines of economic

    growth in the modern era. On an average, the sector provides 5 to 10% of Employment,

    What is ecological housing? Ecological housing is one of the most modern and popular ways to stay

    BETTER than just green. Ecological housing has the purpose of reducing negative effects on the

    environment, and going further than that into actually aiding the environment. Ecological houses are

    built with the goal of sustainable development, in other words using resources and technologies that

    focus on renewability.

    Ecology is defined as the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of life as well as the

    interactions between organisms and their natural environment. This is what we humans are trying to

    accomplish with ecological housing to find a more harmonious way to interact with our natural

    environment here on planet earth. If we lessen the damage now, there will be a greater opportunity

    for the human race to thrive in the future.

    Ecological housing, applied to the global housing market, concentrates on many technologies; a new

    one, for example, is 'energy conservation housing'. In energy conservation housing, the process

    called exterior surface cooling involves the heat flow on a building moving from hot to cold areas.

    This minimizes the energy that we use to heat the interiors of our buildings. It is a new development

    that is being worked on in order to create energy-efficient plans for our global housing market and to

    boost even more the efficiency of our ecological housing.

    Ecological housing is smart housing, meant to use materials and processes that are easy on the

    environment and energy usage, and even contribute to a healthy environment.

    Source: www.ecologicalhousing.com

    The need for eco-housin

    What is eco-housing?

    What are the approaches for achieving eco-housing?

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    While eco-housing affirms that the basic purpose of buildings is to ensure human comfort, health and

    survival at an affordable cost, it reminds us that this is best achieved by being in harmony with the

    ecosystem and the socio-economic system. The use of resources for ensuring human comfort and

    survival would be done efficiently and effectively, without crossing any thresholds

    Many specialized tools and techniques could be used for achieving the objectives of eco housing.

    Some of the cross-cutting approaches that underlie many of these tools and techniques are: Integrated

    Design Process; Life Cycle approaches; decreasing resource intensity; bio-climatic design; adopting

    traditional and local architectural practices; and the use of renewable resources.

    Integrated Design Process

    In a conventional design process, each one works within his area of expertise with minimum

    interaction. The Integrated Design Process is based on inter-disciplinary research and design. Rather

    than studying the individual building components, systems, or functions in isolation, experts fromdifferent disciplines collaborate to analyse the interrelated impacts on the economy, environment,

    society, building components and materials and find common solutions. Through their collaborative

    effort they try to integrate different objectives like economic efficiency, environment friendly site

    planning, appropriate choices of materials and products, sustainable use of energy and water,

    provision of clean water, indoor environment quality and sanitation, waste water and solid waste

    management, and proper operation and maintenance.

    Life Cycle approaches

    The traditional compare metalized approach considered each stage of a products life cycle,

    separately. For example, the manufacturer was not much concerned much with what happened to the

    product after sales. The environmental manager was unaware of the design and manufacturing issues

    and used to be preoccupied with end of pipe solutions after the waste or pollution was generated.

    Eco-housing encourages the consideration of the entire life-cycle of the house: from design, through

    construction, use, maintenance and to end of life activities. Life Cycle thinking takes into account all

    stages of a buildings existence and considers all stakeholders.

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    Decreasing resource intensity

    Eco-housing emphasizes the rational use of materials, energy and water. To reduce resource use, the

    approach discourages use of materials with high resource intensity like concrete and steel. It

    encourages the use of materials and products with longer lives and needing lesser maintenance. The

    concept of multifunctional design helps in extending the lifetime of a building, by converting or

    modifying it. Recycling is enabled by deconstruction friendly design and manufacturing. Energy

    efficiency and load management helps in reducing the energy intensity. Technologies and techniques

    are available for reducing water use.

    Bioclimatic design

    What is Bioclimatic design

    A building provides a passive control over the climate, by separating the interior from the exterior.

