Edition Neuroscience Research€¦ · Neuroscience Research 8 Neuroscience Research Focus: Neuroinflammation & Neuronal Diseases Microtubules and Neurodegeneration Neurodegeneration

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CONTENTS

Microtubule-specific Reagents 2–3

Validated Antibodies specific for Tubulin PTMs, Tubulin-GTP,

-Tubulin, -Tubulin, Rab1-GTP and Rab6-GTP, Microtubule Stabilizers

Latest Insight 3Angiopoietin-2 in CCMs

Progranulin – Marker of Neuroinflammation 4

Standard ELISA Kits, Antibodies, Proteins (Tag-free & Tagged)

Netrin-1 – Guidance Molecule 5

Biologically Active Netrin-1Potent Netrin-1 Blocking Antibody

Latest Insight 5LAG-3 in Parkinson Disease

Inflammasomes & Neuroinflammation 6–7

The STANDARD Antibodies for NLRP3, Cleaved Caspase-1, Asc, AIM2

Small Molecules for Neuroscience Research 8

Neuroscience ResearchFocus: Neuroinflammation & Neuronal Diseases

Microtubules and Neurodegeneration

Neurodegeneration refers to the progressive loss of structure and/or function of neu-rons often beginning at the synaptic distal ends of axons. Neurodegenerative diseases exhibit a broad range of clinical symptoms, which share several common pathological features. Prominent cellular features include the toxic aggregation of proteins that inhibit the protein quality control and the ubiquitin-proteasome machinery of the neuron, inflammatory responses, impaired ER calcium homeostasis, increased oxida-tive stress and microtubule defects.

In neurons, microtubules, actin filaments and neurofilaments compose the cytoskel-eton, maintaining cell polarity, architecture and morphology. Microtubules (MTs) are highly dynamic polymers formed of the tubulin and heterodimers. The GTP bound to -tubulin is stable and plays a structural function in the microtubule. The GTP bound to -tubulin may be hydrolyzed to GDP shortly after assembly into MTs, with GDP-tubulin being more prone to depolymerization.

MTs are polar structures with a labile plus end (favored for assembly and disassembly) and a stable minus end (less favored for these dynamics). Regulation of MTs polymeriza-tion is controlled by microtubule associated proteins, post-translational modifications of tubulin and , microtubule destabilizers (severing enzymes of AAA-ATPase type) and signaling molecules.

Mounting evidence sug-gests that deregulation of neuronal cytoskeleton function constitutes a key insult during the pathogen-esis of nervous system dis-eases. Microtubule mass is diminished and corruption of the microtubule polari-ty patterns (i.e. appearance of too many mal-oriented microtubules) and micro-tubule-mediated transport is observed during neuro-degenerative diseases, in-cluding Amyotrophic Lat-eral Sclerosis, Alzheimer, Hereditary Spastic Para-plegia, Parkinson’s disease and others.

2nd Edition

SELEC TED REVIEW ARTICLES

The tubulin code: molecular components, readout mechanisms, and functions: C. Janke; J. Cell. Biol. 206,

Baas; Brain. Res. Bull. (Epub ahead of print)

bulin molecule to neuronal function and disease: S. (Epub ahead of print)

(2016)

GTPGDPRescueCatastrophe

_ +Polymerization

Depolymerization

GTP-tubulin GDP-tubulin = =

FIGURE: Microtubule dynamic instability. Polymerizing and rapidly depolymerizing polymers coexist at steady state.

2APPLICATIONS: FACS: Flow Cytometry; FUNC: Functional Application; ICC: Immunocytochemistry; IHC: Immunohistochemistry IP: Immunoprecipitation; WB: Western blot SPECIES: Bv = Bovine; Dg = Dog; Dr = Drosophila; Hu = Human; Mk = Monkey; Ms = Mouse; Pg = Pig; Rt = Rat; Rb = Rabbit; Prm = Primate

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are highly dynamic and often reversible processes where protein functional prop-erties are altered by addition of a chemical group or another protein to its amino acid residues. As key cytoskeletal proteins with roles in neuronal development, growth, motility and intra-cellular trafficking, tubulins and microtubules (MTs) are major substrates for PTMs. They include tyrosination/detyrosination,

2-tubulin formation, acetylation, phosphorylation, polyami-nation, ubiquitination, polyglutamylation and glycylation (see Figure). Most of these PTMs preferentially take place on tubulin subunits already incorporated into microtubules.

