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Eu
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Aug
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1th
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ECBC Fact Book
2016
EuropEan CovErEd Bond FaCt Book 2016 edition 2016 ECBC EUrOPEAN COvErEd BONd FaCt Book
This 11th edition of the ECBC European Covered Bond Fact Book builds on the success of previous editions, as the benchmark and the most comprehensive source of information on the asset class. Chapter I presents an analysis of eleven key themes of the year, offering an overview of the Industry’s views on these.
Chapter II provides a detailed explanation of covered bond fundamentals, including reviews of some of the current European regulatory changes that have had/are bound to have a direct, significant impact on covered bonds, mainly the Capital Requirements Directive and Regulation (CRD IV and CRR), Liquidity Coverage Ratio, Solvency II. This chapter also includes articles outlining the repo treatment of covered bonds by central banks, investigating the relationship between covered bonds and other asset classes such as senior unsecured and government bonds, and describing the USD and GBP denominated covered bond market.
Chapter III presents an overview of the legislation and markets in 37 countries. Chapter IV sets out the rating agencies’ covered bond methodologies and, finally, Chapter V provides a description of trends in the covered bond market as well as a complete set of covered bond statistics.
We welcome the broad range of views expressed in this latest edition of the Fact Book and would like extend our appreciation to the Chairmen of the ECBC “Fact Book” and “Statistics & Data” Working Groups, Mr Wolfgang Kälberer and Mr Florian Eichert respectively, as well as to all Fact Book contributors, whose efforts have once again produced an outstanding edition of the ECBC Fact Book.
Contact Details
Luca BertalotSecretary General [email protected]
Maria PavlovaPolicy [email protected]
Marie Louise AndersenJunior Policy [email protected]
Sophie BlaveOffice & Events [email protected]
EUROPEAN MORTGAGE FEDERATION – EUROPEAN COVERED BOND COUNCIL (EMF-ECBC)Rue de la Science 14 A, 2nd FloorB-1040 Brussels, BelgiumTel: +32 2 285 40 30
3
LIST OF EDITORS
Wolfgang KälbererChairman of the ECBC Fact Book Working GroupHead of Brussels OfficeASSOCIATION OF GERMAN PFANDBRIEF BANKS – [email protected]
Luca BertalotSecretary GeneralEUROPEAN COVERED BOND [email protected]
Maria PavlovaPolicy AdviserEUROPEAN COVERED BOND [email protected]
Daniele WestigEconomic AdviserEUROPEAN COVERED BOND [email protected]
Marie Louise AndersenJunior Policy AdviserEUROPEAN COVERED BOND [email protected]
DIScLaImER
This publication has been prepared for information purposes only. It does not constitute an offer, advice or a solicitation to buy covered bonds or any other security and does not purport to be all-inclusive or to present all the information an investor may require. The contributions contained herein have been obtained from sources believed to be reliable but have not been verified by an internal or independent supervisor and no guarantee, representation of warranty, explicit or implied, are made by the European Mortgage Federation- European Covered Bond Council as to their accuracy, completeness or correctness. Readers are advised to satisfy themselves before making any investment and are highly recommended to complete their information by examining the local regulation applying to each covered bonds issuer and the terms of each prospectus or legal documentation provided by the issuer relating to the issue of covered bonds.
Neither the European Mortgage Federation-European Covered Bond Council nor its members accept any liability whatsoever for any direct or consequential loss arising from any use of this publication or its contents. This docu-ment is for the use of intended recipients only and the contents may not be reproduced, redistributed, or copied in whole or in part for any purpose without European Mortgage Federation-European Covered Bond Council’s explicit prior written consent. By receiving this document the reader agrees to the conditions stipulated in this disclaimer.
© Copyright 2016 European Mortgage Federation-European Covered Bond Council. All rights reserved.
4
5
LIST OF cOnTRIbuTORS
We are most grateful for the time, effort and expertise which the following contributors have lent to the production of this book.
FOREWORD
Waleed El-AmirChairman EUROPEAN COVERED BOND [email protected]
Luca BertalotSecretary General EUROPEAN COVERED BOND [email protected]
CHAPTER 1 KEY THEMES OF THE YEAR
Wolfgang KälbererChairman of the ECBC Fact Book Working GroupHead of Brussels OfficeASSOCIATION OF GERMAN PFANDBRIEF BANKS – [email protected]
Joost BeaumontSenior Fixed Income StrategistABN AMRO BANK [email protected]
Alexander BatchvarovManaging Director – International SF&CB ResearchBANK OF AMERICA MERRILL [email protected]
Anne CarisDirector – Covered Bond AnalystBANK OF AMERICA MERRILL [email protected]
Maureen SchullerHead of Financials Research ING BANK [email protected]
Matthias MelmsSenior Covered Bond Analyst; Director – Fixed Income ResearchNORDDEUTSCHE LANDESBANK – NORD/LB – [email protected]
Franz RudolfManaging DirectorHead of Financials Credit Research – UniCredit [email protected]
Boudewijn DierickModerator of the ECBC Long-Term Financing Task ForceChairman of the ECBC Rating Agency Approaches Working GroupHead of Covered Bond and Flow ABS StructuringBNP [email protected]
Steffen DahmerModerator of the ECBC Liquidity Task Force Chairman of the ECBC Market Related Issues Working GroupExecutive Director – Global Product Manager Covered Bonds, Syndicate Covered BondsJP [email protected]
Michael Weigerding Covered Bond ResearchCOMMERZBANK [email protected]
Jonny Sylvén Head of ASCB Secretariat/Senior AdviserASSOCIATION OF SWEDISH COVERED BOND ISSUERS (ASCB)[email protected]
Kaare Christensen Head of DepartmentASSOCIATION OF DANISH MORTGAGE [email protected]
Alexandra SchadowHead of Financials/Covered Bonds ResearchLANDESBANK BADEN-WÜRTTEMBERG – [email protected]
Karsten RühlmannSenior Covered Bond AnalystLANDESBANK BADEN-WÜRTTEMBERG – [email protected]
6
Agustin Martin Head of European Credit ResearchBBVA CORPORATE & INVESTMENT [email protected]
Aaron Baker Senior Covered Bonds/ABS AnalystBBVA CORPORATE & INVESTMENT [email protected]
Colin YS Chen Chairman of the ECBC Global Issues Working GroupManaging Director and Head Structured Debt SolutionsDBS BANK Ltd. [email protected]
Luca BertalotSecretary General EUROPEAN COVERED BOND [email protected]
Frank WillChairman of the ECBC EU Legislation Working GroupGlobal Head of Covered Bond ResearchHSBC [email protected]
Ralf BerningerHead of Investor RelationsCAISSE FRANÇAISE DE FINANCEMENT LOCAL [email protected]
Jozef ProkesPortfolio Manager & Co-manager of Blackrock Euro Corporate Bond [email protected]
Giulia ArtolliPortfolio [email protected]
Henrik StillePortfolio Manager NORDEA ASSET MANAGEMENT [email protected]
Nathalie Aubry-StaceyDirector/Market Practice and Regulatory PolicyINTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKET [email protected]
CHAPTER 2 GENERIC SECTION
Ralf GrossmannHead of Covered Bond – OriginationSOCIÉTÉ GÉNÉ[email protected]
Otmar StöckerManaging DirectorASSOCIATION OF GERMAN PFANDBRIEF BANKS – [email protected]
Cristina CostaDirector – Covered Bond SOCIÉTÉ GÉNÉ[email protected]
Florian EichertChairman of the ECBC Statistics & Data Working GroupHead of Covered Bond & SSA Research – Credit ResearchCRÉDIT AGRICOLE [email protected]
Frank WillChairman of the ECBC EU Legislation Working GroupGlobal Head of Covered Bond ResearchHSBC [email protected]
Sebastian von KossTreasury Research – Global Banking and [email protected]
Alexander BatchvarovManaging Director – International SF&CB ResearchBANK OF AMERICA MERRILL [email protected]
Anne CarisDirector – Covered Bond AnalystBANK OF AMERICA MERRILL [email protected]
7
CHAPTER 3 THE ISSUER’S PERSPECTIvE
AUSTRALIAChris Dalton Chief Executive Officer THE AUSTRALIAN SECURITISATION FORUM – [email protected]
AUSTRIAAlexa Molnar-Mezei Structurer, AdviserERSTE GROUP / AUSTRIAN PFANDBRIEF AND COvERED BOND [email protected]
Friedrich Jergitsch PartnerFRESHFIELDS BRUCKHAUS [email protected]
BELGIUMCarol WandelsHead of Financial EngineeringBELFIUS [email protected]
Dries JanssensSenior AdvisorBELFIUS [email protected]
BULGARIAYolanda HristovaManager Capital MarketsUNICREDIT [email protected]
Franz RudolfManaging DirectorHead of Financials Credit Research – UniCredit [email protected]
CANADALes BadziochDirector, Securitisation Products and PolicyCANADA MORTGAGE AND HOUSING [email protected]
Hugo GomesDirector, Securitisation Risk ManagementCANADA MORTGAGE AND HOUSING [email protected]
Lily Shum Covered Bond Specialist CANADA MORTGAGE AND HOUSING [email protected]
CHILEDanilo Castañeda Head of Funding – Financial Management Division BANCO SANTANDER [email protected] Miguel Royo Funding vice President – Financial Management DivisionBANCO SANTANDER [email protected] Antonio ProcopioTrader of Markets – ALM Division BANCO SANTANDER [email protected]
CYPRUSIoannis TirkidesSenior Officer Economic Research – Finance Division BANK OF [email protected]
CZECH REPUBLIC Libor OndřichHead of Assets and Liabilities ManagementUNICREDIT BANK CZECH REPUBLIC AND SLOvAKIA, A.S. [email protected]
DENMARKSvend BondorfChief AnalystNYKREDIT GROUP [email protected]
Anton Holmgård NielsenAttorney-at-lawNYKREDIT GROUP LEGAL [email protected]
Mette Saaby PedersenDepartment ManagerASSOCIATION OF DANISH MORTGAGE [email protected]
FINLANDTimo RuotsalainenHead of Treasury and IR, AKTIA BANK PLCManaging Director, AKTIA REMB PLC
8
Bernd VolkDirector, Head of European Covered Bond & Agency ResearchDEUTSCHE [email protected]
FRANCEAlcyme DelannoyHead of External Affairs, Financial Activities DepartmentCREDIT FONCIER DE FRANCE [email protected]
Henry RaymondDirector and Chief Executive OfficerCAISSE DE REFINANCEMENT DE L’[email protected]
