Educatia Pentru Integrarea Europeana

8/20/2019 Educatia Pentru Integrarea Europeana

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EDUCAŢIAPENTRU

INTEGRAREA EUROPEANĂ


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CUPRINS

I. EUROPA – SPATIU, IDEE, ACTIUNE.......................................................................51.1. EUROPA – O CREATIE MITOLOGICA................................................................51.2. SPATIUL EUROPEAN.............................................................................................6

1.3. DE LA STATUL NATIUNE LA NATIUNEA EUROPEANA...............................111.4. NASTEREA SI EVOLUTIA IDEII DE EUROPA UNITA....................................141.5. INTEGRARE SAU UNIFICARE..........................................................................181.6. ROMÂNII SI EUROPENISMUL..........................................................................20

II. STRUCTURI EUROPENE SI EUROATLANTICE – ............................................24UE, NATO, OSCE............................................................................................................24

2.1. Dem!"#$ %&'()!#%)*e* e#!&+e'e ,#+ $ ,&*$e !-&* m&',*$............................242.1.1. PLANUL MARS/ALL..................................................................................262.1.2. UNIUNEA OCCIDENTALA..........................................................................22.1.3. CONSILIUL EUROPEI..................................................................................22.1.4. COMUNITATEA EUROPEANA A CARUNELUI SI OTELULUI.......... ..2

2.1.5. PIATA COMUNA............................................................................................302.2. DE LA COMUNITATILE EUROPENE LA UNIUNEA EUROPEANA..............312.2.1. PLANURILE FOUC/ET................................................................................322.2.2. CRIELE COMUNITATILOR.......................................................................332.2.3. ETINDEREA COMUNITATII.....................................................................342.2.4. CONSOLIDAREA INSTITUTIONALA........................................................362.2.5. ACTUL UNIC EUROPEAN...........................................................................382.2.6. ORGANIATIA PENTRU SECURITATE SI COOPERARE IN EUROPA OSCE.........................................................................................................................3

III. UNIUNEA EUROPEANA - NOUL CADRU AL POLITICII EUROPENE........423.1. C&'%e+)e #'%)*&'$e $e +!&%e(#$#* ,e %&'()!#%)*e e#!&+e' – &!7'e (* *'()*)#)**

%&m#'*)!e.....................................................................................................................423.2. TRATATUL ASUPRA UNIUNII EUROPENE......................................................433.3. SISTEMUL COMUNTAR.....................................................................................45

3.3.1. INSTITUTIILE COMUNITATII.....................................................................453.3.2. SISTEMUL FINANCIAR...............................................................................503.3.3. DREPTUL COMUNITAR...............................................................................50

3.4. COMUNITATEA EUROPEANA...........................................................................513.4.1. CETATENIA UNIUNII...................................................................................523.4.2. PIATA COMUNA............................................................................................533.4.3. POLITICILE COMUNITATII EUROPENE...................................................543.4.4. UNIUNEA ECONOMICA SI MONETARA U.E.M.9...................................56

3.5. AFACERI INTERNE SI DE :USTITIE.................................................................5IV. POLITICA EXTERNA SI DE SECURITATE COMUNA....................................61

4.1. INCEPUTURILE APARARII EUROPENE..........................................................614.2. UNIUNEA EUROPEI OCCIDENTALE................................................................624.3. POLITICA ETERNA SI DE SECURITATE COMUNA. EVOLUTII ALEU.E.O.............................................................................................................................634.5. RELATIILE INTRE U.E. SI N.A.T.O....................................................................6

V. ASPECTE ALE PROCESULUI DE ADERARE LA U.E........................................2

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5.1. CADRUL NORMATIV SI PROCEDURA DE ADERARE..................................25.2. EVOLUTIA PROCESULUI DE ADERARE.........................................................25.3. ADERAREA ROMÂNIEI LA U.E.........................................................................6

Anexa nr. 1........................................................................................................................Anexa nr. 2........................................................................................................................80

Anexa nr. ........................................................................................................................81Anexa nr. !........................................................................................................................82LISTA DE PRESCURTARI............................................................................................88"I"LIOGRA#IE GENERALĂ......................................................................................0

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;N*m*% '# e()e +&(**$

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I. EUROPA – SPATIU, IDEE, ACTIUNE

1.1. EUROPA – O CREATIE MITOLOGICA

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M* )!-*#> )!,*)* %!e()*' #!m!e()e '# '#m* ,*e!e')*e!e %&')*'e')#$#*e#!&+e'> %* (* !e%&'(*,e!!e '#me$#* *'(#(*. S. Ie!&'*m (* S. Am!&-*e> !e$#', *'(e%.IV *()&!* $#* N&e ,*' C!)e Ge'e-e*> %&!, *e%!#* ,*')!e *** %e()#* #' )e!*)&!*#/m +!*me()e A!*%> Sem A(* (* Ie) E#!&+.

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1.2. SPATIUL EUROPEAN

C# & (#+!) ,e 10 m*$*&'e H*$&me)!* +)!)*> E#!&+ e()e +e'#$)*m#$ %&')*'e')

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!*)'*%e> I($',> '# (* G!&e'$',> M,e*! (* I'(#$e$e A-&!e $)e $ 1000 (* !e(+e%)*=1400 Hm ,e %&')*'e'). L '&!,> O%e'#$ I'7Be)) ,e '&!,> %# !B*+e$7#$ S=$!,>M!e !e')(> !B*+e$7#$ N&=&* em$* (* M!e J!. N*%* #' +#'%) $ E#!&+e* '# (e$ $ m* m#$) ,e 00 Hm ,e m!e ,% '# $#m *' %$%#$ R#(*K %# e> 1600Hm9.P!e%#m '(m$#$ M*((!* M*((*((*+* *' Ame!*%> (# N*$#$ *' E7*+)> e$e =*e)**e#!&+e'e # &() Se'> R*'#$> E$> D#'!e (* V&$7> (* '# *' #$)*m#$ !', *m+&!)')#$%#$&! ,e $ T#!7* P&!) T#!7*9 ,*')!e U!$ (* M!e C(+*%> &$&(*) %# +!e+&',e!e') +e')!# +)!#',e!e *' E#!&+ ,*'(+!e A(*.

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– +!)e'e') %#$)#!$> ,*% !e%#'&()e!e #'e* )*)#,*'* *' %#'&()e!e (* *' =*) +!%)*%; (+e%**%.

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*()&!* #'*=e!($;P!*m#$ e+*%e')!# e#!&+e' &() *' Me,*)e!'. A*%*> !e+!e-e')')** E#!&+e*>7!e%**> (# &+#( !e+!e-e')')*$&! A(*e*> +e!('**> $ M!)B&' (* S$m*' (* # *'%e!%) (& ,e*'e(% +!*' m&!$ $#* S&%!)e> *,e$#!*$e $#* P$)&' (* +!*' +&$*)*% $#* A!*()&)e$. I'%ee(* +e!*&, %# A)e'> R&m ,#%e *'()*)#)**$e> ,!e+)#$ (* ,em&%!)*. M&'B**>*#*)&!* * =*e)** *')e!*&!e> +)!#', ,*' V$e N*$#$#* *' E#!&+ ,#%', %# e* #' m&,e$,e =*e)#*!e *' %&m#'.