    Additional controls, called active controls, can be provided by energy consuming heating, cooling

    and humidity control systems. One of the aims in eco housing is to optimize the passive control

    strategies to achieve comfort conditions and use active controls only if essential. This approach is

    emphasized in bioclimatic architecture. The main elements in a bioclimatic design are passive. In

    contrast, in conventional design the designers do not give much consideration to freely available

    environmental resources. Instead they rely on active controls to create comfort conditions.

    Using renewable resources

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    The use of renewable materials and energy helps in reducing the use of non-renewable resources.

    This is sustainable as long as the rate of extraction of the renewable resource does not exceed its rate

    of regeneration and does not cause adverse effects, such as environmental impacts or shortages in

    food production.

    Site Development

    Site Layout

    Ensure that basic amenities such as bank, child care, post office, park, library, convenience grocery,

    primary school, and clinic and community hall are near to or within the site premises.

    Make a comprehensive transportation plan for the site, taking into consideration cleaner

    transportation options, parking capacity and conveniences for pedestrians and cyclists. All external

    traffic and pollution should end at the entrance of the site or the parking space. Discourage use of

    fossil fuel-based vehicles, on site. Plan pedestrian access ways and bicycle tracks within site

    premises.

    Analyze the existing roads and pathways on site, to reduce the length of roads and Utility lines.

    The site layout should allow for wind protection and solar access in winter and adequate sun

    protection and ventilation in summer. Having a mix of building types could help achieve this.

    Row buildings can be used as wind breakers. High-rise can increase ventilation in a dense

    development. Low-rise buildings should be sited so that they avoid excessive heat exchange with the

    environment and utilize their link with open spaces. Wherever possible, open spaces and the funnel

    effect should be used to increase airflow within buildings.

    The ratio of street width to building height determines the altitude up to which solar radiation can

    be cut off. Similarly, street orientation determines the azimuth up to which solar radiation can be cut

    off. These two factors should be optimized on large sites. But for warm humid climates, the main

    aim is to have air movement. Hence the streets should be oriented to utilise the natural wind patterns.

    Site should be properly planned to mitigate the heat island effect by reducing the total paved area

    allowed on site. The paved areas should be made pervious or open grid. Shading should be provided

    for the paved surfaces.

    Use gravity systems for water supply and sewerage, wherever possible, to avoid pumping.

    Try to locate all utility lines near already disturbed areas, like roads. Use concealed or shielded

    conduits for utility lines.

    Optimize the layout, to save land and natural resources, without affecting the quality of life.

    The layout should be flexible to accommodate future changes that could arise from the users

    needs or from other perspectives.

    The layout should use innovative ways to facilitate social networks among the residents.

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    Landscaping

    Selection of plant species should be b

    that would result from it. Deciduous tr

    shade in summer and allow sunlight i

    Evergreen trees provide shade and wi

    throughout the year.

    Preserve existing vegetation on site

    the existing vegetation in a tree su

    Evolve tree preservation guidelines

    within the site premises any mature

    have been removed, in the ratio of 1

    same time, care needs to be taken

    undesirable increase in humidity levels,

    Composting and plant wastes shouldthe need for pesticides.

    Do not alter the existing drainage p

    existing vegetation. Ensure that the veg

    Use of organic mulches has to be

    shredded bark, wood chips, straw, co

    crushed granite, or pebbles can be u

    adjacent to the building as they can

    stabilizing soil temperature also. The c

    Sedimentation basins, and contour tre

    Some methods for altering the air flo

    Figures 3.1 and 3.2 below

    ased on its water requirements and the micro c

    es provide

    summers.

    nd control

    . Mark all

    rvey plan.

    . Replant

    trees that

    :5. At the

    to avoid

    by excessive plantations.

    be preferred to chemical fertilisers. They wo

    attern on site. Existing grades should be mai

    etation remains healthy.

    one to enhance soil stabilization. Organic

    mposted leaves, etc. Inorganic mulches such

    sed in unplanted areas. Stone mulches shou

    easily get heated and cause glare. Mulchi

    arser the material, the deeper should it be appl

    nching, also helps top reduce soil erosion.

    patterns by landscaping are shown in the

    limatic benefits

    uld also reduce

    ntained around

    ulches include

    as pea gravel,

    ld not be used

    g is good for

    ied.