Cristina CostaDirector – Covered Bond SOCIÉTÉ GÉNÉ[email protected]
Alexis Latour Legal Head of Funding – Securitisation BNP [email protected]
Jennifer LevySenior Covered Bond [email protected]
GERMANYWolfgang KälbererChairman of the ECBC Fact Book Working GroupHead of Brussels OfficeASSOCIATION OF GERMAN PFANDBRIEF BANKS – VDP [email protected]
Otmar StöckerManaging DirectorASSOCIATION OF GERMAN PFANDBRIEF BANKS – VDP [email protected]
GREECE Alexander MetallinosPartnerKARATZAS & PARTNERS LAW [email protected]
HUNGARYAndrás Gábor BotosSecretary GeneralASSOCIATION OF HUNGARIAN MORTGAGE [email protected]
ICELANDEiríkur Magnús JenssonHead of FundingARION [email protected]
Kristín Erla JónsdóttirFunding ManagerARION [email protected]
IRELANDNick PheiferHead of LegalDEPFA BANK [email protected]
Sinéad Gormley Senior Legal Adviser Group Legal ServicesBANK OF [email protected]
ITALYMarco Marino Analyst, Credit departmentITALIAN BANKING [email protected]
LATVIAAivars GraudiņšVice PresidentASSOCIATION OF LATVIAN COMMERCIAL [email protected]
LUXEMBOURGMatthias MelmsSenior Covered Bond Analyst; Director – Fixed Income ResearchNORDDEUTSCHE LANDESBANK – NORD/LB – [email protected]
Frank WillChairman of the ECBC EU Legislation Working GroupGlobal Head of Covered Bond ResearchHSBC [email protected]
9
THE NETHERLANDSJoost BeaumontSenior Fixed Income StrategistABN AMRO BANK [email protected]
Maureen SchullerHead of Financials Research ING BANK [email protected]
NEW ZEALANDFrank WillChairman of the ECBC EU Legislation Working GroupGlobal Head of Covered Bond ResearchHSBC [email protected]
NORWAYMichael H. CookAnalyst – Economics and FinanceFINANCE NORWAY [email protected]
PANAMAFrank WillChairman of the ECBC EU Legislation Working GroupGlobal Head of Covered Bond ResearchHSBC [email protected]
POLANDAgnieszka Drewicz-TułodzieckaPresidentPOLISH MORTGAGE CREDIT [email protected]
Krzysztof Dubejko Head of Treasury DepartmentmBANK [email protected]
PORTUGALAlda PereiraCapital Markets FundingCAIXA GERAL DE [email protected]
ROMANIAIrina NeacsuDirector Controlling, Asset and Liabilities Management and Financial Markets BANCA COMERCIALA [email protected] the name of Romanian Banking Association
Adrian Stefan SacalschiHead of Frankfurt BranchFHB [email protected]
RUSSIA Tim LassenDirector for Foreign Legal AffairsPFIG HOLDING, MoscowRussian [email protected]
SINGAPOREColin YS ChenChairman of the ECBC Global Issues Working GroupManaging Director and Head – Structured Debt SolutionsDBS BANK [email protected]
Franz RudolfManaging DirectorHead of Financials Credit Research – UniCredit [email protected]
SLOVAKIAFranz RudolfManaging DirectorHead of Financials Credit Research – UniCredit [email protected]
Libor OndřichHead of Assets and Liabilities ManagementUNICREDIT BANK CZECH REPUBLIC AND SLOVAKIA, A.S. [email protected]
SLOVENIAUrsula HabeSenior LawyerUNICREDIT BANKA SLOVENIJA [email protected]
10
SOUTH KOREAHoin LeeSenior Foreign AttorneyKIM & [email protected]
Frank WillChairman of the ECBC EU Legislation Working GroupGlobal Head of Covered Bond ResearchHSBC [email protected]
SPAINGregorio ArranzSecretary GeneralSPANISH MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION – [email protected]
SWEDENJonny SylvénHead of ASCB Secretariat/Senior AdviserASSOCIATION OF SWEDISH COVERED BOND ISSUERS (ASCB)[email protected]
SWITZERLANDRobert HoratChief Executive OfficerPFANDBRIEFBANK SCHWEIZERISCHER HYPOTHEKARINSTITUTE [email protected]
Michael P McCormickDirector – Head of Covered Bond OriginationCREDIT SUISSE [email protected]
TURKEYÖzlem GÖKÇEİMAMManager / Head of Structured FinanceGARANTI [email protected]
UNITED KINGDOMJohn MillwardDirector, Structured FinanceHSBC BANK [email protected]
Jussi HarjuDirector, Senior Covered Bond and SSA [email protected]
UNITED STATESAlexander BatchvarovManaging Director – International SF&CB ResearchBANK OF AMERICA MERRILL [email protected]
Anne CarisDirector – Covered Bond AnalystBANK OF AMERICA MERRILL [email protected]
CHAPTER 4 RATING AGENCIES & METHODOLOGY
Boudewijn DierickModerator of the ECBC Long-Term Financing Task ForceChairman of the ECBC Rating Agency Approaches Working GroupHead of Covered Bond and Flow ABS StructuringBNP [email protected]
DBRSVito Natale Senior Vice President, EU Covered [email protected]
Claire MezzanotteGroup Managing Director, Global Structured [email protected]
FITCH RATINGSCarmen MuñozSenior DirectorFITCH [email protected]
Beatrice Mezza Senior Director FITCH RATINGS [email protected]
MOODY‘SJane SolderaVice President – Senior Credit OfficerMOODY’S INVESTORS SERVICE [email protected]
11
Juan Pablo SorianoManaging DirectorMOODY’S INVESTORS SERVICE [email protected]
Nicholas LindstromAssociate Managing DirectorMOODY’S INVESTORS SERVICE [email protected]
S&P GLOBAL RATINGSRoberto PaciottiManaging Director – Analytical Manager Covered BondsS&P GLOBAL [email protected]
Antonio FarinaSenior Director S&P GLOBAL [email protected]
SCOPE RATINGS AGKarlo Stefan FuchsExecutive Director, Head of Covered BondsSCOPE RATINGS [email protected]
Guillaume JolivetManaging Director, Head of Structured FinanceSCOPE RATINGS [email protected]
CHAPTER 5 COVERED BOND STATISTICS
Florian EichertChairman of the ECBC Statistics & Data Working GroupHead of Covered Bond & SSA Research – Credit ResearchCRÉDIT AGRICOLE [email protected]
AUSTRALIAChris DaltonChief Executive OfficerTHE AUSTRALIAN SECURITISATION FORUM – [email protected]
Stephen Maher Division Director, Commodities and Financial Markets MACQUARIE GROUP [email protected]
AUSTRIAAlexa Molnar-Mezei Structurer, AdviserERSTE GROUP / AUSTRIAN PFANDBRIEF AND COVERED BOND [email protected]
Katarzyna Kapeller Head Office TreasuryRAIFFEISEN BANK INTERNATIONAL [email protected]
BELGIUMMaureen SchullerHead of Financials ResearchING BANK [email protected]
CANADALily Shum Covered Bond Specialist CANADA MORTGAGE AND HOUSING [email protected]
Dominique Desroches Senior Analyst, Covered Bonds Monitoring CANADA MORTGAGE HOUSING CORPORATION – CMHC [email protected]
CYPRUSIoannis TirkidesSenior Officer Economic Research – Finance Division BANK OF [email protected]
CZECH REPUBLIC Stepan NyvltHead of Debt Origination / Structuring & Bond SalesUNICREDIT BANK CZECH REPUBLIC AND SLOVAKIA, A.S. [email protected]
DENMARKKaare ChristensenHead of DepartmentASSOCIATION OF DANISH MORTGAGE [email protected]
FINLANDTimo RuotsalainenHead of Treasury and IR, AKTIA BANK PLCManaging Director, AKTIA REMB PLC
12
Bernd VolkDirector, Head of European Covered Bond & Agency ResearchDEUTSCHE [email protected]
FRANCEBoudewijn DierickModerator of the ECBC Long-Term Financing Task ForceChairman of the ECBC Rating Agency Approaches Working GroupHead of Covered Bond and Flow ABS StructuringBNP [email protected]
Jean-Sebastien de BoissieuFlow ABS & Covered Bond StructuringBNP PARIBAS | Corporate & Institutional [email protected]
GERMANYSwen PrillaCapital Markets ASSOCIATION OF GERMAN PFANDBRIEF BANKS – VDP [email protected]
GREECE Dimitris SpathakisHead of IssuancePIREAUS BANK [email protected]
HUNGARYAndrás Gábor BotosSecretary GeneralASSOCIATION OF HUNGARIAN MORTGAGE [email protected]
ICELANDEiríkur Magnús JenssonHead of FundingARION [email protected]
Kristín Erla JónsdóttirFunding ManagerARION [email protected]
IRELANDGavin PurtillHead of Capital Markets BANKING AND PAYMENTS FEDERATION IRELAND / ACS [email protected]
ITALYMarco Marino Analyst, Credit departmentITALIAN BANKING [email protected]
Lorenzo LancellottiAnalyst, Credit departmentITALIAN BANKING [email protected]
LATVIAMatthias MelmsSenior Covered Bond Analyst; Director – Fixed Income ResearchNORDDEUTSCHE LANDESBANK – NORD/LB – [email protected]
LUXEMBOURGMatthias MelmsSenior Covered Bond Analyst; Director – Fixed Income ResearchNORDDEUTSCHE LANDESBANK – NORD/LB – [email protected]
THE NETHERLANDSMaureen SchullerHead of Financials ResearchING BANK [email protected]
NEW ZEALANDFrank WillChairman of the ECBC EU Legislation Working GroupGlobal Head of Covered Bond ResearchHSBC [email protected]
NORWAYMichael H. CookAnalyst – Economics and FinanceFINANCE NORWAY [email protected]
13
PANAMAFrank WillChairman of the ECBC EU Legislation Working GroupGlobal Head of Covered Bond ResearchHSBC [email protected]
POLANDAgnieszka NierodkaChief EconomistPOLISH MORTGAGE CREDIT [email protected]
PORTUGALAlda PereiraCapital Markets FundingCAIXA GERAL DE [email protected]
SINGAPOREFranz RudolfManaging DirectorHead of Financials Credit Research – UniCredit [email protected]
SLOVAKIAFranz RudolfManaging DirectorHead of Financials Credit Research – UniCredit [email protected]
SOUTH KOREAFrank WillChairman of the ECBC EU Legislation Working GroupGlobal Head of Covered Bond ResearchHSBC [email protected]
SPAINLorena MullorManagerSPANISH MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION – [email protected]
Amílcar LangaricaResearchSPANISH MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION – [email protected]
SWEDENChristian Nilsson Senior Adviser, Statistics and Reporting ASSOCIATION OF SWEDISH COVERED BOND ISSUERS (ASCB) [email protected]
SWITZERLANDRobert HoratChief Executive OfficerPFANDBRIEFBANK SCHWEIZERISCHER HYPOTHEKARINSTITUTE [email protected]
Michael P McCormickDirector – Head of Covered Bond OriginationCREDIT SUISSE [email protected]
UNITED KINGDOMChris FieldingExecutive DirectorREGULATED COVERED BOND COUNCIL – [email protected]
Michael WeigerdingCovered Bond [email protected]
UNITED STATESAlexander BatchvarovManaging Director – International SF&CB ResearchBANK OF AMERICA MERRILL [email protected]
Anne CarisDirector – Covered Bond AnalystBANK OF AMERICA MERRILL [email protected]
14
15
TabLE OF cOnTEnTS
FOREWORD 21
Foreword ..................................................................................................................................... 21By Waleed El-Amir, ECBC Chairman and Luca Bertalot, EMF-ECBC Secretary General
About the ECBC ........................................................................................................................... 27
ECBC Members ............................................................................................................................ 29