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I')e$*7e')e* (* !)*#'** 7!e%&!&m'e * (e ,#7 %!e,*') (* ,!7&()e ) ,e(eme'*> (+e%**% (+*!*)#$#* %!e()*'. Im+e!*#$ !&m' ,&+) % !e$*7*e &*%*$ %!e()*'*(m#$>*! C&'()')*' &',e- C&'()')*'&+&$#$ 330 ,. C!*()&(9. G!e%*> !&m'*> %!e()*'* ... I') $#m** e)e!*&!e * '()e!e & %&'()**') %&$e%)*= e#!&+e';.

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9 Re(+#$*% %B!*()*'> +' *' (e%. V> (+!*"*'*) ,e *(e!*%. Ae)*#( *$ *'=*'7e +eA))*$$ $ 451 *' Cm+**$e C)$#'*%e> C*,#$ (+'*&$ ** &+!e()e +e m#!* *' S+'* *! m&'7&$** (#') &+!*)* ,e ($=* *' ()e+e$e A(*e*. I' )$**$e ,e $ T!( (* P&*)*e!( ,*' 32>C!&$ M!)e$ ** *'!'7e +e !* &+!*', ()e$ *'*')!e m#(#$m' *' =e()#$ E#!&+e*> *! !m) (> +!*me()e )*)$#$ ,e &!) e#!&+ee'(e(;. A+&* C!&$ %e$ M!e e()e ,e'#m*) +)e! E#!&+e;> ,#+ *'%&!&'!e % *m+!) ,e %)!e ++ Le&' III *' 8009.

I'%e+#)#$ M!** S%B*(me ,*')!e *(e!*% !&m' (* %e ,*' C&'()')*'&+&$ ,*'10549 m!%Be- (e+!!e ,*')!e O%%*,e') (* O!*e') e%&m#'*%!e !e%*+!&% * (!(*)&*%*$ *' 1669. I,ee #'e* %!e()*'*))* #'**%)e *' *m+e!**; '*m ,e((#!!e %e$&! &+)%!#%*,e $e E#!&+e* %!e()*'e *')!e 105 (* 120> +e')!# !e%#+e!!e $&%#!*$&! (*')e ,*'P$e()*'.

9 Re(+#$*% $e))e!!* & E#!&+ #m'*()9 *' %!e &me'** (e !e7!#+e- *' "#!#$%!)**> *! %)&!#$ ,e #'**%!e *$ !e+!e-*') %#$)*=!e $*m** $)*'e. Pe!*%&$#$ &)&m',e=*'e (+*m E#!&+e*> #!m!e =*%)&!*e* )#!%*$&! *m+&)!*= %'e-#$#* (! L-! *' )$* ,e $ J&((&=&+&$"e Cm+* M*e!$e*> ,*' 1389 (* (#+! %=$e!*$&! %!#%*)*&%%*,e')$* *' )$* ,e $ N*%&+&$e ,*' 1369. I' +!*'%*+)e$e !&m'e> S)e' %e$ M!e>(#+!'#m*) ,e P+ ,e $ R&m )$e)#$ $#* /!*()&(;> !e#(e()e ( &+!e(% me'*')!ee#!&+e' $ B&)!e$e %e()e*. C&'%&m*)e')> ,)&!*) (+*!*)#$#* %!*)*% )&) m* +!e-e')> (e,&',e()e & ' ,*me'(*#'e ,&m'* $e7**.

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m)e!*$*-!e =*(e$&! *m+e!*$e> +e %e$e$$)e %&')*'e')e> (# +e +!&+!*#$ %&')*'e') +!*'#'*))e (# & (*'7#! %&!&'K +$'#!*$e $#* N+&$e&'> S') A$*')> Re*%B#$ $#**(m!%H. I' )*m+ %e (&%*$*(m#$ , '()e!e $ *')e!')*&'$e> N*e)-(%Be =&!e()e ,e(+!e'e#'* ')*&'$*))*$&!;.

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C&'(*,e!', %#$)#! e#!&+e' % '(m$# $ *,e*$&!> (*m&$#!*$&!> )e&!**$&! %e(e !e7(e(% *' )!*!e (&%*$ =*e)**> (e +&) ,e$*m*) (#(*()eme$e %&m+e)e') )eB'*%>%&m+&!)me')#$ e%&'&m*% %!%)e!*-) ,e !)*&'$*))e> !',me')9> *',em'!e

,m*'*()!)*= %#$)#! ,!e+)#$#*9> %)*#'e +&$*)*%> %#$)#! (+*!*)#$;.D% ,e$*m*)!e (+)*#$#* e#!&+e' e()e +&(**$ ! +!e m!* ,**%#$))*> %',(e +#'e +!&$em *,e')**%!** !e7*#'*$&! (e *=e(% & (#me,e'*e ,e %&')!&=e!(e> *' #'%)*e,e %!*)e!*#$ =#) *' =e,e!e 7e&7!*%> *()&!*%> +&$*)*%> %#$)#!$> %&'e(*&'$.

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U!m!*', %&&!,&')e$e *()&!*%e> %&'())m % m"&!*))e #)&!*$&! +$(e-&!*7*'*$e *()&!*e* e#!&+e'e *' +e!*&, Im+e!*#$#* %!&$*'7*'> *' "#!#$ '#$#* 800.C!*()$*-!e Ve()#$#* e()e +$() *')!e '** 500 (* 800> %', +!)e +#(e'

Im+e!*#$#* R&m' e()e %#%e!*) ,e !!*> #$)e!*&! %e() e)*'-',#(e (+!e '&!, (* e().E#!&+ ,e e() (e '()e m* 7!e#K e (e %&')#!e- $ *'%e+#)#$ m*$e'*#$#*> *' "#!#$*-')#$#*> m&()e'*!e !(!*)e' Im+e!*#$#* R&m'.

Se +!e%*- % (+!e (!(*)#$ +e!*&,e* ,e &!m!e> %!e %&*'%*,e %# ,e#)#$ e!e*'&*> %e')!#$ e()e %+!) ,e M&(%&=.

L*'**$e ,e ,em!%)*e (#') %&'(*,e!)e * *'*)*$ 7!'*)e$e ,e e() $e !e7)e$&! +&$&'e- (* #'7! (* $e )e!*)&!**$&! O!,*'#$#* Te#)&'*% ,*' P!#(* O!*e')$. I' E=#$ Me,*#>%e()e (e =&! (#+!+#'e +e()e $*m*) e()*% Im+e!*#$#* %!&$*'7*'> !e(+e%)) +&* %# +!e%*-*e ,*&$*% $ C&'e!*') ,e $ I$) 1459.