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    Eco-friendly materials are characterized by low-embodied energies, low emissions and are

    convenient for recycling and reuse. Building materials are mostly made from naturally available

    materials like clay, stone, sand or biomass. Proper selection of building materials would help toconserve these natural resources. Wastes and by products generated from various manufacturing

    processes could form secondary resources for production of building materials. This would allow

    savings in consumption of primary grade raw materials, energy, labour, and capital investments in

    plants. Using local materials could minimise emissions from transport, strengthen the local

    industries, increases employment for locals, helps avoid taxes on imported material and help in

    preserving the culture. The selection of appropriate materials is driven by local/ regional

    considerations. A material that is suitable for one place may not be suitable elsewhere. We also need

    to understand that the building styles and design are heavily influenced by prevailing fashions,

    especially the fashions in the developed world. This was one of the reasons why many modern

    construction materials could ease out more durable, climate responsive traditional building materials

    in the developing world.

    The primary function of a building envelope is to protect its occupants from heat, cold, rain,

    and to provide thermal and visual comfort for work and leisure. In order to achieve comfort

    conditions, it is almost always essential to provide energy-consuming space conditioning and

    lighting devices. Due to the long lives of the structures being built, the operating phase will consume

    the largest proportion of the energy resources compared to the overall life cycle. (UNEP-IETC,

    2004). Therefore optimising the use of energy is crucial to reach the goal of a sustainable building.

    An eco-building should have an optimum energy performance and yet provide the desirable thermal

    and visual comfort. The energy usage of a building can be improved by: a) energy demand reduction;

    b) energy efficiency; c) use of renewable sources of energy.

    Building form

    The compactness of a building could be measured by the ratio of surface area tovolume(S/V ratio).

    The S/V ratio should be as low as possible in hot-dry and cold-dryclimates, to minimise the rate of

    heat transfer. For hot, humid, tropical climate, themain aim should be to have a higher air flow inside

    the building, for which a low S/Vratio is not essential. (Krishan, A. et al., 2001).

    The perimeter to area ratioshould be kept to the minimum,to reduce heat gains.

    The roof gets the maximum amount of direct solar radiation and hence its shape is important. As

    shown below, the higher the roof angle, the lesser the amount of direct radiation.

    Landscaping

    The figures below shows how proper landscaping, could reduce the ambient temperature

    and thereby the cooling load of the house. The first figure shows the conventional design

    and the second one, the design that has made use of landscaping.

    Building material and products objectives?

    Sustainable use of energy

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    ECO-HOUSING ASSESSMENT CRITERIA DEVELOPMENT TEAM

    The Eco-Housing Assessment criteria has been developed by the International Institute for Energy

    Conservation (IIEC), The Energy Resources Institute (TERI) and the Science and Technology Park

    (STP), University of Pune under the USAID-GDA sponsored eco-housing initiative.

    ECO HOUSING ASSESSMENT CRITERIA,pune municipal corporation

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    ECO-HOUSING ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

    1. SCOPE

    The Eco-Housing Assessment Criteria are applicable to all residential building/building complexes,

    and single family residences.

    The Eco-Housing assessment criteria are divided into the following eight broad categories, with each

    individual category describes a set of measures that need to be fulfilled. Every measure has been

    assigned points depending on its impact on environment, and its relevance to local conditions.

    Wherever possible, the objective (intent), submittal requirements, financial implications and the

    impact of each measure across the value chain, are summarized.

    Focus areas Points

    Site Planning 260

    Environment Architecture 80

    Efficient Building Materials 200

    Energy Efficient Lighting 50

    Solar Water Heaters 50

    Water Conservation 200

    Segregation of Waste 80

    Other Innovative Technologies 80

    Total number of points 1000

    All projects > 1 hectare are considered as large projects in the criteria.