Covered Bond Label ..................................................................................................................... 31
chapTER 1 - kEy ThEmES OF ThE yEaR 35
1.1 Covered bond harmonisation: where do we stand? ...................................................................... 37By Alexander Batchvarov, Anne Caris, Bank of America Merrill Lynch, and Joost Beaumont, ABN AMRO BANK N.V.
1.2 Covered Bond Purchase Programme 3: implications for primary and secondary markets .............. 41By Matthias Melms, NordLB, Franz Rudolf, UniCredit and Maureen Schuller, ING Bank
1.3 Capital Markets Union and the potential role of the ECBC and dual recourse instruments ............. 53By Boudewijn Dierick, BNP Paribas, Moderator of the ECBC Task Force on Long-Term Financing & Chairman of the ECBC Rating Agency Approaches Working Group
1.4 Liquidity and trading volume in the EU covered bond market ....................................................... 60By Steffen Dahmer, JP Morgan, Moderator of the ECBC Liquidity Task Force & Chairman of the ECBC Market Related Issues Working Group, Michael Weigerding, Commerzbank AG, Joost Beaumont, ABN AMRO BANK N.V., Jonny Sylven, Association of Swedish Covered Bond Issuers and Kaare Christensen, Association of Danish Mortgage Banks
1.5 MREL and TLAC: the consequences of bail-in requirements for covered bonds .............................. 70By Alexandra Schadow, LBBW and Maureen Schuller, ING Bank
1.6 Extendable maturity structures – the new normal? ...................................................................... 80By Franz Rudolf, UniCredit and Karsten Rühlmann, LBBW
1.7 An anatomy of a successful covered bond jurisdiction .................................................................. 91By Agustin Martin, Aaron Baker, BBVA and Colin YS Chen, DBS Bank & Chairman of the ECBC Global Issues Working Group
1.8 Energy efficient mortgages and green covered bonds ................................................................ 104By Luca Bertalot, EMF-ECBC Secretary General, Wolfgang Kälberer, Association of German Pfandbrief Banks & Chairman of the ECBC Fact Book Working Group and Frank Will, HSBC & Chairman of the ECBC EU Legislation Working Group
1.9 Refinancing local public sector investments and export loans – a key role for covered bonds ...... 116By Ralf Berninger, Caisse Française de Financement Local
1.10 Investor perspective .................................................................................................................. 123By Jozef Prokes, Giulia Artolli, Blackrock and Henrik Stille, Nordea Asset Management
1.11 Investor perspective of the Covered Bond Investor Council (CBIC) ............................................. 126By Nathalie Aubry-Stacey, International Capital Market Association
chapTER 2 - GEnERIc SEcTIOn 129
2.1 Overview of covered bonds ........................................................................................................ 131By Ralf Grossmann, Société Générale, Otmar Stöcker, Association of German Pfandbrief Banksand Cristina Costa, Société Générale
2.2 Regulatory issues ...................................................................................................................... 145By Frank Will, HSBC and Chairman of the ECBC EU Legislation Working Group and Florian Eichert, Crédit Agricole CIB and Chairman of the ECBC Statistics & Data Working Group
2.3 The repo treatment of covered bonds by central banks .............................................................. 161By Frank Will, HSBC & Chairman of the ECBC EU Legislation Working Group
16
2.4 Covered bonds vs. other asset classes ....................................................................................... 190By Florian Eichert, Crédit Agricole CIB & Chairman of the ECBC Statistics & Data Working Group,Frank Will, HSBC & Chairman of the ECBC EU Legislation Working Group and Sebastian von Koss, HSBC
2.5 USD and GBP denominated covered bond markets ..................................................................... 208By Alexander Batchvarov and Anne Caris, Bank of America Merrill Lynchand Frank Will, HSBC & Chairman of the ECBC EU Legislation Working Group
chapTER 3 - ThE ISSuER’S pERSpEcTIvE 219
3.1 Australia .................................................................................................................................... 221By Chris Dalton, Australian Securitisation Forum
3.2 Austria ...................................................................................................................................... 227By Alexa Molnar-Mezei, Erste Group Bank and Friedrich Jergitsch, Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer
3.3 Belgium ..................................................................................................................................... 233By Carol Wandels and Dries Janssens, Belfius Bank
3.4 Bulgaria .................................................................................................................................... 241By Yolanda Hristova, UniCredit Bulbank AD and Franz Rudolf, UniCredit
3.5 Canada ...................................................................................................................................... 247Prepared by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation
3.6 Chile ......................................................................................................................................... 255By Danilo Castañeda, Miguel Royo and Antonio Procopio, Banco Santander Chile
3.7 Cyprus ...................................................................................................................................... 259By Ioannis Tirkides, Bank of Cyprus
3.8 Czech Republic .......................................................................................................................... 269By Libor Ondřich, UniCredit Bank Czech Republic and Slovakia
3.9 Denmark ................................................................................................................................... 275By Mette Saaby Pedersen, Association of Danish Mortgage Banks, Svend Bondorf and Anton Holmgaard Nielsen, Nykredit
3.10 Finland ...................................................................................................................................... 285By Timo Ruotsalainen, Aktia Bank plc and Bernd Volk, Deutsche Bank
3.11 France ....................................................................................................................................... 291By Alcyme Delannoy, Crédit Foncier de France, Henry Raymond, Caisse de Refinancement de l’Habitat, Cristina Costa, Société Générale, Alexis Latour, BNP Paribas and Jennifer Levy, Natixis
3.12 Germany ................................................................................................................................... 313By Wolfgang Kälberer, Association of German Pfandbrief Banks & Chairman of the ECBC Fact Book Working Group and Otmar Stöcker, Association of German Pfandbrief Banks
3.13 Greece ...................................................................................................................................... 321By Alexander Metallinos, Karatzas & Partners Law Firm
3.14 Hungary .................................................................................................................................... 329By András Gábor Botos, Association of Hungarian Mortgage Banks
3.15 Iceland ...................................................................................................................................... 333By Eiríkur Magnús Jensson and Kristín Erla Jónsdóttir, Arion Bank
3.16 Ireland ...................................................................................................................................... 339By Sinéad Gormley, Bank of Ireland and Nick Pheifer, DEPFA BANK
3.17 Italy .......................................................................................................................................... 347By Marco Marino, Italian Banking Association
3.18 Latvia ........................................................................................................................................ 353By Kaspars Gibeiko
3.19 Luxembourg .............................................................................................................................. 359By Matthias Melms, NORD/LB and Frank Will, HSBC & Chairman of the ECBC EU Legislation Working Group
3.20 The Netherlands ........................................................................................................................ 365By Joost Beaumont, ABN AMRO Bank and Maureen Schuller, ING Bank
17
3.21 New Zealand ............................................................................................................................. 373By Frank Will, HSBC & Chairman of the ECBC EU Legislation Working Group
3.22 Norway ...................................................................................................................................... 379By Michael H. Cook, Finance Norway
3.23 Panama ..................................................................................................................................... 385By Frank Will, HSBC & Chairman of the ECBC EU Legislation Working Group
3.24 Poland ....................................................................................................................................... 391By Agnieszka Tułodziecka, Polish Mortgage Credit Foundation and Krzysztof Dubejko, mBank Hipoteczny
3.25 Portugal .................................................................................................................................... 399By Alda Pereira, Caixa Geral de Depósitos
3.26 Romania .................................................................................................................................... 409By Irina Neacsu, Banca Comerciala Carpatica, in the name of Romanian Banking Association, and Adrian Sacalschi, FHB Bank