I'%e+', %# (e%.VIII> (#,#$ E#!&+e* %!e()*'e * %&')%) %# $#me *($m*%> %!e =&%#+ Pe'*'(#$ Ie!*%. C,e!e C&'()')*'&+&$#$#* *' 1453 = ,*()!#7e Im+e!*#$

*-')*' (* ,*'()* &)&m' +)!#',e *' Pe'*'(#$ $%'*%> "#'7', ,e , &!* $ +&!)*$e V*e'e* 1520 (* 16839. O,) %# +)!#',e!e &)&m' *' E#!&+> *($m#$ = +*e!,e$A',$#(* S+'*9> #!m!e %,e!** G!',e* *' 142.

E)*',e!e Im+e!*#$#* O)&m' +e %&')*'e')#$ e#!&+e' *'%e+', %# (e%.IV> (e= +!&,#%e +e #' )e!*)&!*# (*)#) *')!e !e7*#'*$e e)!eme $e E#!&+e*> %!e = %&'()*)#*&*e%)#$ m!*$&! )e'(*#'*> ,*(+#)e (# %&'$*%)e ,*')!e +#)e!*$e ,*=e!(e$&! m&me')e*()&!*%e.

I()&!*%#$ m7B*! :e'& S-#%(> *' ()#,*#$ Ce$e )!e* !e7*#'* $e E#!&+e*; +#$*%) *'183 =&!e()e ,e E#!&+ ,e Ve()> E#!&+ %e')!$e()*% (* E#!&+ ,e E(). A%e() -&'*')e!me,*!> E#!&+ Ce')!$ (# E#!&+ %e')!$e()*% e()e $#) *' ,*(%#)*e m#$) m*,e=!eme *'(. C&')#!#!*$e (#') &!)e =7*> %&!e(+#'-)&! *m+!e"#!!*$&! (* '# %&*'%*, %#!e$*))* 7e&7!*%e.

I' (e'(#$ ,e M*))e$e#!&+> +!e %e$ m* ,e(e *' ,*(%#!(#!*$e 7e!m'e *'% ,e $R-&*#$ ,e 30 ,e '* % & '&()$7*e S')#$#* Im+e!*# !&m' 7e!m'*%. Pe')!# F!.R)-e$ 1889 (+)*#$ E#!&+e* Ce')!$e (e *')*',e ,*' A$+* +' $ M!e N&!,#$#*> ,e $C'$#$ !*)'*% +' +e %#$m*$e C!+)*$&! ,e $#'7#$ RB*'#$#* (* D#'!**. De %ee>&!) 7e!m'*$&! )!e#*e ( ()e *' %&'()*)#*!e +#)e!** %e')!$e#!&+e'e *')!e m!*$e +#)e!* m&',*$e A'7$*> R#(* (* S))e$e U'*)e;. M*))e$e#!&+ (# *(%Be'e#!&+9 *')!*' =&%#$!#$ #-#$ 7e!m' *' 114 (* e()e m!%) ,e *,e&$&7* +'7e!m'*()> **',

8


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*'(#(*) (* +!&m&=) ,e %!e,*'%*&(** *,e** ,e Re*%B. De !em!%)> *' %e() %&')e)> %Me))e!'*%B) %&'(*,e! Re*%B#$ *,e$> %e$ %!e *'%$#,e '&!,#$ I)$*e*> )e!*)&!**$e *()&!*%e $eC(e* ,e /(#!7 (* C&'e,e!)* 7e!m'*%. S#') m&)*=e$e +e')!# %!e '&)*#'e,*(+$%e ()-* (* +e')!# ,e$*m*)!e ,e '#') +'7e!m'*() (e &$&(e()e %#=')#$e')!$e#!&+ ,e %)!e #()!*e%* (* O()m*))e$e#!&+ ,e %)!e 7e!m'*. I,ee )!e-e()e

'e*'%!e,e!e !'%e-*$&!> ,e)e!m*'',#$ +e :&(e+B R&'' ( (+#' % %*'e +!&+&=,#*e()e *,ee M*))e$e#!&+e* =!e &!* ( ,*()!#7 E#!&+> &!* (& *m+*e,*%e;.Pe')!# (&%*&$&7#$ F. L*()> E#!&+ Ce')!$ & !e+!e-e') )&)e )*'#)#!*$e ,&m*')e

,e %#$)#! 7e!m' (*)#)e *')!e +!)e +#(e' (* %e !(!*)e'. I' %&'%e+)*7e&+&$*)*%*e'*$&! 7e!m'*> '#%$e#$ e()e Ge!m'* (* A#()!*.

T&m( G. M(!H +!e(e,*')e %eB&($&=% *')!e 118 (* 1359> %&'(*,e! %E#!&+ Ce')!$ %#+!*',e S#e,*> N&!=e7*> D'em!%> F*'$',> E()&'*> L*)&'*>L*)#'*> P&$&'*> CeB&($&=%*> U'7!*> I#7&($=*> R&m'*> #$7!*> A$'*> T#!%*(* G!e%*.

E()e =eB*%#$) (* )e- %&'&!m %!e* %e() -&' %#+!*',e !e7*#'*$e *'=e%*')e,*!e%) %# E#!&+ *-')*'. P&$&'e-#$ J. P&m*' (#()*'e % E#!&+ Ce')!$ +!)*'e

%!e()*'))** $)*'e> ,! &() m#$) )*m+ *'$#e')) *' m&, ,*!e%) ,e %#$)#! &!)&,&. M*,e+!)e (+#'e % '# (e +&)e =&!* ,e #'*))e %#$)#!$ ,% '# e*() %&'()**')+!)e'e')e* $ E#!&+ Ce')!$;.

U!( A$)e!m)) *m+!)(e()e *,ee $#* :%#e( L. R*,e!> %#m % %e() +!)e E#!&+e* %&'()*)#*e & %&m#'*))e ,*%)) ,e ,e()*' *' +e!*&,e ,e %!*-> %!e 7e'e!e- *' +e!m'e') '&* #)&+**;.S%!**)&!#$ %eB M. J#',e! ,e*'e()e E#!&+ Ce')!$ % & +!)e O%%*,e')#$#* $)*' "#'( (# ()+'*!e !#(e(%> %!e ,*' +#'%) ,e =e,e!e 7e&7!*% (e $*' %e')!#$ %&')*'e')#$#*> *' +!*=*') %#$)#!** e()e )!*#)! Ve()#$#*> ,! +&$*)*% e()e $e7),e E();.