PTMs are involved in fine-tuning of interactions between micro-tubules and different MT-interacting proteins. Most axonal mi-crotubules are detyrosinated and further labeled with acetate and polyglutamate marks. By contrast, the unstable microtu-bules are enriched in carboxy-terminal tyrosination and devoid of glutamate tails. Detyrosination and polyglutamylation of MTs can selectively modulate the affinities and motility of molecular motors. Acetylation seems to control intracellular transport by regulating the traffic of kinesin motors. Microtubules PTMs de-regulation have impact on neuronal development and diseases.

The Tubulin Code: Post-translational Modifications of Tubulins

FIGURE: Tubulin PTM Overview. Adapted from C. Janke; J. Cell. Biol. 206, 461 (2014)

Microtubule

S V

Ac F

Y

PAm

AD E Q G E E E E

EG E D E A

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Y

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F

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EG E D E A

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Tubulin Dimer

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terminal

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2-Tubulin

3-Tubulin

Validated Post-translational Modification-specific Antibodies

UNIQUE

ANTIBODIES PID SIZE ISOTYPE/SOURCE APPLICATION

anti- -Tubulin (acetylated), mAb (TEU318) AG-20B-0068 100 µg Mouse IgG1 ICC, WB

anti-Polyglutamylation Modification, mAb (GT335) AG-20B-0020 100 µg Mouse IgG1 EM, ICC, IP, WB

anti-Polyglutamylation Modification, mAb (GT335) (Biotin) AG-20B-0020B 100 µg Mouse IgG1 ICC, IP, WB

anti-Polyglutamate chain (polyE), pAb (IN105) AG-25B-0030 50 µg Rabbit ICC, WB

Rab proteins, members of the small GTPase superfamily, are important regulators of vesicle transport via interactions with effector proteins and motor proteins. Rab1 and 6 are implicated in anterograde and retrograde trafficking in the secretory pathway. Recently, Rab1 has been shown to be involved in autophagy by helping the formation of the pre-autophagosomal isolation membrane (phagophore). Rab6 also functions as modulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR), helping the recovery from an ER stress insult. Rab6 is upregulated in Alzheimer’s disease brain.

Rab1-GTP and Rab6-GTP Specific Antibodies

ANTIBODIES PID SIZE ISOTYPE/SOURCE APPLICATION SPECIES

anti-Rab1-GTP, mAb (rec.) (ROF7) AG-27B-0006 100 µg Human IgG2 ICC, IP Hu, Ms, Rt, Dg

anti-Rab6-GTP, mAb (rec.) (AA2) AG-27B-0004 100 µg Human IgG2 ICC, WB Hu, Ms, Dr

anti-Rab6-GTP, mAb (rec.) (AA2) (ATTO 488) AG-27B-0004TD 100 µg Human IgG2 ICC Hu, Ms, Dr

Recombinant Microtubule-target Antibodies


anti-Tubulin-GTP, mAb (rec.) (MB11) AG-27B-0009 100 µg Human IgG2 ICC Hu, Ms, Rt, Dr

anti- -Tubulin, mAb (rec.) (F2C) AG-27B-0005 100 µg Human IgG2 ICC, WB Hu, Ms, Bv

anti- -Tubulin, mAb (rec.) (F2C) (ATTO 488) AG-27B-0005TD 100 µg Human IgG2 ICC Hu, Ms, Bv

anti- -Tubulin, mAb (rec.) (S11B) AG-27B-0008 100 µg Rabbit ELISA, ICC, WB Hu, Ms, Rt, Pg, Dr, Mk

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For updated prices and additional information visit www.adipogen.com or contact your local distributor.

