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EDITING EDITING

EDITING. Wordy Sentences 1. Eliminate redundancies Redundancies are meaningless repetitions that result in wordiness. Eg: First and foremost, full and

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Page 1: EDITING. Wordy Sentences 1. Eliminate redundancies Redundancies are meaningless repetitions that result in wordiness. Eg: First and foremost, full and

EDITINGEDITING

Page 2: EDITING. Wordy Sentences 1. Eliminate redundancies Redundancies are meaningless repetitions that result in wordiness. Eg: First and foremost, full and

Wordy SentencesWordy Sentences

1. Eliminate redundanciesRedundancies are meaningless

repetitions that result in wordiness.

Eg: First and foremost, full and

complete, final result, past history, mix together, join together, round in shape, blue in colour, and refer back

PW21(2010) EDITING

Page 3: EDITING. Wordy Sentences 1. Eliminate redundancies Redundancies are meaningless repetitions that result in wordiness. Eg: First and foremost, full and

Wordy SentencesWordy Sentences

PW21(2010) EDITING

Page 4: EDITING. Wordy Sentences 1. Eliminate redundancies Redundancies are meaningless repetitions that result in wordiness. Eg: First and foremost, full and

Wordy SentencesWordy Sentences

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Wordy SentencesWordy Sentences

Tests must now

to measure

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Wordy SentencesWordy SentencesWordy Phrases Concise Alternatives

at this point in time Now

in this day and age Nowadays, today

in the not-too-distant future Soon

In close proximity to Near

Is necessary that Must

Is able to Can

Has the ability to Can

Due to the fact that Because

In spite of the fact that Although

In the event that If

In order to To

For the purpose(s) of To

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Wordy SentencesWordy Sentences

4. Make your sentences straightforward.

Concise sentences are straightforward; they get to the point quickly instead of in a roundabout way.

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Wordy SentencesWordy SentencesRoundabout:There are stylistic similarities between

“This Lime-Tree Bower” and “Tintern Abbey,” which are indications of the influence that Coleridge had on Wordsworth.

Straightforward:The stylistic similarities between “This

LimeTree Bower” and “Tintern Abbey” indicate that Coleridge influenced Wordsworth.

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Page 9: EDITING. Wordy Sentences 1. Eliminate redundancies Redundancies are meaningless repetitions that result in wordiness. Eg: First and foremost, full and

Wordy SentencesWordy Sentences

PW21(2010) EDITING

Page 10: EDITING. Wordy Sentences 1. Eliminate redundancies Redundancies are meaningless repetitions that result in wordiness. Eg: First and foremost, full and

Missing WordsMissing Words

When editing, make sure you have not omitted any words the reader needs to understand the meaning of your sentence.

PW21(2010) EDITING

Page 11: EDITING. Wordy Sentences 1. Eliminate redundancies Redundancies are meaningless repetitions that result in wordiness. Eg: First and foremost, full and

Missing WordsMissing Words1. Add words needed to make

compound structures complete and clear.

For conciseness, words can sometimes be omitted from compound structures.

His anger is extreme and his behaviour violent.

In this, the 2nd is can be omitted because verb in the 1st part of the compound structure is also is.

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Missing WordsMissing Words

Do not leave out part of a compound structure unless both parts of the compound are the same.Eg:The gang members neither cooperated with nor listened to the authorities.

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Missing WordsMissing Words

2. Include that when it is needed for clarity.

The attorney argued that men and women should receive equal pay for equal work.

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Missing WordsMissing Words

3. Make comparisons clear.

• I loved my grandmother more than my sister did.• I loved my grandmother more than I loved my sister.

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Missing WordsMissing Words

When you use as to compare people or things, be sure to use it twice:

Napoleon’s temper was as volatile as a volcano.

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Missing WordsMissing Words

4. Add articles (a, an, the) where necessary.Omitting an article usually makes an expression sound odd, unless the omission occurs in a series of nouns.

A dog that bites should be kept on a leash. He gave me the books he liked best.

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Confusing ShiftsConfusing Shifts

When you are editing, look for jarring shifts in point of view, tense, mood, or voice that may confuse readers.

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Confusing ShiftsConfusing Shifts

1. Make your point of view consistent in person and number.

Once you choose a point of view, you should use it consistently.

1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person

I or We

(emphasizes the writer and is used in

personal writing.)