D% +e')!# !#(* E#!&+ Ce')!$ e()e & *,e')*))e =7 (* % ,*()*'%)*e ,&! *')!eO%%*,e') (* O!*e')> *' 14> De+!)me')#$ ,e ()) me!*%' *'$&%#*) ,e'#m*!e ,e

E()e!' E#!&+e; %# Ce')!$ E#!&+e; ,)&!*) (%B*m!*$&! +!&,#(e ,#+ ,e-*')e7!!eU'*#'** S&=*e)*%e.P' *' '** 0 %&'(*,e!e')e e%$#(*= 7e&+&$*)*%e (* 7e&()!)e7*%e # ()) $ -

,e*'*!** %e$&! , $&%#!* e#!&+e'e. A%e()e =e'e# *' %&')!,*%)*e %# !e$*))*$e7e&7!*%e> %# 7!'*)e$e %#$)#!$e (# !e$*7*&(e. R)*#'* %!e # *')!&,#( G!e%* &!)&,&>S+'* $#* F!'%& (# P&!)#7$* $#* S$-! *' $#me $*e!; E#!&+e* O%%*,e')$e.:&%#$ +&$*)*% ,*%)) *m+!)*!e *' !e7*#'* ,*()*'%)e. E#!&+ ( *m+!)*) ,#+ %#m (*%&'()!#*) e*()e') +&$*)*% ,e & +!)e & (&%*e))e +e!m*(*=> %!e *'7,#*e %e))e'#$#**'*)*)*= (** *m+#'e !(+#',e!eK ,e %e$$) +!)e & (&%*e))e %&'()!'7e!** %!e %e!e%e))e'#$#* ( +!)*%*+e ... (** *m+#'e (%#$)!e;

O *')!e!e %!e +!e %# %ee(* *'(*()e') e()e #',e (e )e!m*' -&' Ce')!$ (*#',e *'%e+ $%'**> %!e e()e E#!&+ ,e S#, E(). Pe'*'(#$ $%'*% e()e & -&' %!e( ,e(%B*( $)e!')*= %', (+!e O!*e')#$ +!&+*)> %', (+!e O%%*,e')> $)#!* ,e E#!&+Ce')!$.

Se%. I m!%Be- *'%e+#)#$ #'e* +e!*&,e ,e )!'($)*e %)!e %e')!e$e +&$*)*%e (*%#$)#!$e $e +#(#$#*. O!)&,&*> +e $'7 +)#$ % m&,e$) %&m+&!)me')e (* +!&+*) +&+&!e> %!e) *',*=*,#$*))e S#, E()#$#* e#!&+e'. A%e() %&')!*#)*e e()e%&m+$e)) +!*' %&'()!#*!e ())e$&! ')*&'$e (* m&,e!'*-!e &!)) (&%*e))*$&!. N.I&!7 !em!% *' %&'e!*') ,e(+!e S#, E()> R#(*> ,e(* &!)&,&>> %#'&(%#) #' $)


10/103

,e()*'. A( %#m G!e%* (e ,e(%B*,e (+!e Me,*)e!'> $#me !&m'e(% (e ,e(%B*,e (+!eE#!&+ Ce')!$;. De()*'#$ '&()!# ( *m+$e)*) %# ,e()*'#$ $#m** ,'#*e'e. M* m#$)>%&'()!#%)* (* me')*'e!e ()!#%)#!*$&! +&$*)*%e *' +!*'%*+)e$e !&m'e 'e *',e+!)e- ,e-&' $%'*% (* 'e *')e7!e- *' '(m$#$ %e')!$e#!&+e'. L&%#$ R&m'*e* e()e #'#$+!)e e +!)*'e #'e* )!,*)** ,e %*=*$*-)*e;> "#%) !&$#$ #'#* %e')!# ,e %&'e*#'*.

F!&')*e!e$e me')$e> ()e!e&)*+#!*$e (#') %e$e %!e 'e &!*e')e- *' %%e+)!e-&'e$&! e#!&+e'e. Te!me'* % *-')*(m> $%'*(m> &!*e')$*(m> &%%*,e')$*(m +&) %!e (* +#'e *' m*(%!e *m7*'* +!&=&%)&!e ,e )e'(*#'*. Re7*#'*$e # )!()#!* +e!(*()e')e (*$)e$e m&*$e %!e ,# *' &',> #'*))e %&'()*e')#$#*. Re7*#'*$e (e +&) %&'()*)#* *')!&E#!&+ $*e!> ,#+ *'*))* (* *')e!e(e %&m#'e;.

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1.3. DE LA STATUL NATIUNE LA NATIUNEA EUROPEANA

E#!&+ O%%*,e')$ %&'()*e')*-) $%#'e$e +!,*7me* ')*&'$e> %!e

,&m*')& $#'7 =!eme (* )!e%#)> e%&'&m*%> +&$*)*%> ,! (* %#$)#!$> $ & ' +!,*7m>%!e *')e7!e- *')e!&7)**$e> %B*! +e %e$e ')*&'$e> +!*' &!*7*'e> (e! (* (em'**%)*$&!> *')!& &!,!e e#!&+e'. O!*-&')#$ ')*&'$ e()e *'(%!*( *' &!*-&')#$ m* %#+!*'-)&!>,! )&) m* +#)*' ()!%)> $ %&')*'e')#$#* '&()!#;. C#- ,! (* ee%) &!7'*-!ee#!&+e' +e +!*'%*+*#$ (e+!!** e')*))*$&! ')*&'$e *')! *' %!*-> *! +e ,e $) +!)e> &' &!7'*-!e> -) +e +!*'%*+*#$ #'*))** e#!&+e'e> ,e=e'*) & +!&$em (* & +!e&%#+!e +!%)*% 'em*"$&%*);.

E#!&+> #'*)! 7e&7!*%> ,+&()e()e & ,*=e!(*))e ,e +&+&!e ')*#'*> %#*',e+!))e &!*7*'* *()&!*%e> ,*=*-)e *' )!e* 7!#+#!* *m+&!)')e $)*'*> 7e!m'*%* (* ($=*.Ce$ m* ,e +!e) +!&,#( $ *()&!*e* e#!&+e'e> %%e+)) ,! (* %&')e()) *' %e$(* )*m+> e()e')*#'e. L)*'e(%#$ ')*&; ,e $ '(%* * '(%#)9 *'(em' %&m#'*))e ,e &!*7*'e.

I'%e!%!*$e ,e ,e*'*!e ')*#'** (* m* ,e+!)e *,e')*))** ')*&'$e> (#') ,*=e!(e> $ e$% (* *')e!+!e)!*$e &!m#$)e.P(%$ M'%*'* ,e*'e()e ')*#'e m&,e!' +!*')!& (&%*e))e ')#!$ ,e &me'*>

e=*,e')*) +!*' #'*))e ,e )e!*)&!*#> ,e &!*7*'*> ,e &*%e*#!*> ,e $*m> ,+)) #'e*%&m#'*))* ,e =*) (* ,e %&'()**') (&%*$;. I,e*$e Re=&$#)*e* !'%e-e ** *'(+*!!'%e-#$#* E!'e() Re'' #!m)&!e ,e*'*!e +e')!# ')*#'e & m!e %&m#'*))e(&$*,!> (#()*'#) ,e (+*!*)#$ "e!)e$&! ,#(e (* ,e %e$e +e %!e e()e B&)!) ( $e m*,#% ... V*) ')*#'** e()e #' +$e*(%*) -*$'*%;.