    SITE PLANNING

    1.1 MANDATORY: Do not select public parkland, land within 30m or 100 feet of wetland,

    forest 5land/ heritage belt, hills and hill slopes as site for housing as

    mentioned in Development Plan Rules

    Submittal Requirement: Site plan showing site and its surrounding areas upto 2 Km radius

    Intent: To protect parkland, forestland/heritage belt from disturbance due to

    construction; to protect biodiversity.

    Locate eco-housing site so that basic amenities namely i) bank/ATM 5

    ii) childcare iii) post office, park iv) library v) convenience grocery are

    within km of housing

    Submittal Requirement: Site plan showing site and the facilities within 1/2 Km radius

    Intent: To discourage use of vehicles for common chores

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    Locate basic amenities namely i) convenience grocery ii) healthcare

    facility 5(with provisions for first aid, doctor with scheduled timing),

    iii) communityhall within site premises

    Submittal Requirement: Site plan with location of these facilities on site

    Intent: -Convenience

    Ensure emergency healthcare

    Dissuade use of personalized transport

    * Applicable for large sites only (those larger than or equal to 1.0

    hectare)

    Landscape design should promote and create habitats conducive to 5

    native fauna in the form of urban niches. Refer to Appendix Native

    Fauna of Pune- Section 4, for suggested measures.

    Submittal Requirement: Landscape drawings showing the measures implemented

    Intent: Biodiversity conservation and preservation

    1.6 MANDATORY For projects larger than 1.0 hectare, remove topsoil, other than black

    cotton soil that is not suitable to landscaping, and preserve for reuse

    onsite or send to Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) designated sites.

    Method to be followed in removing and laying back topsoil:

    - Topsoil shall be stripped to a depth of 200 mm from areas proposed

    to be occupied by buildings, roads, paved areas and external services

    - Stockpile topsoil to a height of 400 mm in designated areas and re-

    apply topsoil to site during plantations

    - Separate topsoil from subsoil debris and stones larger than 50 mm

    diameter

    - A pH of 6.0 to 7.5 and organic content of not less than 1.5% by mass

    be maintained; add lime where pH < 6.0 to adjust to 6.5 or higher up to

    7.5. Any soil having soluble salt content > 500 parts/million shall not

    be used for purpose of landscaping

    - Topsoil should be spread uniformly at minimum compacted depth of

    50 mm on grade of 1:3 or steeper slopes; minimum depth of 100 mm

    for shallower slopes or 300 mm for flatter land

    Submittal Requirement: Site plan (1 no. CAD drawing) along with a narrative to demarcateareas on site from which topsoil has to be gathered

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    Designate area where it will be stored

    Indicate areas where it will be reapplied after construction is

    complete

    Narrative explaining the methods of soil stabilization used; wherever

    required accompanied by photographs with brief description

    Certificate by the landscape architect on topsoil laying, soil stabilization,

    adequate primary soil nutrient and pH

    Intent: To preserve and reuse nutrient rich topsoil for landscaping

    MANDATORY Prevent soil erosion for large sites during construction by providing

    sedimentation basin, contour trenching, mulching, as required. Provide

    plans to show erosion control measures taken.

    Submittal Requirement: CAD drawing showing site plan details of

    Existing buildings

    Existing slopes

    Site drainage pattern

    Erosion and sedimentation control measures

    Intent: Prevent soil erosion by proper storm water management

    Preserve existing vegetation on site; preserve land that is rich in bio 15

    diversity; mark all existing vegetation in tree survey plan; follow detailed

    guidelines of tree preservation as per draft National Building Code; Part

    10:Landscaping, signs, and outdoor display structures (under revision)

    Submittal Requirement: 1 no. CAD drawing showing proposed landscape plan with identification

    of trees (different colour coding for trees to be used for protected, preserved,

    transplanted, removed trees) corresponding to a tabular tree survey (to beincluded in the drawing)

    Explain in brief measures adopted for protecting existing landscape (limit to

    250 words)

    Certificate of landscape architect confirming proper protection and

    preservation of existing trees during construction process

    Intent: To protect vegetation; carbon sequestration; reduce soil erosion.