3

Several studies show that the morphology of the neuron can be influenced by microtubule and actin filament cytoskel-eton dynamics, and that neurite outgrowth can be modulat-ed with stabilizing and destabilizing agents. Activation of the Notch signaling pathway results in stabilization of microtu-bules leading to regulation of axonal morphology, with thicker neurites, fewer branches and loss of synaptic varicosity. This Notch-dependent stabilization of microtubules is likely due to increase in acetylation and polyglutamylation of -tubulins, both of which are markers of stable microtubules.

LIT:

6,

22, 5040 (2014)

Microtubule Stabilization – Notch & Small Molecule Modulators

LATEST INSIGHT

Angiopoietin-2 in Cerebral Cavernous Malformations (CCMs)

H.J. Zhou, et al. (2016) recently found that enhanced secretion of ANGPT2 in endothelial cells contributes to the progression of CCM disease and is associated with destabilized endothelial cell junctions, enlarged lumen formation and endothelial cell pericyte dissociation. Treatment with an ANGPT2-neutralizing antibody normalizes the defects in the brain and retina caused by endothelial-cell-specific CCM3 deficiency.

LIT: 22, 1033 (2016)

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Angiopoie n-2 (h), mAb (rec.) (Angy-2-1)

Control

Potent ANGPT2 Blocking Antibodies

anti-Angiopoietin-2, mAb (rec.) (blocking) (Angy-2-1) (preservative free)

AG-27B-0016PF 100 µg | 500 µg | 1mg

anti-Angiopoietin-2 (human), mAb (rec.) (blocking) (Angy-1-4) (preservative free)

AG-27B-0015PF 100 µg | 500 µg | 1mg

Also Available:

Angiopoietin-2 (human) (rec.) AG-40B-0114

Angiopoietin-2 (mouse) (rec.) AG-40B-0131

BULK

Ferulenol (Stimulator of tubulin polymerization)

AG-CN2-0011 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg

Paclitaxel (Microtubule assembly stabilizer)

AG-CN2-0045 1 mg | 5 mg | 25 mg | 100 mg

Jasplakinolide (high purity) (Potent inducer of actin polymerization and stabilization)

AG-CN2-0037 50 µg | 100 μg

Visit www.adipogen.com for a Comprehensive Panel of

Small Molecule Microtubule Modulators &

Validated Notch Pathway Reagents!

NEW

FIGURE: Binding of human Angiopoietin-2 to Tie-2 (human):Fc is inhibited by the antibody anti-Angiopoietin-2, mAb (rec.) (blocking) (Angy-2-1) (PF) (Prod. No. AG-27B-0016PF).Tie-2 (human):Fc was coated on an ELISA plate at 1µg/ml. Angy-2-1 or an unrelated mAb (recombinant) (Control) were added (starting at 40µg/ml with a twofold serial dilution) together with 20ng/µl of Angiopoietin-2 (human) (Prod. No. AG-40B-0114). After incubation for 1h at RT, the binding was detected using an anti-FLAG antibody (HRP).


Progranulin (PGRN) is a cysteine-rich protein, that shows mul-tifunctional biological activities, including major roles in can-cer, inflammation, metabolic disease and neurodegeneration, especially as a valuable biomarker for Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD). In the brain, PGRN is primarily expressed in mature neurons and microglia. Absence of progranulin in microglia causes increased production and release of multi-ple cytokines, suggesting that PGRN regulates microglia acti-vation. It is anticipated that PGRN affects microglial prolifera-tion, recruitment, differentiation, activation and phagocytosis, suggesting that PGRN plays a central role in the regulation of neuroinflammatory responses. PGRN serves as an impor-tant “brake” to suppress excessive microglia activation in the aging brain by facilitating phagocytosis and endolysosomal trafficking in these cells. In neurons, PGRN i) enhances sur-vival and neurite outgrowth through modulation of GSK-3 , ii) co-localizes in late endosomes and early lysosomes with the transmembrane protein TMeM106B, iii) co-localizes with markers such as BDNF along axons, iv) influences synaptic structure and function at synaptic and extra-synaptic sites, where it is secreted in an activity-dependent manner, and v) extracellular PGRN is endocytosed through the sortilin receptor and delivered to lysosomes. PGRN has also anti-inflammatory roles through inhibition of two Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor family members (TNFR and DR3).