I()&!*%#$ me!*%' /. J&B' %e ,e&(e*!e *')!e ')*#'e =e()*% (#*e%)*= +&$*)*%9 (* %e e()*% &*e%)*= %#$)#!$9.

Ce ,*')* e()e '%&!) +#)e!'*% *' !e$*))e +&$*)*% (* *' $#+)e$e +!e-e')e> !

$e7)#!* e%)*=e %# )!e%#)#$. A , e()e %&'()!#*) ,*' m*)#$ )!e%#)#$#* (* ,*' =*(e$e$e7)e ,e =**)&!;.S# +!e(*#'e *,e&$&7**$&! e)!em*()e> %&'%e+)#$ ,e ')*#'e &() ,e=$&!*-)

%&'%e+)#$ ())#$#* (%*() *)$*'> %&m#'*))e ,e ('7e (# !( !*' (# !e$*))e)!'-*)&!*e %e #!me- * *'$&%#*) %# +&+&!#$ (&=*e)*%.

I' &!,!e ')*#'** (e !e%#!7e ,e %e$e m* m#$)e &!* $ #' (*()em ,e !ee!*').Re+e!#$ '$*()*$&! &%%*,e')$* *$ %&'()*)#*e ())#$> ! ,e %!e '# (e +&)e =&!* ,e')*#'e. T!'($)) ()e$ *' -&' "#!*,*%#$#*> e e()e %&'(*,e!) m*) (* *'=e')*e; (#(+e%)#$ #'*))** %#$)#!$e (* $ )!,*)*e* ')*&'$e. C#$)#!> &!*7*'e (* $*m (#') %)&!*(e%#',!* (# '# "&% (&$#) '*%* #' !&$. :.S. M*$$ e%B*=$e- ')*#'e %# 7#=e!'#$ +!&+!*# (* +!)e'e') ())$. I' %e() m&,e$ ')*&'$())$ (e %&'(*,e! % ())e$e

')*&'$e m&,e!'e (# %&'()*)#*) ,*' %&m#'*))*$e +&$*)*%e> % & %&m#'*))e ,e %e))e'* +e %!e (#=e!'*))e * *'7$&) *')!& ')*#'e;.De %e$$) +!)e> *' m&,e$#$ ')*&'$%#$)#!$ ,e'#m*) (* %e')!$ (# e()

e#!&+e'9 +&()#$)#$ (e #',me')e- +e e$eme')e %#$)#!$e *')e7!)e *')!#' (*()em +&$*)*%. A( %#m (+#'e L. $7> ')*#'e (e ,e*'e()e +!*' &!7'*%. S*()em#$ ,e !ee!*')*$ !e+!e-*') *,e')*))e %#$)#!$ (* %#$)#! ')*&'$> %# (%e',e') (#+! %)&!#$#* +&$*)*%. N# ')*#'e '&()! &() %!e) ,e #' ()) *!m N. I&!7 %* ())#$ '&()!# &() %!e) ,e & ')*#'e. L '&* ())#$ e()e & %!e)*e ')*#'**;. C&'(*()e') e$eme')e$&!

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(+*!*)#$e (* %#$)#!$e *$ ,e)e!m*' +e D. G#()* ( %&'(*,e!e ')*#'e & %!e)*e =&$#')!>(*'7#! !e$*))e %!e %#+!*',e #m'*))e ,e=!)> +e')!# % *'(#me- )&)e e&!)#!*$e%!e)&!e $e *',*=*-*$&!.

Me!7', +e %ee(* *,ee m'*e()!*$&! *',*=*,#$e *' %,!#$ &!7'*-)**$&!>,*e!e')*)e $ !',#$ $&! ,e &!7'*-!*$e *'7$&')e> L. C#$, e()e ,e +!e!e % ')*#'*$e

'# +&) * ,e%) &!7'*-!* (&%*$e %e *'%&!+&!e- $)e &!7'*-!* (&%*$e (*> &,)%&'()*)#*)e> $e %&',*)*&'e-> (e %e!e * %%e+)) (* *!m)* (#') *m+&(**$e*')e!=e')**$e +e!)*'e')e *' +!&%e(e (&%*$e> &!*%!e ! * %e()e> ,% (e *7'&! ')*#'*$e>%!%)e!*()*%*$e $&! % &!7'*-!* (&%*$e %e **')e- +!*' (&%*&&!7'*-!*$e %!e $e*')!e)*';.

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D% (e = "#'7e $ & (&$#)*e *')!& -*> e()e +#)*' +!&*$ (+#'e :e' e%B$e! % %e() (e = *')eme* +e & ')*#'e e#!&+e'> ,e&!e%e %$*="e$e ')*&'$e (#') m#$) +!e +!&#',e ... C#m & ')*#'e '# (e &)*'e +!*' ,e%!e)> (#%%e(e$e # &() (* (#') &!)e

=!*)e *' #'%)*e ,e %&',*)**$e ,e +$e%!e;.D*$em %!e (e *=e()e *' "#!#$ *,e')*))** e#!&+e'e e()e +!&$em $e7*)*m*))***()&!*%e %e()e*> +!e%#m (* !+&!)#$ %# *,e')*))e ')*&'$. A',!e* M!7 *,e')**%,!e+) #' &()%&$ +!*'%*+$ *' !)*%#$!e *,e')*))** e#!&+e'e> *,e')*))e %#$)#!$> +!&%e(%!e> )&%m* ,e %ee> '# (#+&!) #)*$*-!e %&'()!'7e!*$&!; (* *'()!#me')!e &!)e* ...*' %m+#!*$e %)*#'** %&m#'*%)*=e> #',e (#') ,e%=)e ()!)e7** !7#me'))*=e;. D%!m')!*$e ')*&'$e +e %m+#!*$e ,e $#+)> ,e &!*%e ')#!> # ,) '()e!e *,e')*))**')*&'$e> *' #!m #'#* +!&%e( *!e(%> ')*#'e e#!&+e' (* *,e')*))e e#!&+e' =&! *!e-#$))e$e #'#* +!&*e%) %&'%e+#) (* +$*%) %# me)*%#$&-*))e.