    Do compensatory depository forestation in ratio of 1:5 within site premisesfor all mature trees removed

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    Submittal Requirement: Landscape plan, with photographs, clearly highlighting the trees removed

    (Indicating the number of trees), if applicable, with the number of replanted trees in the

    proportion of 1:5 in the proposed landscape design

    List details about species, which existed, and the species that have been replanted on site

    To be validated/cross checked during plinth checking and completion checking

    Intent: To compensate for the removed vegetation.

    RELEVANCE TO ECOHOUSING

    Just as housing is a essential human need so is biodiversity conservation the need for

    sustainable development. It may be discovered that those places with gentle topography, water, mild

    climates and other features so attractive to people are also important for wildlife. Construction,

    especially through the building of structures, impervious surfaces and roads, destroys and fragments

    habitat and disrupts ecological processes. Invasive species thrive and pollution increases in thesedisturbed environments, causing numerous additional problems for native species and their habitat.

    A building can be truly eco- friendly only when constructed with the least impact on the

    biodiversity. The impacts of construction activity are not restricted only to the actual building site but

    it also impacts the biodiversity at the site of disposal of construction waste, site of disposal of

    excavated material, at the burrowing sites for aggregate, sand, soil for bricks etc. Most of these areas

    are within the fringes of a city and therefore these secondary impacts need consideration.

    Ecological needs are most appropriately addressed at broad scales, like at regional or state

    levels. At this scale, it may be possible to identify large blocks of relatively undisturbed land thatprovide good habitat for a broad range of species and allow natural disturbances like floods, fire, and

    hurricanes to shape the landscapes as they would under more natural conditions. At the macro level

    to address biodiversity in relevance to eco-housing, we consider it at two levels the city level and at

    the site level

    SITE SPECIFIC CONSERVATION

    Changes of land use from non-residential to a residential use or even a low-density use to a high-

    density use impacts the ecology of the area. Biodiversity conservation is site specific and the needs

    for conservation on each site would be different.

    Biodiversity conservation for eco-housing has to be done before the site is built upon and not as a

    remedial action after the natural system has been destroyed. Thus site-specific conservation should

    be considered in a two-prong method, a) conservation of the existing natural habitats b) Remedial

    measures to restore and promote the natural biodiversity of the area.

    a) Conservation of the existing natural habitats

    1. The first step is to inventories the naturally occurring flora and fauna on the site with the

    involvement of taxonomy experts and other experts. Conduct a detailed ecological survey of the site

    to identify floral species of trees, shrubs and even weeds. Identify the faunal species present and

    survey their habits in the area.

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    2. The natural drainage pattern on the site, its topography and slopes are also a important component

    of its biodiversity. These should be studied and taken into consideration during design stage. The

    first, second and third order streams should be maintained and not filled for leveling.

    3. Based on the site inventory report identify pockets of microhabitats that need to be left

    undisturbed. The building layout should be designed with the aim of conserving these areas.

    4. It is important to do a study of the movements of fauna in the area. A corridor study of the site and

    immediate surrounding area to understand the movements of fauna and the impact of construction

    activity on the path should be conducted, especially for those sites closer to hills forest patches.

    5. The destruction of natural habitat could be because of absence of co-ordination between the

    various activities in the construction process. Developing a logical framework that provides a

    sequence of activities that ensures protection of the biodiversity of the area should be prepared.

    Measures should be identified to conserve the biodiversity at every stage of the design and

    construction activity.

    6. Transplantation of trees Not all trees require to be transplanted. Sometimes the cost of

    transplantation may be exorbitant, compared to the cost of planting a sapling of that species.

    7. Based on the site inventory trees that need to be conserved at its present location, and trees that

    can be transplanted should be prioritized.