SELECTED REVIEWS: 24, 37,

165, 921 (2016)

Progranulin – Marker of Neuroinflammation

Progranulin (human) ELISA Kit AG-45A-0018Y

Progranulin (mouse) ELISA Kit AG-45A-0019Y

Progranulin (rat) ELISA Kit AG-45A-0043Y

Progranulin Antibodies & Tagged Proteins

Standard Progranulin ELISA Kits

FIGURE: Potential functions of progranulin in the brain.

Neuron

Endocytosis

Microglia

Axonal TransportTMEM106B

Sortilin

BDNF

Progranulin

Cytokines

Neurotransmitter

Hypothetical Interactions

Lysosome Function

Neurite Growth

SynapticTransmission

Cytokine Release


anti-Progranulin (human), mAb (PG359-7) AG-20A-0052 100 µg Mouse IgG1 IHC, IP, WB Hu

anti-Progranulin (human), pAb AG-25A-0112 100 µg Guinea pig IHC, WB Hu

anti-Progranulin (mouse), mAb (PG319-1) AG-20A-0077 50 µg | 100 µg Rat IgG2a WB Ms

anti-Progranulin (mouse), pAb AG-25A-0093 100 µg Rat WB Ms

PROTEINS PID SIZE SOURCE ENDOTOXIN SPECIES

Progranulin (human) (rec.) AG-40A-0068Y 10 µg | 50 µg HEK293 Cells <0.01EU/μg Hu

Progranulin (rat) (rec.) AG-40A-0194 10 µg | 50 µg HEK293 Cells <0.1EU/μg Rt

Progranulin (human) (rec.) (untagged)AG-40A-0188Y 10 µg | 50 µg | BULK

Progranulin (mouse) (rec.) (untagged)AG-40A-0189Y 10 µg | 50 µg | BULK

Tag-free Progranulins

in vitro in vivo

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5

Netrin-1 is a guidance molecule that triggers either attraction or repulsion effects on migrating axons of neurons, interacting with the receptors DCC or UNC5 (A to D). It has been proposed that DCC and UNC5 are dependence receptors that, in the absence of netrin-1, promote apoptosis. This pro-apoptotic activity requires initial caspase cleavage of the receptor's intracellular domain. Netrin-1 is therefore a pro-survival factor acting by blocking cell death induced by its unbound receptors. Netrin-1 protects neurons from death during development and favors tumor epithelial cells survival in some types of cancers. It interacts with the orphan amyloid precursor protein (APP), a protein component of the amyloid plaques that are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Netrin-1 also inhibits remyelination of neurons in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) (and other progressive demyelinating diseases) by inhibiting oligodendrocyte precursor migration. Recently, Netrin-1 has been described to be the 5th Element of classical iPS cell factors. Netrin-1 functions in protecting embryonic stem cells from apoptosis and addition of recombinant Netrin-1 improves the generation of mouse and human iPS cells (induced Pluripotent Stem Cells).

REVIEWS:

18,Nat. Commun. 6,

FIGURE: Netrin-1 (human):Fc (human) (rec.) (Prod. No. AG-40B-0075) induces outgrowth of the commisural axon.

METHOD: Dorsal spinal cords were dissected out from E13 rat embryos and cultured in collagen matrix in the pres-ence or absence of netrin-1 (250ng/ml). Axons were then stained with an anti- -tubulin antibody.

Netrin-1 – Neuron Guidance Factor Involved in iPS Regulation

- Netrin-1

A

+ Netrin-1

B

Picture courtesy of Dr. Véronique Corset, Prof. Patrick Mehlen lab, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon

Biologically Active Human Netrin-1


Netrin-1 (human) (rec.) AG-40B-0040 10 µg | 3 x 10 µg | 100 µg HEK293 Cells <0.01EU/μg Hu, Ms, Rt

Netrin-1 (human):Fc (human) (rec.) AG-40B-0075 10 µg | 3 x 10 µg | 100 µg HEK293 Cells <0.1EU/μg Hu, Ms, Rt

UNC5B (human):Fc (human) (rec.) AG-40B-0037 50 µg | 3 x 50 µg HEK293 Cells <0.1EU/μg Hu, Ms

