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EcologyEcology
EcologyEcology
• EcologyEcology = the = the study of the study of the interactions interactions among among organisms and organisms and their their environmentenvironment
The The nonliving or nonliving or physical physical things in an things in an environment are called environment are called ABIOTICABIOTIC factors. factors.
Examples:Examples:
- Sunlight- Sunlight
- Temperature- Temperature
- Rainfall- Rainfall
- Air- Air
- Soil Soil
- EarthquakesEarthquakes
Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors
Biotic FactorsBiotic Factors
The living or biological The living or biological things in an things in an environment are environment are called the called the biotic biotic factorsfactors..
Examples:Examples:• parasitism parasitism • disease disease • predatorspredators• preyprey• competitioncompetition
Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization• Ecologists study Ecologists study
organisms organisms ranging from the ranging from the various levels of various levels of organization:organization:– SpeciesSpecies– PopulationPopulation
– CommunityCommunity– EcosystemEcosystem– BiomeBiome– BiosphereBiosphere
SpeciesSpecies =a group of similar organisms =a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile that can breed and produce fertile offspringoffspring
Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
PopulationPopulation =group of organisms, all of =group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and the same species, which interbreed and live in the same area.live in the same area.
EX: all the turtles in Town LakeEX: all the turtles in Town Lake
Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
CommunityCommunity = a collection of different = a collection of different populations that live togetherpopulations that live together
Levels of OrganizationLevels of OrganizationEcosystemEcosystem = a collection of interacting = a collection of interacting
populations and their physical surroundings populations and their physical surroundings (abiotic factors)(abiotic factors)
Levels of OrganizationLevels of OrganizationBiome Biome = a group of ecosystems with the = a group of ecosystems with the
same climate and dominant communitiessame climate and dominant communities
Tropical rain forest
Tropical dry forest
Tropical savanna Temperate woodlandand shrubland
Desert
Temperate grassland
Boreal forest(Taiga)
Northwesternconiferous forest
Temperate forest
Mountains andice caps
Tundra
Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
BiosphereBiosphere= the part = the part of the earth where of the earth where life exists including life exists including land, water, air, and land, water, air, and atmosphereatmosphere
• It extends from high in the It extends from high in the atmosphere to the bottom of atmosphere to the bottom of the oceans.the oceans.
• If the earth could be shrunk If the earth could be shrunk to the size of an apple, the to the size of an apple, the biosphere would be no biosphere would be no thicker than the apple's skin.thicker than the apple's skin.
Habitat vs. NicheHabitat vs. Niche
HABITAT - homeHABITAT - home
• Place where an Place where an organism livesorganism lives
• Lots of Lots of organisms have organisms have the same habitatthe same habitat
NICHE - jobNICHE - job
• Role and position a Role and position a species has in its species has in its environmentenvironment
• Organisms want a Organisms want a unique nicheunique niche
Habitat vs. NicheHabitat vs. Niche
HABITATHABITAT
• Ex: red fox’s Ex: red fox’s habitat is the habitat is the forests’ edge, forests’ edge, meadows, and meadows, and river bankriver bank
NICHENICHE
• Ex: red fox’s niche Ex: red fox’s niche is a predator which is a predator which feeds on the small feeds on the small mammals etc. that mammals etc. that is active at nightis active at night
Symbiotic RelationshipsSymbiotic Relationships
SymbiosisSymbiosis = = permanent (living permanent (living together) together) relationship relationship between two between two different different organismsorganisms
3 types:3 types:1.1. MutualismMutualism2.2. CommensalismCommensalism3.3. ParasitismParasitism
Symbiotic RelationshipsSymbiotic Relationships
1.1. MutualismMutualism = = when both when both organisms benefit organisms benefit from each otherfrom each other
EX: clownfish and EX: clownfish and sea anemonesea anemone
EX: lichenEX: lichen
EX: flower and beeEX: flower and bee
Symbiotic RelationshipsSymbiotic Relationships
2. 2. CommensalismCommensalism = = one organism one organism benefits, the other is benefits, the other is not helped or not helped or harmedharmed
EX: pilot fish and sharkEX: pilot fish and shark
(fish eats scraps from (fish eats scraps from the shark’s food)the shark’s food)
Symbiotic RelationshipsSymbiotic Relationships
3. Parasitism3. Parasitism = one = one organism benefits, organism benefits, the other is the other is harmedharmed
EX: tapewormsEX: tapeworms
EX: ticksEX: ticks
Predation RelationshipsPredation Relationships
• PredatorPredator = an = an animal that feeds on animal that feeds on another animalanother animal
• PreyPrey = that animal = that animal that is killed and that is killed and eateneaten
EX: lion (predator) EX: lion (predator) hunts and eats the hunts and eats the zebra (prey)zebra (prey)
Population SizePopulation Size• Size of a population Size of a population
changes over time.changes over time.