I' &!,!e %&'%e+)#$#* ,e ')*#'e ( !e%#!( $ e+$&!!* ,e (#+!) #)*$*-',#(e %!%)e!*()*%* %&m#'e #'e* &!7'*-!* (&%*$e. De eem+$#> me!*%'** (#') & ')*#'e

,e(* '# # & %&m#'*))e ,e ('7e;> e$=e)*e'** (#') & ')*#'e ,e(* '# # & %&m#'*))e ,e$*m;> e=!e** (#') & ')*#'e ,e(* '# # & %&m#'*))e ,e =*) e%&'&m*%;> !&m'**e'7$e-**> !'%e-**> 7e!m'** e)%.9 (#') & ')*#'e ,e(* '# # & %&m#'*))e ())$;)!*e(% *' ,*e!*)e ())e9. De %ee !e-#$))#$ #'#* (eme'e +!&%e( +&)e * +&-*)*= ,&! *' m(#! *' %!e +!&#'-*me e+$&!!*$&! = +#'e *' e=*,e') e$eme')e %&m#'e> (&$#)'e%e(!e +e')!# &!m!e #'e* ')*#'* e#!&+e'e (* ,e *%* *,e')*))** e#!&+e'e. I'*)*)&!**m*(%!** +'e#!&+e'e %&'(*,e!# %> -&' %e m* e!)*$ e()e %e (+*!*)#$> %#$)#! (*e,#%)* 7e'e!$> *,ee =$*$ (* *m+!)(*) ,e m"&!*))e )e&!e)*%*e'*$&! (* ()-*.N)*#'*$e (#') m!* (%&$* '# m!* m*$**. N)*#'*$e (#') %&m#'*))* (+*!*)#$e> %e )*'7%&e-*#'e +!*' +!&e)*> %&',#%)&!*> e,#%)&!* (* ,(%$*. I,e*$e +#!))&!e $e #'e* ')*#'* +)!#', +!*' '#me!&(e %'$e *' %&'()**') m(e$&! ... A()e$> ')*#'*$e (#') m!*%&m#'*))* $e (+*!*)#$#*;.

N# )!e#*e #*)) *'( % &)*'e!e %&m#'*-!** (+*!*)#$e> %e!*') #',me')$ +e')!# %&')#!!e ')*#'** e#!&+e'e> e()e m*"$&%*) ,e %&m#'*-!e e%&'&m*%> +&$*)*%>*'()*)#)*&'$. Dem!"#$ %&'()!#%)*e* e#!&+e'e *'%&!+&!) *' T!))#$ ,e $ R&m; (*!e$*-!*$e &)*'#)e # %$*))e ,e *')!* e+$*%)**$e =&!*$e %e()e* *,e*. I'(>)!e#*e ( =em #' *')e!*&! (* #' e)e!*&!. A)) )*m+ %) E#!&+ )!*e()e '#m* *' !> *'m)e!*e> e '# +&)e * E#!&+> )!e#*e ( * #' (+*!*)> #' *')e!*&! Q =**)&!e %*=*$*-)*e= * %#) +!*' *')e!me,*#$ &m#$#*; CB!*()*' ,e !)*$$)9. M* %&'%!e)> %%e+)

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'&!me$e e#!&+e'e *'(em' )!,#%e *' =*) %&'%$#-**$e 7',*!** %e$&! %!e +!)*'m*$*e* )$e $!7*)e;. A. D#)#9

C&m#'*-!e (+*!*)#$ !e%$m) ,e +!e(#+#( ')*#'e e#!&+e'> *'(em' *'%e$e ,*' #!m ,e+(*!e +!)*%#$!*))*$&! (+e%**%e e')*))*$&! ')*&'$e (* ())$e> '# *'(*7'&!!e (# e$*m*'!e %e()&!> (* )*'7e!e +e!&!m')e* ,e 7',* e#!&+e'. Ce

*'(em' %e() $#%!# A 7',* e#!&+e' *'(em' &!m!e #'e* me')$*))* (* +!%)*%*e#!&+e'e m)e!*$*-) +!*' +!)*%*+!e %&'()*e') $ *m&7)*!e m&()e'*!** e#!&+e'e +!*' +#'e!e *' =$&!e )&%m* +!)*%#$!*))*$&! ')*&'$e m*')*)e. C&'=*'7e!*$e>=$&!*$e> me)&,e$e ,e !(+#'( *m+!)(*)e ,e mem!** =**)&!e* %&m#'*))* e#!&+e'e>%&'()*)#*)e *' +!,*7m e#!&+e';> (e ,&!e(% * ,*e!*)e ,e %e$e ')*&'$e +!,*7m')*&'$;9 +!*' (&$*,!*))e *' %&',*)**$e #'#* ,e()*' %&m#'> #' (e'( (#+e!*&! $ =*e)** +e!%e+#)e % #'*%; A. M!79.

E*()e') $)e!')*=e$&! *' +!*=*') +!)e'e')e* $ =**)&!e #'*))e e#!&+e' +&)e * (#*e%)#$ #'e* *')!e!* $e7*)*me. D!> *' %&',*)**$e #'#* !e#- 7e'e!$ $ *-&$!**>e()e *m+e!)*= (&%*e!e $ *,e*$e +!&+7)e ,e e+*%e')!#$; %*=*$*-)*e* e#!&+e'e>*',*e!e') #',e e()e $&%$*-) ()-*.

A &() C&'()')*'&+&$#$ (* I()'#$#$> +&* P!*(> V*e' (* e!$*'> %#m e()eO%%*,e')#$. I')e$e7em +!*' %*=*$*-)*e> %ee %e %&'%*( e+!*m) A.!#,e$> e$*)#m'*))**; (* '# e$&!!*$e )e',e')*&(e (# ,*(%!*m*')&!** =e-* /#')*'7)&'9. Se +&)*')!e)*'e ,e-)e!* '#m* *' +!*=*') %*$&! m&,$*))*$&! (* m*"$&%e$&! #)*$*-)e +e')!#)*'7e!e )e$#$#*. S)!)e7* e()e #' (*'7#!> )%)*%*$e (#') m* m#$)e.

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1.4. NASTEREA SI EVOLUTIA IDEII DE EUROPA UNITA

C!*-e$e +!&#',e %!&! E#!&+ &() &$*7) ( $e % )> # ,) '()e!e *,e**

e#!&+e'e> # !e$'()& (* *')!e)*'#)& ,e ))e &!* +e +!%#!(#$ (e%&$e$&!.I')!& '$*- e'&me'#$#* %&'()**')e* e#!&+e'e> I&(* C&'()')*' D!7' *'I,e$#!* (* ,e()*'e;9 *,e')**% #'e* (),** ,e e=&$#)*e %&!e(+#'-)&!e *'%e!%!*$&! ,em)e!*$*-!e.

9 (),*#$ *&$&7*%; – +e!*&, +&+#$!** (+)*#$#* %e (e = '#m* E#!&+> ,e %)!e7!#+#$ *',&e#!&+e'> %!%)e!*-) +!*' &m&7e'*))e *&$&7*%.

9 (),*#$ 7e&7!*%; – %&!e(+#',e +e!*&,e* + !&m'; *' %!e R&m *'%e!%!e%e!e ())#$#* e#!&+e'> -) +e #'*))e *&$&7*% (* ,*=*-) *')!e )*m+ *' 7!#+#!*e)'*%e.