3.27 Russia ....................................................................................................................................... 415By Tim Lassen, PFP Group Ltd., Representative Office, Moscow
3.28 Singapore .................................................................................................................................. 423By Colin YS Chen, DBS Bank & Chairman of the ECBC Global Issues Working Group and Franz Rudolf, UniCredit
3.29 Slovakia .................................................................................................................................... 429By Franz Rudolf, UniCredit Bank and Libor Ondrich, UniCredit Bank Czech Republic and Slovakia
3.30 Slovenia .................................................................................................................................... 435By Ursula Habe, employed at UniCredit Banka Slovenija d.d.
3.31 South Korea .............................................................................................................................. 441By Hoin Lee, Kim & Chang and Frank Will, HSBC & Chairman of the ECBC EU Legislation Working Group
3.32 Spain ........................................................................................................................................ 451By Gregorio Arranz, Spanish Mortgage Association
3.33 Sweden ..................................................................................................................................... 459By Jonny Sylvén, Association of Swedish Covered Bond Issuers (ASCB)
3.34.1 Switzerland – Swiss Pfandbriefe ................................................................................................. 469By Robert Horat, Pfandbriefbank schweizerischer Hypothekarinstitute AG
3.34.2 Switzerland – Structured Covered Bonds ................................................................................... 475By Michael McCormick, Credit Suisse
3.35 Turkey ....................................................................................................................................... 479By Özlem Gökçeimam, Garanti Bank
3.36 United Kingdom ......................................................................................................................... 485By Jussi Harju, Barclays and John Millward, HSBC
3.37 United States ............................................................................................................................ 495By Alexander Batchvarov and Anne Caris, Bank of America Merrill Lynch
chapTER 4 - RaTInG aGEncIES & mEThODOLOGy 501
4.1 Credit rating agency approaches: introduction ........................................................................... 503By Boudewijn Dierick, BNP Paribas, Moderator of the ECBC Long-Term Financing Task Force & Chairman of the ECBC Rating Agency Approaches Working Group
4.2 DBRS covered bond rating methodology .................................................................................... 507By Vito Natale and Claire Mezzanotte, DBRS
4.3 Fitch Ratings covered bond rating methodology ......................................................................... 515By Carmen Muñoz and Beatrice Mezza, Fitch Ratings
4.4 Moody’s covered bond rating methodology ................................................................................. 521By Jane Soldera, Nicholas Lindstrom and Juan Pablo Soriano, Moody’s Investors Service
4.5 S&P Global Ratings covered bond rating methodology ................................................................ 529By Roberto Paciotti and Antonio Farina, S&P Global Ratings
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4.6 Scope Ratings covered bond rating methodology ....................................................................... 537By Karlo Fuchs and Guillaume Jolivet, Scope Ratings
chapTER 5 - cOvERED bOnD STaTISTIcS 543
5.1 Introduction and methodology ................................................................................................... 545By Florian Eichert, Crédit Agricole CIB and Chairman of the ECBC Statistics & Data Working Group
5.2 Statistics ................................................................................................................................... 552
5.2.1 Total ........................................................................................................................... 552
5.2.2 Total 2015 statistics by type of assets ......................................................................... 553
5.2.3 Australia ..................................................................................................................... 554
5.2.4 Austria ........................................................................................................................ 555
5.2.5 Belgium ...................................................................................................................... 556
5.2.6 Canada ....................................................................................................................... 557
5.2.7 Cyprus ........................................................................................................................ 558
5.2.8 Czech Republic ........................................................................................................... 559
5.2.9 Denmark .................................................................................................................... 560
5.2.10 Finland ....................................................................................................................... 561
5.2.11 France ........................................................................................................................ 562
5.2.12 Germany .................................................................................................................... 563
5.2.13 Greece ....................................................................................................................... 564
5.2.14 Hungary ..................................................................................................................... 565
5.2.15 Iceland ....................................................................................................................... 566
5.2.16 Ireland ....................................................................................................................... 567
5.2.17 Italy ........................................................................................................................... 568
5.2.18 Latvia ......................................................................................................................... 569
5.2.19 Luxembourg ............................................................................................................... 570
5.2.20 The Netherlands ......................................................................................................... 571
5.2.21 New Zealand ............................................................................................................... 572
5.2.22 Norway ....................................................................................................................... 573
5.2.23 Panama ...................................................................................................................... 574
5.2.24 Poland ........................................................................................................................ 575
5.2.25 Portugal ...................................................................................................................... 576
5.2.26 Singapore ................................................................................................................... 577
5.2.27 Slovakia ...................................................................................................................... 578
5.2.28 South Korea ................................................................................................................ 579
5.2.29 Spain .......................................................................................................................... 580
5.2.30 Sweden ...................................................................................................................... 581
5.2.31 Switzerland ................................................................................................................. 582
5.2.32 United Kingdom .......................................................................................................... 583
5.2.33 United States .............................................................................................................. 584
5.2.34 Annex: European Central Bank exchange rates with the EURO, year end ..................... 585
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FOREWORDOn the 23rd of June 2016, a new and significant page in the history of Europe was written. The political and market dynamics triggered by the decision of the United Kingdom to leave the European Union (EU) are giving rise to completely new and unpredictable perspectives on the Old Continent. The pillars of the Capital Markets Union (CMU) designed by Commissioner Jonathan Hill are becoming more unstable with increasing market uncertainty on the horizon.
Once again, mortgage lenders and covered bond issuers are exposed to an unprecedented macroeconomic landscape with an extremely fragile and vulnerable political, institutional and social framework. In our view, however, one thing is sure: covered bonds will continue to serve as an effective crisis management tool provid-ing an essential long-term financing instrument.
During the financial crisis of 2008 and subsequent years, the covered bond community made immense efforts to bring about convergence in market best practices and to offer a common set of market initiatives to the EU institutions, presenting a robust and consistent asset class amongst what were very fragmented national legal and macroeconomic landscapes.