• Most populations Most populations stabilizestabilize rather rather than grow than grow endlessly.endlessly.
• Why? Because of Why? Because of demands on the demands on the ecosystem (ex. ecosystem (ex. Enough food?)Enough food?)
Limiting FactorsLimiting Factors• Limiting FactorsLimiting Factors = =
any environmental any environmental factors that limit the factors that limit the size of a populationsize of a population
EX: EX:
- Availability of foodAvailability of food
- Availability of waterAvailability of water
- Availability of oxygenAvailability of oxygen
- Availability of Availability of sunlightsunlight
Density- Dependent Limiting Density- Dependent Limiting FactorsFactors
• Limit the growth of Limit the growth of a population when a population when the pop gets to a the pop gets to a certain sizecertain size
• Population densityPopulation density = the # of = the # of organisms in a organisms in a given areagiven area
Density- Dependent Limiting Density- Dependent Limiting FactorsFactorsTwo Main FactorsTwo Main Factors
1.1. CompetitionCompetition- when - when a pop gets big, a pop gets big, organisms organisms compete for compete for available resourcesavailable resources
EX: group of trees EX: group of trees fighting for fighting for sunlight, soil, or sunlight, soil, or waterwater
Density- Dependent Limiting Density- Dependent Limiting FactorsFactors
22. Predation. Predation – if – if the predator the predator population population becomes too becomes too large, there will large, there will not be enough not be enough prey to support prey to support itit
Density-Independent Density-Independent FactorsFactors• Limit the growth of Limit the growth of
a population a population regardless of its sizeregardless of its size
EX:EX:
- Climatic events like Climatic events like extreme cold/heat, extreme cold/heat, tidal waves, tidal waves, volcanoes, flooding, volcanoes, flooding, droughtdrought
Carrying CapacityCarrying Capacity
• Carrying capacityCarrying capacity = the largest = the largest population that a population that a given environment given environment can support over a can support over a long period of timelong period of time
• Important for Important for conservationists in conservationists in managing wildlife managing wildlife popspops
CompetitionCompetition
– Fundamental nicheFundamental niche
– Realized nicheRealized niche
(remember:(remember: niche = occupationniche = occupation habitat = home)habitat = home)
http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/1116/images/niche.jpg
http://www.copernicusproject.ucr.edu/ssi/HSBiologyResources.htm
• Key features cont.Key features cont.– DispersionDispersion
•Random, even, clumped distributionsRandom, even, clumped distributions
http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0337e/A0337E125.jpg
http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/nats104/00lect21.html
GREAT WEBSITE:
QUESTIONSQUESTIONS
1.1. Which of the following is a Which of the following is a symbiotic relationship where both symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit?organisms benefit?
a. mutualisma. mutualism
b. commensalismb. commensalism
c. altruismc. altruism
d. competitiond. competition
QuestionsQuestions
2. Which of the following pairs of 2. Which of the following pairs of animals are most likely to have a animals are most likely to have a predator-prey relationship?predator-prey relationship?
a. dog and tapeworma. dog and tapeworm
b. buffalo and tickbirdb. buffalo and tickbird
c. spider and flyc. spider and fly
d. whale and barnacled. whale and barnacle
QuestionsQuestions3. Some species of shark allow small fish 3. Some species of shark allow small fish
to enter their mouths without eating to enter their mouths without eating them. Inside the mouth, the small fish them. Inside the mouth, the small fish feed on debris around the teeth. The feed on debris around the teeth. The sharks get their teeth cleaned, which sharks get their teeth cleaned, which reduces the risk of decay and reduces the risk of decay and infection. Which term best categorizes infection. Which term best categorizes this relationship?this relationship?a. predationa. predationb. mutualismb. mutualismc. commensalismc. commensalismd. parasitismd. parasitism
QuestionsQuestions
4. Which of the following is a 4. Which of the following is a density-density-dependentdependent limitation on population limitation on population growth?growth?
a. wildfirea. wildfire
b. competitionb. competition
c. unlimited nutrientsc. unlimited nutrients
d. severe droughtd. severe drought