%9 (),*#$ (+*!*)#$; – %!%)e!*-) +!*' (+*!*)#$*))e $)*'.,9 (),*#$ !'%e-; – Re=&$#)* F!'%e-> ee%) $ %)*#'*$&! ,e #'*=e!($*-!e

&m#$#*> !e#(e()e ( ,e =$&!e +!)*%#$!*(me$&! e#!&+e'e> )!'(&!m',#$e *' ')*#'*.e9 (),*#$ e#!&+e'; – m!%) ,e )e'))*=e$e ,e *,e')**%!e #'#* m&,e$ +&$*)*% +) (7e()*&'e-e *' m&, %&!e(+#'-)&! %&'=*e)#*!e ')*#'*$&! +e %&')*'e').

Ce$e &+) %!#%*,e $e E#!&+e* %!e()*'e +e')!# !e%#+e!!e $&%#!*$&! (*')e>*m+$e)*)e %# (e)e ,e +#)e!e #'&! !e7*> $# *'$#e')) +e $&!e')*'#$ D')e A$*7B*e!*126513219 ( (e 7',e(% $ & P#)e!e (#+!em %!e ( !*)!e-e $*)*7**$e m&'!B*$&! e#!&+e'*> +e - !e(+e%)!** ,*=e!(*))** ,e +&+&!e (* &*%e*#!*;. Re+!e-*') *,ee#'**%!** (# & m&'!B*e #'*%> *'(+*!) ,*' (+)*#$ !&m' D M&'!%B*> 13039.

P*e!!e D#&*(> %&')em+&!' %# D')e> #)&! $ +!*m#$#* (*()em ,e 7',*!e*')e!')*&'$*()> De !e%#+e!)*&'e Te!!e S'%)e 13051309 ** (#7e!e- !e7e$#* F*$*+%e$ F!#m&( $ F!')e* %&'()*)#*!e #'e* Re+#$*%* %!e()*'e Re+#$*#e )!e( %B!e)*e''e9 %#

#' %&'(*$*# $ (#=e!'*$&!> *$*)) ( ,&+)e B&)!!* ,e %&'%*$*e!e. P!&+#( e,e!)*e)!e#* ( !e%#+e!e-e (* +m')#!*$e (*')e &%#+)e ,e m#(#$m'*.D#+ R-&*#$ ,e & (#) ,e '* 13314509 +#!)) ,e A'7$* *m+&)!*= F!')e*>

%e() *,ee e()e +!e$#) *' 1464 ,e !e7e$e &em*e*> Ge&!7e( P&,*e!,> %!e (+e! *'%!e!e #'e* $*7* !e+!e-e')')*$&! (#=e!'*$&!> C&'7!e7)*& C&'%&!,*e. C&'%e+#) *' +!*'%*+$ +e')!# ()=*$* +e!*%&$#$ &)&m' +&-*)*e $ %!e ( $)#!) (* M)e* C&!=*'9> +!&*e%)#$ +&!'e ,e $ +!*'%*+**$e '&'7!e(*#'** (* "#)&!#$#* m#)#$ (* $'( +!&+#'e!e#'#* (*()em +&$*)*% e#!&+e'> %&m+#( ,*' A,#'!e> C#!)e ,e "#()*)*e> #7e) %&m#'>!m) %&m#'.

Pe )*m+#$ (* ,#+ R-&*#$ ,e 30 ,e '* 161816489 *' %!e> !e$*7* e()eme()e%) %# +&$*)*% (* *'%Be*) %# T!))#$ ,e $ e()$* %e() m!%Be- *'%e+#)#$

())#$#*')*#'e *' E#!&+9> ,e=*' )&) m* !e%=e')e +$'#!*$e ,e e,e!$*-!e.Eme!*% C!#%e %#+!*',e *' (*()em#$ (# ,e &!7'*-!e *')e!')*&'$> ,*' $#%!!e>Le '=e# m&e' ,e)$*! #'e +* 7e'e!$e e) $ $*e!) ,e %&me!%e +! )) $em&',e; 16239 )&)e +&+&!e$e $#m**> *',*e!e') ,e %!e,*') *'%$#(*= T#!%*> :+&'*9.A,#'!e Pe!m'e') %# (e,*#$ $ V*e'> $%)#*) ,*' !e+!e-e')')* * )#)#!&! +&+&!e$&! #!m ( (&$#)*&'e-e %&'$*%)e$e +e - +!*'%*+**$&! "#!*,*%e.

S#$$> &() m*'*()!# $ !e7e$#* F!')e*> /e'!*% $ IV$e> (# )*)$#$ M!e$e +!&*e%)$ $#* /e'!*% $ IV$e; *' 1638 *(* ,e-=&$) %&'%e+)* ( ,e(+!e & E#!&+ $%)#*) ,*' 15

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())e *',e+e',e')e ((e m&'!B** e!e,*)!e> ((e m&'!B** e$e%)*=e (* )!e* !e+#$*%*e,e!$e9> %&',#( ,e %&'(*$**> ,*')!e %!e 6 %# %&m+e)e')e (* (e,** !e7*&'$e D'-*7> N#!'e!7> V*e'> &$&7'> ...9K %e$ ,e $ (+)e$e> C&'(*$*#$ &!)e %!e()*'; (# C&'(*$*#$ E#!&+e*; ! * )!)) +!&$eme ,e *')e!e( %&m#' (* )!e#* ( %#+!*', ,e$e7)* ,*' )&)e())e$e +!)*%*+')e $ #'*#'e. I' (+!*"*'#$ %e()#* %&'(*$*# (e +!e=e,e (* & !m)

%&m#'.!*)'*%#$ *$$*m Pe'' +!&+#'e +e')!# +!*m ,) *' E(e# +e')!# +%e %)#$(* =**)&!e E#!&+e*; 1639 & (%Bem *' %!e *,ee #'**%!** e()e +#( +e & -'&'!e$*7*&(. P!&+#'e & e,e!)*e +e')!# %&$&'**$e me!*%'e !e$*-) ,e $)e$ (* *'mem&!* %!#* ( ,) '#me$e Pe''($='*e*9 (* (*m*$! & e,e!)*e e#!&+e'. S#7e!e-& 7#=e!'!e E#!&+e* +!*')!& D*e) %&m+#( ,*' !e+!e-e')')** ())e$&! *' %!e ,e%*-**$e! * $#)e %# & m"&!*))e ,e )!e* +)!*m* *! D*e) ! * ,&)) %# & &!) !m).

A)e$e ,e S*')P*e!!e *' +$'#$ ,e +%e +e!+e)#> P* Pe!+e)#e$$e; 1129> +!&+#'e #' Se') e#!&+e' %# +#)e!* $e7*($)*=e (* "#,*%*!e %&m+#( ,*' 40 ,e mem!**%!e ( (e !e#'e(% $ /7. E()e &!m#$) +e')!# +!*m ,) +!*'%*+*#$ 7!')*e*)e!*)&!*$e %!e = +!e #$)e!*&! *' P%)#$ S&%*e))** N)*#'*$&!> !).109. S#') %&'(em')e

,!e+) %&',*)** $*') (#=e!'*$&!> !e(+e%)!e ,e%*-**$&! (e')#$#* (* *')e!=e')* %&$e%)*=*m+&)!*= ())e$&! !e%$%*)!')e. A%e() +!&*e%) e()e %&'(*,e!) ,e TB. R#((e# *' m&me')#$ +#$*%!**> ,!e+) #' =*( %!e '# = *'%e) ( ()!#*e *' %&'()**') #m'*))**;.