Looking back over the last year, it is clear that the covered bond space has been fundamentally impacted upon by major waves of monetary policy, supervisory review and regulatory change. These developments and the new perspectives that they bring with them are reshaping market dynamics as well as the environment in which the asset class operates.
In September 2014, the European Central Bank (ECB) announced the launch of the third covered bond pur-chase programme (CBPP3) alongside a first asset backed security purchase programme (ABSPP). This was closely followed in Q1 2015 by the public sector purchase programme (PSPP), complementing the existing private sector assets operation with one focused on government debt. The expansion, in both size and scope, of the ECB’s monetary stimuli aims at propelling the Eurozone out of its current deflationary path. Moreover, for the first time, lenders and investors in some parts of the EU were faced with the unprecedented challenge of a negative interest rate environment.
At the beginning of November 2014, the new European Commission started its five-year term and the EU began a new chapter in the process of European integration. The Juncker Commission set itself the ambitious political task of fostering growth whilst maintaining financial stability in (the then) 28 EU Member States, and has focused its attention and actions on galvanising Europe against the risk of further recession and deflation by coordinating structural reforms, investment, and budgetary, fiscal and monetary policies. These initiatives will affect the lives of more than 500 million citizens. European Commission President, Jean-Claude Juncker, announced a EUR 315 billion Investment Plan at the end of 2014, which is intended to change how public money is used for investment in Europe. The Commission’s subsequent call for the creation of a Capital Markets Union in 2015 has put the spotlight on the role of the banking sector in supporting the growth agenda and on the contents of the long-term financing toolkit at the disposal of stakeholders.
Looking at the process of European integration in more detail, an additional fundamental building-block was put in place in November 2014 when the ECB fully assumed the supervisory tasks and responsibilities given to it in the framework of the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM), thereby taking charge of the euro area’s 129 biggest credit institutions. This represents the biggest expansion of the ECB’s powers since the introduction of the euro. The SSM, which is based in Frankfurt, represents the first established pillar of the Banking Union and is harmonising 19 sets of national supervisory practices aiming at a single pan-European framework, and oblige banks to take more precautions against crises.
The second pillar of the Banking Union, the Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM), was agreed upon in 2014 and implemented through the end of 2015. The main objective of the SRM is to ensure that potential future bank
Foreword
By Carsten Tirsbæk Madsen, ECBC Chairman and Luca Bertalot, EMF-ECBC Secretary General
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failures in the Banking Union are managed efficiently, with minimal costs to taxpayers and the real economy. The SRM is managed by the Single Resolution Board in charge of the decision to initiate the resolution of a bank, and in some cases can it step up funding the resolution procedure using the Single Resolution Fund (SRF) war chest. Now the debate has shifted to the completion of the Banking Union by the introduction of its third pillar, the European Deposit Insurance Scheme (EDIS). EDIS introduction will be accompanied by risk reduction measures.
The changes of recent months to the regulatory and policy environment in Europe are having a significant impact on the long-term financing and housing finance sectors. When considering how best to shape the future European banking landscape and build the Capital Markets Union that will ensure the capability of the Industry to support the growth agenda and provide long-term financing to the real economy, several areas of reflection can be identified:
> Striking the right balance, in terms of a level playing field, between international banks operating in the European Union and European actors operating both internationally and domestically.
> Carefully examining the market impact of several key regulatory developments and trying to secure the European banking pillars in the Basel Committee debates: i.e. Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR), risk weighting, capital floors framework, leverage ratio.
> The role of European lenders in the framework of housing and small and medium sized enterprise (SME) financing, and lending to the real economy is becoming increasingly multi-faceted with the introduction of the Capital Markets Union.
> The role of covered bonds and the Industry’s firm commitment to achieve a higher level of harmonisation, in line with EU objectives and market preferences.
Political perspective & the role of the ECBC
The path to the achievement of a common market offering free movement of goods, services, people and capi-tal has been a long and gradual one. Starting in the 1950s with the signing of the Treaties of Paris and Rome, the process really started to take shape in 1985 with the initiative of the Delors Commission to design the Single European Act (SEA), and was developed further in the 1990s and 2000s with the signing of the Treaties of Maastricht, Amsterdam and Lisbon. Very much in line with the spirit of Delors, the Juncker Commission is revamping and extending what has gone before through its growth agenda and its plans to create deeper and more integrated capital markets in the EU Member States by way of the CMU.
At present, after several years of financial crisis, the three dimensions of the European project – financial, political and economic – are converging in a “unicum”, which is rapidly accelerating the process of European integration. However, this acceleration is also dramatically highlighting the frictions, lack of convergence and institutional gaps of the current European mechanisms. The outcome of the UK referendum can arguably be listed as an unintended consequence of this process.
This is where the financial services industry, which is a fundamental element of the European political and social landscape, can potentially play a crucial role in facilitating convergence and integration by enhancing transparency and market best practices. Furthermore, understanding the transmission channels that exist be-tween the financial and other sectors of the economy is critical when assessing growth and financial stability. The latter is crucial as robust financial systems are viewed as those that do not adversely affect the system itself, and those that are capable of withstanding shocks and limiting disruption in the allocation of savings to profitable investment opportunities.
Thus far, politically, the financial services sector has acted as a scapegoat for the financial crisis, for market fragmentation and for political uncertainty. In this challenging political atmosphere, the EU institutions have initiated an overarching reform of the financial sector. In doing so, regulators have walked – and continue to walk – a difficult and dangerous path, in their quest to find a balance between harmonisation on the one hand
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and respect for national market traditions on the other, whilst at the same time limiting adverse collateral ef-fects and ensuring social cohesion.
This new transition period is giving rise to challenges, expectations and emotions which have a much broader and deeper impact generally in EU society than ever before. The Industry is faced with the challenge of harness-ing these new dynamics and contributing to the integration process by playing a proactive role in building the CMU so as to ensure financial stability and lending capacity, and to support economic growth, which remains at the heart of the European project.
Taking stock, it is clear that the European financial world has entered a completely new market and regulatory environment. In this context, the ECBC is now playing, more than ever, the role of market catalyst and think-tank, which is, in turn, allowing the market to converge and coordinate by speaking with one voice. Moreover, the role played by the ECBC in this new context ensures the smooth functioning of the market itself by identi-fying and implementing common qualitative standards and quantitative parameters. Looking ahead, the ECBC is determined to continue to act as the Industry discussion forum and market “lighthouse”, developing a clear vision of the challenges and opportunities on the horizon amongst market participants and, subsequently, guiding the Industry through these uncharted waters.
Regulatory recognition
In light of the current debate on Basel IV, more than ever the covered bond community is determined to en-sure that the qualitative characteristics of the covered bond asset class will be appropriately captured in the future regulatory landscape. Since the beginning of the financial crisis, a diverse set of financial regulations has been approved by the European institutions, all aimed at strengthening the financial sector and rendering it more resilient to shocks. Amongst the most notable legislative proposals are: the Basel III framework for capital requirements; the Banking Union, which encompasses the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM), the Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM) including the framework for resolving banks (Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive – BRRD) and the newly proposed rules for a European Deposit Insurance Scheme (EDIS); together with the revamping of the European capital market structure. In particular, the implementation of the Capital Requirements Regulation (CRR) / Capital Requirements Directive (CRD) IV package in the EU is the backbone of the EU’s Single Rulebook for banks, which aims at providing a single set of harmonised prudential rules that all financial institutions throughout the EU (approximately 8300 banks) must comply with, thus helping complete the single market in financial services. SME and mortgage lending, key drivers of recovery in the real economy, are predominately based on bank lending principles that are rooted in the banking supervisory tradition, which thereby facilitates due diligence for investors and proper risk assessment. Looking at the numbers, roughly 85% of financing in the EU is provided by banks. The overall financial strength of the European economy is strongly correlated to banks’ ability to lend to both the private and public sectors. This capacity has been impinged as a result of new global rules that require banks to increase their capital ratios.
The implementation of the Basel rules, together with the proper treatment of covered bonds and High Quality Securitisation, raises questions about how a level playing field can be ensured at the global level, especially for economies strongly reliant upon these funding instruments, such as in Europe. More importantly, as has been clearly indicated by their recognition in the ECB’s CBPP3 and ABSPP, these instruments play a pivotal role in the creation and development of a Capital Markets Union as key long-term financing tools and as a means for a common monetary policy to be effectively transmitted to the real economy.
This strong macro-prudential recognition was further confirmed by the publication of the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) delegated act by the European Commission the 10th of October 2014, in which covered bonds have been categorised as Extremely High Liquid Assets (Level 1). The ECBC welcomes the Commission’s recognition of the macro prudential value of covered bonds. Indeed, the inclusion of covered bonds in Level 1 will facilitate the aim of delinking the sovereign from the banking sector.