Potent Netrin-1 Blocking Antibody

ANTIBODY PID SIZE ISOTYPE/SOURCE APPLICATION SPECIES

anti-Netrin-1 (human), mAb (rec.) (blocking) (2F5) (preservative free)

AG-27B-0018PF 100 µg | 500 µg Human IgG2 ELISA, FUNC Hu, Ms

LIT: 14,8, 96 (2016)


anti-LAG-3 (human), mAb (blocking) (17B4) AG-20B-0012 100 µg Mouse IgG1 FACS, FUNC, ICC, IHC, IP, WB Hu

anti-LAG-3, mAb (blocking) (11E3) AG-20B-0011 100 µg Mouse IgG1 ELISA, FUNC, ICC, IHC, IP, WB Hu, Mk


LAG-3 (human):Fc (human) (rec.) AG-40B-0031 50 µg CHO cells <0.1EU/μg Hu

LAG-3 (mouse):Fc (mouse) (rec.) AG-40B-0039 50 µg CHO cells <1EU/μg Hu, Mk

Synuclein- (human) (rec.) (His) AG-40T-0388 500 µg E.coli n.a. Hu

LATEST INSIGHT

Pathological -Synuclein Transmission is initiated by the Receptor LAG-3

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is partially caused by amplification of a pathological -synuclein that spreads from cells to cells in the brain. Recently, X. Mao, et al. (2016) reported that -synuclein transmission and toxicity is initiated by binding to LAG-3 followed by endocytosis. Blocking this binding with an antibody to LAG-3 can reduce the toxicity of the -synuclein. This new discovery could help the future development of therapeutic drugs to slow down PD.

LIT: 353, 1513 (2016)

NEW

UNIQUE


Neuroinflammation is an innate immune response in the CNS (Central Nervous System) against harmful and irritable stimuli such as pathogens, metabolic toxic waste or chronic mild stress that occurs in response to trauma, infections and/or neurodegenerative diseases. The main cell types contributing to the innate immune response are microglia, trafficking macrophages and astrocytes. These cells constantly survey the proximal environment through pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), scavenger receptors (SRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) (e.g. inflammasome complexes). These NLR receptors recognize not only exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) but also endogenous modified molecules called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). After activation and release of immune molecules (e.g. cytokines), the innate immune system launches inflammatory and regulatory responses in order to counteract infection, injury and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Although the evolutionary function is neuroprotective, innate immune responses can also promote immunopathology when they are excessive (e.g. chronic neuroinflammation). During chronic activation, the sustained exposure of neurons to pro-inflammatory mediators can cause neuronal dysfunction and contribute to cell death. As chronic neuroinflammation is observed at relatively early stages of neurodegenerative diseases, targeting the mechanisms that drive this process may be useful for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Neuroinflammation is mediated by protein complexes known as inflammasomes. Inflammasomes function as intracellular sen-sors for infectious agents as well as for host-derived danger signals that are associated with neurological diseases, including men-ingitis, stroke and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The inflammasome can be activated in the CNS under diverse conditions that trig-ger inflammation, including acute infection (e.g. viruses, bacteria), chronic sterile inflammation (e.g. misfolded proteins such as amyloid- , -synuclein and prion protein) and acute sterile injury (ATP excess) (see Figure). Assembly of inflammasomes (NLRP1/2/3 and NLRC4/IPAF) activates pro-inflammatory caspase-1, which then cleaves the precursor forms of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and IL-18 into their active forms. These pro-inflammatory cytokines promote a variety of innate immune processes associated with infection, inflammation and autoimmunity, and play an instrumental role in the onset of neuroinflammation and subsequent occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases, cognitive impairment and dementia. NLRP1/2/3 and NLRC4/IPAF inflammasomes may also have a role in the etiologies of depression, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and in metabolic disorders, such as Type II diabetes, obe-sity and cardiovascular diseases that have been shown to be co-morbid with psychiatric illnesses.