    8. It should be noted that although the emphasis is on conserving and developing native vegetation

    trees. If existing non-native trees/exotic species exist on the site, these should not be cut to be

    replaced by native vegetation.

    b) Remedial measures to restore and promote the natural biodiversity of the area.

    1. Plant only native species in the landscaped area. Plant trees of species that existed naturally on the

    site before development.

    Once the site has altered it is impossible to regain the original natural biodiversity of the area.

    Remedial actions are therefore focused towards creating a conducive urban niche for the flora and

    fauna that have been displaced from the site.

    2. Alternate paths should be identified and developed for the fauna movement wherever old paths

    have been altered.

    3. Landscape for the building should be designed to integrate the conserved pockets of microhabitats.

    4. Create urban niches to form environments conducive for fauna.

    5. Landscape of the building should be designed to recreate the natural connections of the site with

    the surrounding area and not in isolation.

    6. Provide for areas of natural growth in the landscape design that would allow weeds and seasonal

    plants to grow, as these would attract insects and consequently other fauna.

    7. Buildings should not only have landscaped areas but also provide for children playgrounds where

    games such as cricket can be played

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    FUTURE MEASURES

    To promote biodiversity conservation

    taken. These measures would create a

    impacts of the project on the biodiversi

    1. Damage to biodiversity and impaabsence of knowledge and awareness.

    ways to conserve the biodiversity durin

    2. A training Programme for Architects

    3. There exists a need to generate a

    activity on the environment. Public aw

    properties of the importance of eco-frie

    4. Need to prepare a detailed study of

    5. Need to prepare a GIS based biodi

    habitats and sensitive microhabitats of

    6. Prepare Gardens of Pune GIS based

    and fauna present in each garden.

    7. PMC should develop a list of trees

    flexible enough, to permit changes

    transplantation.

    8. One exercise that requires to be und

    construction and record the variou

    biodiversity of the area.

    Different ground materials reflect, stor

    Technology for ecological housing

    for eco-housing there are various measure t

    resource base that can assist individual builde

    ty of the region.

    ts from construction are many a times maiuilders, civil engineers and architects need to

    g development stages.

    , Landscape architects and civil engineers.

    larger awareness regarding the impacts of t

    areness needs to be created to educate the buy

    ndly construction.

    ovements of fauna in Pune city from surround

    ersity map of Pune, which displays the vario

    une.

    database, with information about the various

    that are recommended for transplantation. Thi

    depending upon the site inventory for sele

    ertaken would be for experts to visit four site

    s activities undertaken that are changing/

    and absorb heat to different.

    hat need to be

    rs to access the

    nly because ofbe educated on

    e construction

    r of residential

    ing areas.

    us Biodiversity

    species of flora

    s list should be

    cting trees for

    that are under

    destroying the

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    Integration of vegetation in the buildin

    Minimizing the surface area to volume

    Various roof forms and their areas of e

    roof forms and their effect on ventilatio

    Makes saving on cost of this sla

    traditional slab by about 23%.

    Reduces use of concrete and saves c

    about 40%.

    to minimize heat gain, Wind c

    ratio minimizes heat transfer

    posure

    Basic

    n

    compared to the

    ment and steel by

    tchers

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    According to survey conducted by Global Market Institute

    -a Seattle-based group-

    Indians are most concerned

    for climate change

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    India is planning to invest over

    improve energy efficiency and cut c

    generation plants account for around 6

    Source:http://www.business-sta

    Source: http://renewableindia.com/

    Sources:

    1. Advanced building technologiehttp://www.advancedbuildings.

    2. Green Buildings BC

    http://www.greenbuildingsbc.c

    3. Alliance to Save Energy

    http://www.ase.org4. Ecosustainable

    http://www.ecosustainable.com.

    5. urban ecology

    Edited by kevin j. gaston ,univ

    6. Source: http://renewableindia.co

    7. Source:http://www.business-sta

    Rs 74,000 crore (Rs 740 billion) within the ne

    arbon emissions from its power sector. Co

    per cent of India's total carbon emissions.

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