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A real economy long-term funding tool
Covered bonds represent a key funding tool for the future European banking industry. They are an effective way of channelling long-term financing for high quality assets at a reasonable cost. They improve banks’ ability to borrow and lend over long-term horizons and, therefore, represent a stable source of funding for key banking functions such as housing loans and public infrastructure.
For instance, long-term financing is crucial for housing finance. Building or purchasing a home is the most significant investment for the majority of European citizens, representing typically four to five times their an-nual income. In the absence of pre-existing wealth, they would have to wait for 40 or 50 years if they had to rely solely on their individual savings. Borrowing resources are therefore necessary to acquire a home and more generally to support the European economy. Given the size of the investment, their repayment must be spread out over a long period to be compatible with their annual savings capacity. Long-term funding tools for banks are therefore required to avoid asset and liabilities mismatches. Covered bonds are typically designed for mortgage lending, and it is important to recall that a mortgage-focused bank tends to have more asset encumbrance than a bank with a non-mortgage focus. Cutting back lending capacities of those more specialised mortgage-focused banks would limit the credit supply to housing finance.
The efficient availability of mortgage finance is also based on the ready availability of financing at the longest tenors possible and the lowest price feasible. Without this, the mortgage market would be a function of market sentiment and the refinancing rates available to borrowers would be subject to much more price volatility, making planning for private households more challenging. In this context and in particular in times of low risk appetite from investors, covered bonds play an essential role in ensuring the flow of capital in financing long-term growth and the real economy. They offer key safety features such as a strict legal and supervisory framework, asset segregation, and a cover pool actively managed in order to maintain the quality of the col-lateral. During the recent financial turmoil, the existence of a well-functioning covered bond market has allowed governments in Europe to constantly channel private sector funds to housing markets and maintain a relatively efficient lending activity without increasing the burden for taxpayers and public debt.
The growth agenda debate has also dominated economic and political discussions beyond the EU, raising the key questions of how to finance economic growth and how to create an efficient and robust long-term financ-ing toolkit. This debate has a very high political profile as it engages key stakeholders at both an international and a national level. Furthermore this raises fundamental questions regarding the fine-tuning of the Basel III parameters and the right calibration between enhanced risk assessments, reduction of systemic risks and continued lending capabilities of the banking sector. Such discussions belong, traditionally, to an emerging market landscape, where the World Bank has always played a pivotal role in assisting the development of capital market infrastructures which aim at ensuring economic growth and social development.
Looking at the numbers produced by the World Bank, 8.3 billion people are expected to be alive by 2030, with 60% of them living in cities. Consequently, the global demand for new dwellings is foreseen to rise by 565 mil-lion over the same period. Furthermore, the World Bank considers that in emerging markets, five permanent jobs are created for every new housing unit built, with the figure being even higher in the developed world, thus making housing a key driver for economic growth and social stability.
Market developments
Covered bonds are at the heart of the European financial tradition, having played a central role in funding strategies for the last two centuries. The strategic importance of covered bonds as a long-term funding tool is now recognised at a global level. Outside Europe, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Korea have already implemented covered bond legislation in recent years. Major jurisdictions including Brazil, Chile, In-dia, Japan, Mexico, Morocco, Panama, Peru, South Africa and the United States, are either in the process of adopting covered bond legislation or are investigating the introduction of covered bonds. In recognition of
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the global spread of covered bonds and with a view to ensuring that the key quality characteristics of the as-set class remain its foundation around the world, in late 2015 the ECBC established a Global Issues Working Group (GIWG), which held its first meeting in Singapore in March 2016. This year’s ECBC Fact Book provides comprehensive coverage of related new legislative frameworks and developments, and shows how the ECBC, through the GIWG amongst other channels, is further strengthening its role as the principal voice of covered bonds, not just in Europe but globally.
During the recent years of market turmoil, covered bonds demonstrated a strong degree of resilience. Through-out the crisis, they played a pivotal role in bank wholesale funding, providing lenders with a cost-effective and reliable long-term funding instrument for mortgage and public-sector loans. The Industry continues to build on the lessons learnt from the financial crisis while maintaining a focus on the essential features and qualities that have made the asset class such a success story. The ECBC firmly believes that the quality of the asset class will continue to be the basis of our strength in the future.
The success of covered bonds also lies in the Industry’s capacity to respond to the challenges of the current crisis and its ability to share market best practices. This allows a continuous fine-tuning of European covered bond legislation and facilitates a strong level of transparency for the asset class. As indicated above, the instru-ment has enabled Member States in Europe to continue to channel private sector funds to housing markets and maintain efficient lending activity without an additional increase of burden for taxpayers or public debt. Furthermore, the on-balance sheet nature of covered bonds is an efficient and simple alternative to complex originate-to-distribute products ensuring financial stability.
The commitment to contribute to European efforts to enhance financial stability and transparency has led the covered bond industry to launch a quality Label. The Covered Bond Label was developed by the European is-suer community working in close cooperation with investors and regulators, and in consultation with all major stakeholders such as the European Commission and the European Central Bank. The Label is based on the Covered Bond Label Convention, which defines the core characteristics required for a covered bond programme to qualify for the Label.
The Covered Bond Label and its transparency platform (www.coveredbondlabel.com) have been operational since January 2013, providing detailed covered bond market data, comparable cover pool information and legislative details on the various national legal frameworks designed to protect bondholders. As of August 2016, 91 labels have been granted to 77 issuers from 14 countries, covering over EUR 1.4 trillion of covered bonds outstanding.
In this context, covered bond issuers from these 14 different jurisdictions have come together to develop a Harmonised Transparency Template. From 2016 onwards (with a one year phase-in period), this provides cover pool information in a harmonised format, which allows for both the recognition of national specificities, with the National Transparency Tabs, and the comparability of information required to facilitate investors’ due diligence.
The critical mass achieved by this initiative (c. 60% of covered bonds outstanding globally hold the Label) is a clear sign that the Industry sees the need to respond to the requirements of new classes of investors by providing higher levels of transparency to aid investment decisions. Equally, it is important to highlight the progress that has been made in recent years in terms of collating and distributing relevant macro-level infor-mation on the covered bond sector:
> The ECBC website continues to be the primary site for aggregate covered bond market data and com-parative framework analysis; and
> The ECBC Fact Book, now in its eleventh edition, remains the most widely read source of covered bond market intelligence.
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Looking ahead
In conclusion, the ECBC believes that the quality of the covered bond asset class will be the basis of our strength in the future. Over the last two centuries the asset class has made a significant contribution in Europe to sup-porting the real economy and ensuring financial stability. The Industry has demonstrated that through market initiatives such as the Covered Bond Label and the recently proposed European Secured Note (ESN), it is possible to build, from the bottom up, proposals based on market consensus in order to initiate pan-European solutions which enhance transparency, comparability, convergence of markets and best practices. Furthermore, it has been possible to do this without over-regulating and, thereby, potentially jeopardising the capabilities of lenders to support the growth agenda. More work needs to be done, but we believe that the initiatives underway will strengthen the asset class and facilitate the convergence of market and supervisory best practices. The increased recognition by policymakers and regulators of the central role that the asset class plays for the banking system and also for wider financial stability reinforces the need for an appropriate regulatory framework for covered bonds at both European and international levels. This will be our objective for the coming years.
On a final, additional positive note, the EMF-ECBC has for some time now been investigating the ways in which the mortgage and covered bond industries can contribute to the increasingly important EU policy objective of increasing the energy efficiency of the EU’s building stock in order to help meet the EU’s ambitious energy savings targets for 2020 and 2030. Specifically, the EMF-ECBC is working on a private financing initiative to incentivise homeowners to move their properties out of the brown zone and into the green zone by way of preferential in-terest rates and/or additional funds at the time of origination for retrofitting. After a formal green light from the EMF board in June 2016, the EMF-ECBC will launch a yearlong pilot phase of the initiative in September 2016 to define and substantiate with data the key parameters of the initiative and the underlying business case. See Key Theme Article 1.8 for more details on this initiative, in particular regarding the link with covered bonds.
Waleed El-Amir ECBC Chairman
Luca Bertalot EMF-ECBC Secretary General
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ABOUT THE ECBC
The European Covered Bond Council (ECBC) is the platform that brings together covered bond market participants including covered bond issuers, analysts, investment bankers, rating agencies and a wide range of interested stakeholders. The ECBC was created by the European Mortgage Federation (EMF) in 2004. As of August 2016, the Council has over 100 members across 26 covered bonds jurisdictions and many different market segments. ECBC members represent over 95% of covered bonds outstanding. The ECBC and the EMF re-integrated in 2014 under a common umbrella entity, i.e. the Covered Bond & Mortgage Council (CBMC). The intention is to further develop synergies, share market best practices, achieve convergence across the whole value chain of this Indus-try, and, at the same time, to act as a market catalyst in origination and funding techniques.
Against this background, the purpose of the ECBC is to represent and promote the interests of covered bond market participants at the international level. The ECBC’s main objective is to be the point of reference for matters regarding the covered bond industry and operate as a think-tank, as well as a lobbying and networking platform for covered bond market participants.