You

(focuses attention on the readers and is used to give them

directions, orders, or advice)

He, she, it, one, or they

(topic oriented and therefore prevalent in academic writing)

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Confusing ShiftsConfusing Shifts

PW21(2010) EDITING

Page 20: EDITING. Wordy Sentences 1. Eliminate redundancies Redundancies are meaningless repetitions that result in wordiness. Eg: First and foremost, full and

Confusing ShiftsConfusing Shifts

PW21(2010) EDITING

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Confusing ShiftsConfusing Shifts

2. Keep your verb tenses consistent

Present Past Future

(Use the tense consistently and change tense only when the meaning requires it)

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Page 22: EDITING. Wordy Sentences 1. Eliminate redundancies Redundancies are meaningless repetitions that result in wordiness. Eg: First and foremost, full and

Confusing ShiftsConfusing Shifts

PW21(2010) EDITING

Page 23: EDITING. Wordy Sentences 1. Eliminate redundancies Redundancies are meaningless repetitions that result in wordiness. Eg: First and foremost, full and

Confusing ShiftsConfusing Shifts

PW21(2010) EDITING

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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement

All verbs must agree with their subjects in person (first, second, or third – I, we; you; he, she, it, they) and number (singular or plural)

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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement

• A bear lives in the woods near my home.

Bear is a third-person singular noun, and lives is the third-person singular form of the verb.

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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement

• Many North American mammals hibernate in the winter.

Mammals is a third-person plural noun, and hibernate is the third-person plural form of the verb.

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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement

• Learn the standard subject-verb combinations

For regular verbs, the present tense –s or –es ending is added to the verb if its subject is third-person singular; otherwise, the verb has no ending.

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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement

Present Tense Forms of Regular Verb

Note: Verb be has irregular forms in both the present and past tense.

Singular Plural

First Person

Second Person

Third Person

I read.

You read.

He, she, it reads.

We read.

You read.

They read.

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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement

Present Tense and Past Tense Forms of Irregular Verb Be

Singular Plural

First Person

Second Person

Third Person

I am/was here.

You are/were here.

He, she, it is/was here.

We are/were here.

You are/were here.

They are/were here.

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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement

The verbs have and do have the following forms in the present tense.Present Tense Forms of the verb Have

Singular Plural

First Person

Second Person

Third Person

I have.

You have.

He, she, it has.

We have.

You have.

They have

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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement

Present Tense Forms of the Verb Do and its Negative Don’t

Singular Plural

First Person

Second Person

Third Person

I do/don’t.

You do/don’t

He, she, it does/doesn’t

We do/don’t.

You do/don’t

They do/don’t

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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement

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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement

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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement

Treat most compound subjects- subjects connected by and, or, nor, both…and, either…or, neither…nor- as plural.

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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement

The king and his advisers were shocked by this turn of events.

This poem’s first line and last word have a powerful effect on the readers.

PLURAL

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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement

Some compound subjects are singular:

There are exceptions to the rule that subjects joined by and are plural.

Compound subjects should be treated as singular in the following circumstances:

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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb AgreementWhen they refer to the same entity:

My best girlfriend and most dependable advisor is my mother.

When they are considered as a single unit:

In some ways, forty acres and a mule continues to be what is needed.

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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement

When they are preceded by the word each or every:

Each man, woman, and child deserves respect.

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Page 39: EDITING. Wordy Sentences 1. Eliminate redundancies Redundancies are meaningless repetitions that result in wordiness. Eg: First and foremost, full and

Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement

Some compound subjects can be either plural or singular.

Compound subjects connected by or, nor, either…or, or neither…nor can take either a singular or a plural verb, depending on the subject that is closest to the verb.

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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement

Either the children or their mother is to blame.

Neither the experimenter nor her subjects were aware of the takeover.

PLURAL

SINGULAR

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Page 41: EDITING. Wordy Sentences 1. Eliminate redundancies Redundancies are meaningless repetitions that result in wordiness. Eg: First and foremost, full and

Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement

Treat most collective subjects – subjects like audience, family, and committee – as singular.

A collective noun means names a unit made up of many persons or things, treating it as an entity. Some familiar examples are audience, family, group, and team.

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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement

Treat most indefinite subjects- subjects like everybody, no one, each, all, and none- as singular.

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Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement

Most indefinite pronouns are singular:

All, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, neither, nobody, no one, none, nothing, one, somebody, someone, and something are always singular.

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PUNCTUATION

SPELLING

ABBREVIATIONS

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TASHI DELEK

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