SELECTED REVIEWS: 15,14, 142, 151 (2014)

Inflammasomes & Neuroinflammation/Neurodegeneration

Chronic Sterile In"ammationAcute Infections Acute Sterile Injury

Neuroin ammation

AIM2

NLRC4

NLRP1

NLRP3

AIM2

NLRC4

NLRP3

AIM2

NLRC4

NLRP1

NLRP2

NLRP3

NLRC4

NLRP1

NLRP3

FIGURE: Selected activation factors, inflammasome complexes and target cells in the CNS.

anti-NLRP3/NALP3, mAb (Cryo-2)AG-20B-0014-C100 100 µg

Clone Cryo-2

Isotype Mouse IgG2b

Immunogen Recombinant mouse NLRP3/NALP3 (pyrin domain/aa 1-93)

Application ICC, IHC, IP, WB (1μg/ml) (see online protocol)

Specificity Recognizes human and mouse NLRP3/NALP3.

NLRP3 Antibody

THE STANDARD

FIGURE: Mouse NLRP3 is detected in mouse macrophages using the monoclonal antibody to NLRP3 (Cryo-2) (Prod. No. AG-20B-0014).

METHOD: Cell extracts from mouse macrophages (BMDMs) WT (+/+) (lane 1), NLRP3 +/- (lane 2) or NLRP3 -/- (lane 3) with or without treatment with LPS (50ng/ml) for 3h, were separated by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions, transferred to nitrocellulose and incubated with the mAb to NLRP3 (Cryo-2) (1µg/ml). Proteins are visualized by a chemiluminescence detection system.

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7

The Standards From the Experts & Validated by Key Laboratories !

Immunoblotting for Activated/Cleaved Caspase-1

anti-Caspase-1 (p20) (mouse), mAb (Casper-1)AG-20B-0042-C100 100 µg AG-20B-0042B-C100 Biotin 100 µg

Clone Casper-1 Isotype Mouse IgG1Immunogen Recombinant mouse caspase-1 Application WB (1μg/ml) (see online protocol), IHC (PS), IPSpecificity Recognizes endogenous full-length and activated

(p20 fragment) mouse caspase-1.

FIGURE: Mouse caspase-1 (p20) is detected by immunoblotting using anti-Caspase-1 (p20) (mouse), mAb (Casper-1) (Prod. No. AG-20B-0042).

METHOD: Caspase-1 was analyzed by Western blot in cell extracts and supernatants of di# erenti-ated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from wild-type, NLRP3-/- and caspase-1-/- mice activated or not by 5μM nigericin (Prod. No. AG-CN2-0020) for 30 min. Cell extracts and supernatants were separated by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions, transferred to nitrocellulose and incubated with anti-Cas-pase-1 (p20) (mouse), mAb (Casper-1) (1μg/ml). Proteins were visualized by a chemi-luminescence detection system.

FIGURE: Human Caspase-1 (p20) is detected by immu-noblotting using anti-Caspase-1 (p20) (human), mAb (Bally-1) (Prod. No AG-20B-0048).

METHOD: Caspase-1 was analyzed by Western blot in supernatants of THP1 cells differentiated for 3h with 0.5 µM PMA (Prod. No. AG-CN2-0010) and activated (lane 2) or not (lane 1) by 5 µM Nigericin for 1h (Prod. No. AG-CN2-0020). Supernatants (30µl) were separat-ed by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions, transferred to nitrocellulose and incubated with anti-Caspase-1 (p20) (human), mAb (Bally-1) (1µg/ml). Proteins were visualized by a chemiluminescence detection system.

anti-Caspase-1 (p20) (human), mAb (Bally-1)AG-20B-0048-C100 100 µg AG-20B-0048B-C100 Biotin 100 µg

Clone Bally-1 Isotype Mouse IgG1Immunogen Recombinant human caspase-1 Application WB (1μg/ml) (see online protocol)Specificity Recognizes endogenous full-length and activated

(p20 fragment) human caspase-1.