ECBC STRUCTURE
The Plenary Meeting is a bi-annual discussion forum where all ECBC members gather around the table to dis-cuss issues and to establish strong network links.
The ECBC Steering Committee, headed by the ECBC Chairman, and composed of representatives from the major covered bond issuing jurisdictions and industry experts, is responsible for the day-to-day activities of the ECBC. It comes together once every quarter and addresses strategy related questions. Furthermore, it coordinates the agenda of the various working groups.
ECBC WORKING GROUPS
> The EU Legislation Working Group, chaired by Mr Frank Will, has over the past years successfully lob-bied at EU and international level to obtain special treatment for covered bonds. As well as monitoring and lobbying on the CRD IV/CRR, the European Legislation Working Group is actively working on issues such as Solvency II, the path towards Basel IV, Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR) and crisis management.
> The Technical Issues Working Group, chaired by Mr Morten Bækmand Nielsen, represents the techni-cal think thank of the covered bond community, drawing on experts from across the industry to tackle key issues for the industry. The Working Group tackles subjects relating to covered bonds such as the use and treatment of derivatives in the cover pool, bankruptcy remoteness and latest market developments. The Working Group manages and updates a database which provides an overview of covered bond frameworks across the EU and globally, and enables their features to be compared (this is accessible at www.ecbc.eu).
> The Market Related Issues Working Group, chaired by Mr Steffen Dahmer, discusses topics such as the MiFID review and conventions on trading standards and the market-making process. This Working Group is currently leading discussions on improving liquidity in secondary markets and, in the context of the MiFID review, on the issues of pre- and post-trade price transparency.
> The Statistics and Data Working Group, chaired by Mr Florian Eichert, is responsible for collecting and publishing complete and up-to-date information on issuing activities and volumes outstanding of covered bonds in all market segments. With over 30 different covered bond jurisdictions and numerous issuers, the collection of data is of utmost importance, particularly given that the ECBC data is increasingly viewed as the key source of covered bond statistics.
> The Covered Bond Fact Book Working Group, chaired by Mr Wolfgang Kälberer, is responsible for the publication of the annual ECBC Covered Bond Fact Book. This publication covers market developments, as well as legislative frameworks in different countries and statistics.
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> The Rating Agency Approaches Working Group, chaired by Mr Boudewijn Dierick, examines the rating approaches applied by credit rating agencies for covered bonds and, when necessary, convenes meetings and publishes position papers accordingly.
> The Global Issues Working Group, chaired by Mr Colin Chen, focuses exclusively on covered bond issues from a global perspective in an effort to create synergies between traditional, new and emerging covered bond markets. The Working Group aims to allow the development of a more level playing field for all at a global level, helping to enhance transparency and convergence, and ensure a proper recognition of the macro prudential value of the covered bond asset class at a global level.
Membership of the ECBC continues to grow and its agenda for the coming year is already filled with numerous activities. The ECBC’s objective now is to press ahead in its work with a view to further strengthening its role in facilitating the communication amongst the different covered bonds stakeholders, in working as a catalyst in defining the common features that characterise the asset class and in facilitating improvements in market practices, transparency and liquidity.
More information is available from http://ecbc.hypo.org/
Luca Bertalot, EMF-ECBC Secretary General
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ABECIP
ABN Amro
Aktia Bank plc
Allen & Overy
AIB Mortgage Bank – Allied Irish Banks Plc.
Asociación de Intermediarios de Activos – AIAF
Asociación Hipotecaria Española – AHE
Association of Danish Mortgage Banks – Realkreditrådet
Association of Hungarian Mortgage Banks – Magyar Jelzálogbank Egyesület
Association of Swedish Covered Bond Issuers – ASCB
AXA Bank Europe SCF
Banca Popolare di Milano – BPM
Bank of Ireland Mortgages Bank
Bankia
Banking & Payments Federation Ireland – BPFI / ACS Ireland
Banque Fédérale des Banques Populaires – BPCE
Barclays
Bayerische Landesbank – Bayern LB
Belfius Bank
Bloomberg LP
BNP Paribas
BNP Paribas Fortis
BRFKredit A/S
Caisse centrale Desjardins et Capital Desjardins inc.
Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC)
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC)
Caisse de Refinancement de l’Habitat – CRH
Caixa Geral de Depósitos S.A.
Citigroup Global Markets Germany
Clifford Chance LLP
Commerzbank Securities
Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank
Crédit Agricole Home Loan SFH – CM-CIC Home Loan SFH
Crédit Foncier de France
Crédit Mutuel – CIC Home Loan SFH
Crédit Mutuel Arkéa
Credit Suisse
CRIF
Danish Ship Finance
Danske Bank
DBRS Ratings Limited
Depfa ACS Bank
Deutsche Bank AG
DLR Kredit A/S
DNB Boligkreditt
Dutch Association of Covered Bond Issuers – DACB
DZ Bank
EAA Covered Bond Bank Plc.
Eika Boligkreditt AS
Eurex Bonds
Euromoney Conferences
European AVM Alliance – EAA
European DataWarehouse GmbH
Finance Norway – FNO
Fitch Ratings Ltd.
GOH Portugal
Goldman Sachs
ECBC MEMBERS
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August 2016
Grupo BBVA
Gruppo Banca Carige
HSBC SFH France
Hypoport / Intertrust
ING Belgium
ING Group
Intesa Sanpaolo
Italian Banking Association – Associazione Bancaria Italiana – ABI
JP Morgan
KBC Bank
Korea Housing Finance Corporation – KHFC
La Banque Postale Home Loan SFH
Landesbank Baden-Württemberg – LBBW
Linklaters Business Services
Lloyds Banking Group
Luxembourg Bankers’ Association – ABBL
Merrill Lynch International
Moody’s
Morgan Stanley Bank AG
Münchener Hypothekenbank eG
National Bank of Greece SA – NBG
Nationwide Building Society
Natixis
NIBC Bank N.V.
Nomura International Plc.
Norddeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale
Nordea Hypotek
Novo Banco S.A.
Nykredit A/S
OP Mortgage Bank
pbb Deutsche Pfandbriefbank AG
Pfandbrief & Covered Bond Forum Austria
Pfandbriefbank schweizerischer Hypothekarinstitute
Realkredit Danmark A/S
Realkreditforeningen
Royal Bank of Canada – RBC
Royal Bank of Scotland – RBS
Santander UK Plc.
Scope Ratings AG
SEB AG
SNS Reaal Bank N.V.
Société de Financement Local
Société Générale Corporate & Investment Banking
Société Générale Société de Crédit Foncier – SG SCF
Standard & Poor’s
Svenska Handelsbanken – Stadshypotek
TD Bank Group
The Association of Banks in Singapore – ABS
The Mortgage Society of Finland
TXS GmbH
UBI Banca
UBS
UK Regulated Covered Bond Council – UKRCBC
UniCredit Group
Verband Deutscher Pfandbriefbanken e.V. – vdp
White & Case
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COVERED BOND LABEL
The Covered Bond Label is a quality Label which responds to a market-wide request for common qualitative and quantitative standards and for an enhanced level of transparency and comparability in the European covered bond market. The Label:
> Establishes a clear perimeter for the asset class and highlights the core standards and quality of covered bonds;
> Increases transparency;
> Improves access to information for investors, regulators and other market participants;
> Has the additional objective of improving liquidity in covered bonds;
> Positions the covered bond asset class with respect to regulatory challenges (CRD IV/CRR, Solvency II, redesign of ECB repo rules, etc.).
The Covered Bond Label Foundation (CBLF) was founded by the EMF-ECBC in 2012 and it was developed by the European issuer community, working in close cooperation with investors and regulators, and in consulta-tion with all major stakeholders. It became fully operational on the 1st of January 2013, with the first Labels being effective since then.
As of August 2016, visitors can find the Harmonised Transparency Template and 14 National Transparency Templates, 77 issuer profiles and information on 91 labelled cover pools with issuance data on over 4,200 cov-ered bonds amounting to a total face value of over 1.4 trillion EUR. The Harmonised Transparency Template will be implemented by all covered bond labelled issuers with a phase-in period of one year, starting from the 1st of January 2016.
The Label is based on the Covered Bond Label Convention (please see below), which defines the core charac-teristics required for a covered bond programme to qualify for the Label. This definition of the required char-acteristics, which is updated on a yearly basis, is complemented by a transparency tool developed at national level based on the “Guidelines for National Transparency Templates”.
The Covered Bond Label Foundation (CBLF) granted that the first Non-European Economic Area (non-EEA) Label in 2015. This was made possible following on from the decision taken in September 2014 to open up the Covered Bond Label Initiative, from the 1st of January 2015 onwards, to covered bond programmes beyond the frontiers of the EEA, provided that they comply with all the requirements of the Covered Bond Label Convention (please see below). In February 2016, the first non-EEA global issuer published the Harmonised Transparency Template followed by the first European issuers.
