Upload
materials-research-institute
View
110
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
65-6790 4400fax. 65-6791 1859/6792 4062
email: [email protected] http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/msyzhang
Prof. Sam ZhangSchool of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering
Nanyang Technological University50 Nanyang Avenue
Singapore 639798
Editor-in-Chief, Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Letter (NNL)Editor-in-Chief, Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Letter (NNL)Principal EditorPrincipal Editor ,, Journal of Materials Research (JMR)Journal of Materials Research (JMR)Fellow, Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, UK (IOMMM)Fellow, Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, UK (IOMMM)President, Thin Films Society (TFS)President, Thin Films Society (TFS)
Hello from Singapore!Hello from Singapore!(currently on sabbatical (currently on sabbatical @Central Iron & Steel Research Institute, Beijing@Central Iron & Steel Research Institute, Beijing北京钢铁研究总院北京钢铁研究总院 ))
Anodic Titania Nanotube Arrays for Applicationin Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
•Lidong Sun; Sam Zhang, Xiao Wei Sun, Xiaodong He, Effect of Electric Field Strength on the Length of Anodized Titania Nanotube Arrays, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry : in press (2009) •Lidong Sun, Sam Zhang, Xiaowei Sun, Xiaodong He, Effect of TiO2 Nanotube Geometries on the Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnolog, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 10 : 1-10 (2009)
Sam Zhang, Lidong SunSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Nangyang Technological University, Singapore
Outline
1. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) typical structure and working principle why choose titania (TiO2) nanotube array current TiO2 nanotube array based DSSCs
2. Nanoparticle or Nanotube Array? efficiency: 11% vs. 7%
3. Nanoparticle + Nanotube Array composite structure
4. Anodic Titania Nanotube Array
5. Conclusions
M. Grätzel, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 164 (2004): 3
TCO
TiO2
Dye
Electrolyte Counter Electrode
• electrons scattered at connections• randomly walk to the collecting electrode• large surface area
• drastically reduced connections• vectorial transpoprt• comparable surface area with nanoparticle based photoanode
Particle vs Nanotube array in DSSC
Limit the photoanode thickness to approx. 10 µmEnable the photoanode thickness larger than 10 µm
Inhibit absorption of low-energy photonsAchieve light-harvesting
L. Sun, S. Zhang, X. W. Sun, X. He, Chapter 2, Anodized Titania Nanotube Array and its Application in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells, in Vol. 3, CRC Handbook of Nanostructured Thin Films and Coatings Edited by Sam Zhang, Published by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, in press, 2009
(a) (b)
Problems in TiO2 Nanotube Array Based DSSCs
• short nanotube array (less than 5 µm, compared to optimal 20~30 µm)
• increased resistance of FTO during annealing
• reflected by platinized counter electrode
• absorbed by iodine in the electrolyte• Increased barrier layer thickness by approx. 1 µm during annealing
Another Issue: Effective Surface Area
3
5
r
Rcomparable surface area
3
5
r
RSNT < SNP
r = 9 nm
R = 15 nm D = 30 nm
typical nanoparticle size15 ~20 nm
L. Sun, S. Zhang, X. W. Sun, X. He, Chapter 2, Anodized Titania Nanotube Array and its Application in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells, in Vol. 3, CRC Handbook of Nanostructured Thin Films and Coatings Edited by Sam Zhang, Published by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, in press, 2009
Nanoparticles (fcc packing) Nanotubes (hcp)
R radius of nanotuber radius of nanoparticle Too small to achieve!
Another Issue: Effective Surface Area
L. Sun, S. Zhang, X. W. Sun, X. He, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 10 (2010): 1-10
Consequences:
Less effective area less efficiency!
That explains why most nanotube array DSSCs are less efficient than nanoparticle counterpart
Nanoparticle + Nanotube Array?
TiO2 nanotube
TiO2 nanoparticle
Composite Structure
In combination of nanotube array: superior electron transport and suppressed
electron recombination nanoparticle: high surface area
Anodic Titania Nanotube Array
Preparation & Characterization
Electrochemical Anodization: Experimental Set Up
Electrochemical Anodization: Principle
Ti foil
Pt
Ethylene Glycol +
2 vol% H2O +
0.3 wt% NH4F
Ti → Ti4+ + 4e
Ti4+ 2H2O / 2OH → TiO2 4H+/ 2H+
TiO2 6HF → [TiF6]2 2H2O 2H+
2H+ 2e → H2
anioncation
Surface morphology and cross-sectional view of the as-anodized titania nanotube arrays for differentanodizing durations:
2 h (a, d)14 h (b, e)24 h (c, f)
L. Sun, S. Zhang, X. W. Sun, X. He, J. Electroanal. Chem. (2009) Accepted.
Variation of Length
L. Sun, S. Zhang, X. W. Sun, X. He, J. Electroanal. Chem. (2009) Accepted.
Longer nanotube arrays are obtainable at higher potential for longer anodizing duration.
Variation of Pore Diameter
Pore diameter of the nanotubes increases with applied potential, whereas decreases with increased working distance.
L. Sun, S. Zhang, X. W. Sun, X. He, J. Electroanal. Chem. (2009) Accepted.
25 V 40 V 50 V 60 V
40 mm 30 mm 20 mm 13 mm
The as-anodized nanotubes are amorphous.
TEM Images of As-anodized Nanotubes
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
a a
Inte
nsity
(a.
u.)
2 (degree)
Ti substrate
as-prepared
annealeda
r
a
ra a
a
XRD Patterns
As anodized, the nanotubes are amorphous; after annealing, mainlyanatase phase (with a little rutile phase).
Conclusions
• Longer titania nanotube arrays are obtainable at higher applied potential for prolonged durations. Length of the nanotubes can be controlled from ~500 nm to ~120 m;
• Pore diameter of the nanotubes increases with applied potential, whereas decreases with increased working distance;
• The as-anodized titania nanotubes are amorphous. The nanotubes crystallize mainly into anatase phase upon annealing.• The composite structure of nanoparticle-nanotube array points to another direction for efficiency enhancement in DSSCs;
Thanks for your attention!
M. A. Green, K. Emery, Y. Hishikawa and W. Warta, Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 17 (2009): 320-326