Standard Inflammasomes Signaling Antibodies

PRODUCT NAME PID SIZE SOURCE/ISOTYPE APPLICATION SPECIES

Nod-like Receptors (NLRs)

anti-NAIP1/2/5 (mouse), mAb (Naipa-1) AG-20B-0045 100 µg Mouse IgG2b WB Ms

anti-NLRP1/NALP1 (human), pAb (AL176) AG-25B-0005 100 µg Rabbit WB Hu

Cytosolic DNA Sensor

anti-AIM2 (human), mAb (3B10) AG-20B-0040 100 µg Mouse IgG1 ICC, WB Hu

Signaling Antibodies

anti-Asc [Pycard], pAb (AL177) AG-25B-0006 100 µg Rabbit ICC, IHC (PS), IP, WB, FUNC (Blocking)

Hu, Ms

anti-Asc [Pycard], pAb (AL177) (preservative free) AG-25B-0006PF 100 µg Rabbit ICC, IHC (PS), IP, WB, FUNC (Blocking)

Hu, Ms

anti-Asc, pAb (AL177) (ATTO 647N) AG-25B-0006TS 100 µg Rabbit ICC, IHC (PS) Hu, Ms

Cytosolic PAMPs Sensors

anti-Caspase-4/11 (p20), mAb (Flamy-1) AG-20B-0060 100 µg Mouse IgG2b IP, WB Hu, Ms

anti-Caspase-4/11 (p20), mAb (Flamy-1) (Biotin) AG-20B-0060B 100 µg Mouse IgG2b IP, WB Hu, Ms

For a comprehensive Overview on

Unique Inflammasome Reagents

ask for AdipoGen®‘s Inflammasome Signaling

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Inflammasome Tools

Caspase-1 Detection 2–3Standard Antibodies 3Signaling Chart 4Priming 5Microtubule Assembly 6Inhibitors/Activators 7–8Flagellin 8

Inflammasome SignalingFrom Innate to Adaptive ImmunityInflammasomes are multi-protein complexes whose activity has been implicated in

physiological and pathological inflammation. The hallmarks of inflammasome activation

are the secretion of the mature forms of caspase-1 and interleukin-1 (IL-1 ) from cells

of the innate immune system.An inflammasome represents a high molecular weight complex that activates inflamma-

tory caspases and cytokines of the IL-1 family (IL-1 , IL-18 and depending on the stimulus

also IL-1 ). Several inflammasomes have been described which contain different sensor

proteins such as NLRP1 (NALP1), NLRP3 (NALP3), IPAF (NLRC4), NLRP6 (NALP6), NLRP12

(NALP12), RIG-I and AIM-2 (absent in melanoma 2). Most of these inflammasomes

require the adapter protein Asc (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a

caspase recruitment domain) to recruit caspase-1 to the inflammasome complex. Upon

binding to the inflammasome caspase-1 is cleaved and activated, leading to cleavage

of its various targets and causing maturation and secretion of the pro-inflammatory

IL-1 . Inflammasomes can be activated through multiple signals including live bacteria,

microbial toxins, xeno-compounds, particulates cytoplasmic pathogen-associated

molecular patterns (PAMPs) and/or endogenous danger signals (DAMPs).

Inflammasome activity has been causally linked to the induction of numerous inflamma-

tory responses, which can be either beneficial or harmful to the organism. Beneficial

responses arise by maintaining homeostatic tissue function (detection and repair of

tissue damages after trauma or pathogen invasion). Among the harmful inflammato-

ry responses are particle-induced sterile inflammation, caused by host-derived parti-

cles such as monosodium urate (MSU) crystals, which are involved in the pathogenesis

of gout, as well as environmental and industrial particles such as asbestos, silica and

metallic nanoparticles, which induce lung inflammation upon inhalation. Accumulating

evidence also implicates inflammasome activity in numerous other diseases, including

cancer and the development of metabolic diseases (like type 2 diabetes, atherosclero-

sis), some neurodegenerative diseases (like Alzheimer, Prion, Parkinson), autoimmune

diseases (such as multiple sclerosis) and inflammatory bowel diseases. Beneficial effects

for the host include the enhancement of vaccine efficacy.