The Harmonised Transparency Template presents a significant achievement in terms of convergence of market best practices and a substantial step forward in enhancing transparency in the covered bond space both in Europe and across the globe. The common Harmonised Transparency Template is a particularly positive step for the market and especially for global investors, who will be able to perform their due diligence activities more easily and obtain issuers’ data ranging from asset and liability side information to legislative details from different countries in a more comparable way.
2016 Covered Bond Label Convention
Covered bonds are debt securities, backed by mortgage, public sector or ship assets, and characterised by a twofold bondholders’ protection mechanism rooted in a dedicated covered bond legal framework.
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In more details:
I Legislation safeguards
a) The CB programme is embedded in a dedicated national CB legislation;
b) The bond is issued by -or bondholders otherwise have full recourse, direct or indirect1, to- a credit insti-tution which is subject to public regulation and supervision;
c) The obligations of the credit institution in respect of the cover pool are supervised by public supervisory authorities.
II Security features intrinsic to the CB product
a) Bondholders have a dual claim against:
i. The issuing credit institution as referred to in point I b);
ii. A cover pool of financial assets2 (mortgage, public sector or ship assets), ranking senior to the unse-cured creditors.
b) The credit institution has the ongoing obligation to maintain sufficient assets in the cover pool to satisfy the claims of covered bondholders at all times.
c) Issuers are committed to providing regular information enabling investors to analyse the cover pool, fol-lowing the Harmonised Transparency Template3 and in compliance with the transparency requirements of Article 129(7) of the CRR.
For further information on the Covered Bond Label Convention, visit www.coveredbondlabel.com
LABELLED COVER POOLS
AUSTRIAUniCredit Bank Austria AG Credit Public Sector UniCredit Bank Austria AG Credit Mortgage
DENMARKBRFKredit a/s Capital Center EDanish Ship Finance General Capital CenterDanske Bank A/S Cover Pool D – Denmark Danske Bank A/S Cover Pool I – International Danske Bank A/S Cover Pool C – CommercialDLR Kredit A/S Capital Centre B Nordea Kredit Realkreditaktieselskab A/S Capital Center 1 Nordea Kredit Realkreditaktieselskab A/S Capital Center 2Nykredit Realkredit A/S Capital Centre E
Nykredit Realkredit A/S Capital Centre HRealkredit Danmark A/S Capital Centre S
Realkredit Danmark A/S Capital Centre T
FINLANDDanske Bank Plc Pool 1Nordea Bank Finland cover pool OP Mortgage Bank, Pool B
FRANCEAXA Bank Europe SCFBNP Paribas Home Loan SFHBNP Paribas Public Sector SCFBPCE Home Loan SFHCaisse de Refinancement de l’Habitat, CRHCaisse Française de Financement Local
1 Including pooling models consisting only of covered bonds issued by credit institutions.
2 The financial assets eligible for the cover pool (including substitution assets and derivative instruments) and their characteristics are defined in the national covered bond legislation which complies with the requirements of Article 52(4) of the UCITS Directive and Article 129 of the CRR, as well as those articles which specify its implementation, including a waiver for the requirement for the issuer to be based in the European Economic Area (EEA), allowing non-EEA LCR compliant covered bonds programmes to be eligible for the Label. Non-EEA Labels will be identified on the Covered Bond Label website in a different graphic solution to EEA Labels.
3 The Harmonised Transparency Template will enter into force for the first quarter of 2016 and will be a binding requirement for the granting and renewal of the Covered Bond Label with a phase-in period of one year in order to allow issuers to align their IT systems and disclosure policies to the new format.
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Compagnie de Financement FoncierCredit Agricole Home Loan SFHCredit Agricole Public Sector SCFCrédit Mutuel – CIC Home Loan SFHCrédit Mutuel Arkéa Home Loans SFHCrédit Mutuel Arkéa Public Sector SCFHSBC SFH (France)La Banque Postale Home Loan SFHSG Credit Public Sector SCFSG Credit Home Loan SFH
GERMANYNORD/LBUniCredit Bank AG HVB Mortgage UniCredit Bank AG HVB Public
IRELANDAIB Mortgage Bank ACS (Asset Covered Securities)Bank of Ireland Mortgages ACS (Asset Covered Securities)
ITALYBanca Carige S.p.A. Credit Home/Commercial LoanBanco Popolare de Milano, Bpm OBG2Cassa di Risparmio di Parma e Piacenza S.p.A – Cariparma OBG S.r.l.Intesa Sanpaolo S.p.A. ISP CB Ipotecario S.r.l. Intesa Sanpaolo S.p.A. ISP CB Pubblico S.r.l.UniCredit S.p.A. BpC Mortgage s.r.l.UniCredit S.p.A. OBG srl
NETHERLANDSABN AMRO Bank N.V. Cover PoolAegon Bank N.V. Cover PoolF. van Lanschot Bankiers N.V. Conditional Pass-Through Covered Bond ProgrammeING Bank N.V. ING BankING Bank N.V. ING Bank Soft BulletSNS Bank N.V. Cover poolNIBC Bank N.V. Conditional Pass-Through Covered Bond Programme
NORWAYDNB Boligkreditt AS mortgage cover poolEika Boligkreditt AS (EIKBOL)Nordea Eiendomskreditt AS cover poolSpareBank 1 Boligkreditt (Spabol)
PORTUGALBanco BPI S.A. Mortgage Cover PoolBanco Comercial Português A.S. Residential MortgagesBanco Santander Totta, S.A.Caixa Económica Montepio Geral (CEMG)Caixa Geral de Depósitos, S.A. Mortgage Cover Pool
SINGAPOREDBS Bank Limited USD10 billion Global Covered Bond ProgrammeUnited Overseas Bank Limited USD8 billion Global Covered Bond Programme
SPAINBanco de Sabadell, S.A.Banco Mare Nostrum, S.A.Banco Popular Español S.A.Banco Santander S.A. Mortgage Covered BondsBankia MortgageBankinter, S.A.BBVA Covered Bond Programme BBVA Public Sector Covered Bond ProgrammeCaixaBank S.A. Mortgages LoansCaixaBank S.A. Public LoansCaja Rural de Castilla La ManchaIbercaja Banco S.A.Kutxabank S.A.Unicaja Banco S.A. Mortgage Covered Bonds
SWEDENLänsförsäkringar Hypotek ABNordea Hypotek cover poolSEB Cover PoolStadshypotek AB (publ) Swedish Pool Stadshypotek AB (publ) Norwegian PoolSwedbank Mortgage AB cover poolThe Swedish Covered Bond Corporation
UKSantander UK plcClydesdale Bank PLC €10 billion Global Covered Bond ProgrammeCoventry Building Society 1006Lloyds Bank plc EUR60bn Global Covered Bond ProgrammeNationwide Building Society Covered Bond LLPRoyal Bank of Scotland Covered Bond programmeYorkshire Building Society Covered Bonds
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chapTER 1 - kEy ThEmES OF ThE yEaR
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1.1 COVERED BOND HARMONISATION: WHERE DO WE STAND?
We address in this article recent developments about the two legs dominating the discussion on harmonisation in the covered bond market: (1) data disclosure and transparency and (2) legal frameworks.
1.1.1 HARMONISING TRANSPARENCY
By Alexander Batchvarov and Anne Caris, Bank of America Merrill Lynch
In the covered bond community, disclosure and transparency have been key topics in the spotlight in recent years. On the 16th of June 2015, following on from intense discussions and debates initiated in 2010 under the umbrella of the ECBC Technical Issues Working Group, the Covered Bond Label Foundation (CBLF) and the European Covered Bond Council (ECBC) announced the decision to implement the Harmonised Transparency Template (HTT) across jurisdictions for all covered bond issuers that hold the Covered Bond Label.
The HTT has come into force since 1st January 2016 and is a binding requirement for the granting and renewal of the Covered Bond Label with a phase-in period of one year. Once fully implemented, it will have a direct impact on more than 70% of eligible covered bonds1 – in Europe but also globally. Singapore was the first to launch the HTT, an initiative seen as a positive and important step by market participants and regulators.
WHY THE HARMONISED TRANSPARENCY TEMPLATE (HTT)
The HTT is replacing the 14 National Transparency Templates (NTT) established for the Covered Bond Label. While they contributed to enhanced reporting practices, the NTTs have been heterogeneous and have not fully met market expectations. The HTT was put together by a Transparency Task Force (TTF) organised by the ECBC in November 2014 which consisted of 20 individuals from different countries and backgrounds (issuers, analysts, covered bond associations, data providers, etc.).
The TTF’s approach was pragmatic, keeping in mind the costs and benefits for the industry as a whole. The TTF debated at length national differences, an obstacle to full harmonisation, and ultimately reached a consensus in order to harmonise data disclosure and further enhance transparency in the covered bond market. Market participants were consulted extensively during the process – among which investors.
The HTT is notably addressing the following investors’ needs and wish list regarding disclosure:
> Harmonised data in a more use