SELEC TED REVIEW ARTICLESInflammasomes: mechanism of action, role in dis-ease, and therapeutics: H. Guo, et al.; Nat. Med. 21, 677 (2015) Structural mechanisms of inflamma-some assembly: A. Lu & H. Wu; FEBS J. 282, 435 (2015) Mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome ac-tivation: F.S. Sutterwalam et al.; Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1319, 82 (2014) Activation and regulation of the inflammasomes: E. Latz, et al.; Nat. Rev. Immunol. 13, 397 (2013) The inflammasome: an integrated view: O. Gross, et al.; Immunol. Rev. 243, 136 (2011)

THE EXPERT IN

FIGURE: Mouse NLRP3 is detected in mouse macrophages using the monoclonal antibody to NLRP3 (Cryo-2) (Prod. No. AG-20B-0014).

anti-NLRP3/NALP3, mAb (Cryo-2)AG-20B-0014-C100 100 µgClone Cryo-2

Isotype Mouse IgG2bImmunogen Recombinant mouse NLRP3/NALP3 (pyrin domain/aa 1-93).Application ICC, IHC, IP, WB (1μg/ml) (see online protocol)Specificity Recognizes human and mouse NLRP3/NALP3.

NLRP3 Antibody

THE STANDARD

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JAN

20

17

Lead Compounds for Neurodegenerative Diseases

Anti-Prion Agents –

Protein Aggregation Inhibitors

6-Amino-8-trifluoromethylphenanthridine AG-MR-C0031 1 mg | 5 mg | 25 mg

Formula: C14H9F3N2 MW: 262.2 CAS: 651055-83-3

6-Aminophenanthridine AG-MR-C0029 1 mg | 5 mg | 25 mg

Chloroguanabenz . acetateAG-MR-C0036 1 mg | 5 mg

Selective N- & P/Q-type Ca2+ Channel Agonist

GV-58 AG-MR-C0035 1 mg | 5 mg

Anti-Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Agent

Leucettine L41 AG-MR-C0023 1 mg | 5 mg | 25 mg

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Accelerator

Aftin-4 AG-MR-C0014 1 mg | 5 mg | 25 mg

Aftin-5 AG-MR-C0015 1 mg | 5 mg | 25 mg

N

NH2

CF3

H3C

N CH3

CH3 H

O

H

H

H

H

Model Compound for Sensory Studies

BULK

PellitorineAG-CN2-0009 1 mg | 5 mg

Formula: C14H25NO MW: 223.4 CAS: 18836-52-7 Source: Synthetic

H3C

N CH3

CH3 H

O

H

H

H

H

Tingling-inducing agent. Excellent stable model compound for sensory studies. Exerts same profile as the unstable compound hydroxy- -sanshool.

PRODUCT NAME ACTIVITY PID SIZE

epi-Aszonalenin A Substance P inhibitor AG-CN2-0163 1 mg | 5 mg

Bilobalide GABA(A) receptor antagonist AG-CN2-0026 10 mg | 50 mg

Cyclopenin AChE inhibitor AG-CN2-0134 1 mg | 5 mg

Debromohymenialdisine Potential anti-Alzheimer's agent AG-CN2-0068 100 µg

EM574 [Motilide] Motilin receptor agonist AG-CN2-0102 250 µg | 1 mg

Fulvic acid Tau and A aggregation inhibitor AG-CN2-0135 1 mg | 5 mg

Hyperforin . DCHA TRPC6 channel activator AG-CN2-0008 500 µg | 1 mg

20-Hydroxyecdysone GABA(A) receptor modulator AG-CN2-0072 5 mg | 10 mg | 50 mg

MTEP Potent mGluR5 antagonist AG-CR1-0022 5 mg | 25 mg

NG 012 NGF potentiator AG-CN2-0155 1 mg | 5 mg

Pseurotin D Neuroleptic agent BVT-0426 1 mg | 5 mg

Territrem B AChE inhibitor AG-CN2-0142 500 µg | 1 mg

SNC80 -Opioid receptor agonist AG-CR1-0017 5 mg | 25 mg

Umbellulone Selective TRPA1 activator AG-CN2-0085 10 mg

Selected Receptor Agonists and Antagonists

Visit www.adipogen.com for a Comprehensive Panel of Neurochemicals !

Documents

Edition Neuroscience Research€¦ · Neuroscience Research 8 Neuroscience Research Focus: Neuroinflammation & Neuronal Diseases Microtubules and Neurodegeneration Neurodegeneration