P$'#$ #'**%!** e#!&+e'e $ %!,*'$#$#* A$e!&'* 1359 *'%Be*e +e!*&, +!&*e%)e$&! *',!e+))e (+!e $#'7!e )#!%*$&! ,*' E#!&+> *! ,#+ R-&*#$ ,e (+)e '*1561639> %!e m!%Be- ,e#)#$ +!)"#$#* (e!e$&! ,e *'$#e')> m"&!*))e *,e*$&! =&! =e % (%&+ +%**%!e e#!&+e'.

F*$&(&#$ 7e!m' Imm'#e$ J') ='(e- *' #m e*7e' F!*e,e'; A(#+! +%** e)e!'e> 159> %# &%-* T!))#$#* ,e $ (e$> #!m)&!e$e +!&+#'e!* e,e!$*-!e())e$&! $*e!e *')!#' ()) ,e ')*#'*> +) ( 7!')e-e $*e!))e %e))e'*$&! (*K,em&%!)*-!e ())e$&! mem!e +!*' +$*%!e #'e* %&'()*)#)** !e+#$*%'eK +!%)*%!e

#'e* ,*+$&m)** ,e(%B*(eK ,e-!m!e (* ,e(**')!e !m)e$&! +e!m'e')eK %&',m'!e&!*%!#* me()e% *' )!e#!*$e *')e!'e $e $)&! ())e. I'$#e') $#%!!** (#+! +!e(e,*')e$#*&&,!& *$(&' (* *' (+e%*$ (#+! P!&7!m#$#* *' 14 +#'%)e $ %e()#* = *%&'(*,e!*$.

O,) %# '()e!e ())e$&!')*#'e> +e - +!*'%*+*#$#* ')*&'$*))*$&!> (e,*=e!(**% (* *,e*$e ,e(+!e &!7'*-!e %&')*'e')#$#* e#!&+e'. D#%e$e ,e S*')S*m&'=e,e E#!&+ %&',#( ,e ,e+#))* $e(* ,e %&!+&!)** (&%*$*())eB'&%!)*9> D&m' ,eS)e$ %!e,e *')!#' (+*!*) e#!&+e'> ,e )!'(&!m!e E#!&+e* *')!#' ()) e,e!)*= (# &m&'!B*e #'*% +$'#!*$e '+&$e&'*e'e9> *! (&%*$*()#$ !'%e- P!,B&' +!&+#'e *'1863 & %&'e,e!)*e ,e %&'e,e!)**; %&m+#( ,*' e,e!)** (#%%e(*=e %&m#'e> +!&=*'%**9.

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I' %&'%$#-*e +' $ +!*m#$ !-&* m&',*$ *()&!* *,e** e#!&+e'e e()e m!%) ,e%)e= m&me')e *m+&!)')e *'%e!%!*$e ,e %&'()*)#*!e m&'!B*e* #'*=e!($e; *' (+)*#$e#!&+e' ,e %)!e C!&$ #*')#$ *' (e%&$#$ VIK *'%e!%!*$e B(#!7*%e ,e &!7'*-!e

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%&')*'e')#$#* (# ,e=*- A#()!*e e() *m+e!!e &!* #'*=e!(; I* e()e ,) A#()!*e* (%&',#% $#me9> +!*' %#%e!*!* m*$*)!e (* *'!#,*!* ()!)e7*%e %# $)e %(e !e7$eK +$*%!e*,e*$&! Re=&$#)*e* !'%e-e ,e %)!e N+&$e&' +e')!# %&'()*)#*!e #'e* E#!&+e +&$*)*%e (*e%&'&m*%e. E(e%#$ '+&$e&'*' = , '()e!e *'( D*!e%)&!)#$#* e#!&+e'. De +)>C&'7!e(#$ ,e $ V*e' (e+)em!*e 1814 *#'*e 18159 !e+!e-*') !e%&'()!#%)* E#!&+e*

(# )#)e$ %e$&! P)!# M!*> !e#'*)* m* )!-*# *' C=,!#+$ A$*') *'()!#me')#$ ,e+!!e (#=e!'*$&! $e7*)*m*;. I'!'7e!e !e=&$#)**$&! ,e $ 1848 = *'(em' me')*'e!e*,e** ,&! (# &!m (+*!)**$&! (%!**)&!*$&!> *$&(&*$&! (* +&$*)*%*e'*$&! /#7&> N*e)-(%Be>/e7e$> N+&$e&' $ III$e9.

De !em!%) *'( %)*#'*$e 7e!m'e ,*' %e() +e!*&, +e')!# !e$*-!e #'e*#'*#'* e%&'&m*%e. E%&'&m*()** 7e!m'* F. L*() (* N*e'*#( +!&+#'> *' =!*')e +!&+!**>!e$*-!e +!*' 'e7&%*e!* m#$)*$)e!$e #'e* C&m#'*))* e%&'&m*%e *' %,!#$C&'e,e!)*e* 7e!m'*%e. I' m!)*e 1833 !e $&% (em'!e )!))#$#* %!e *'()*)#*U'*#'e '=$ 7e!m' %#'&(%#) (# '#me$e ,e &$=e!e*';. A *')!) *' #'%)*#'e $ 1*'#!*e 1834 (* !e#'*) %*'%* ())e P!#(*> =!*> #!)e'#!7 (* %e$e , /e((e.U$)e!*&! (e = e)*',e $ 25 ,e ())e mem!e. *(m!H = ,&) U'*#'e =m$ %#

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S!(*)#$ +!*m#$#* !-&* m&',*$ m!%Be- *e(*!e Ame!*%** ,*' *-&$)*&'*(m (**m+$*%!e %)*= +!e(e,*')e$#* . *$(&' *' m)e!*$*-!e *,e** ,e #'**%!e e#!&+e'>% +!)e %&m+&'e') +!&%e(#$#* ,e #'**%!e ())e$&! $#m**. E#!&+ %#'&()e %#m, %&'%e+)** ,e(+!e =**)&!e ( %&'()!#%)*e P!*m !e *' =e,e!e %&&+e!!e !,e+(*!e (#=e!'*))*$&! ())$e> *! %e ,e , ,e+(*!e %e()e* (#=e!'*))* +!*')!#' +!&%e( ,e *')e7!!e.

Pe $*'* %e$e* ,e , %&'%e+)**> e,e!$*()> %&')e$e R*%B!, G! C,e'B&=e

J$e!7* +#$*% $ V*e'> ,#+ T!))#$ ,e $ S*')Ge!m*'> m'*e()#$ P'e#!&+;> *'%!e !) % P!&$em E#!&+e* (e !e,#%e $ , %#=*')e #'**%!e (# +!#(*!e;. E$%!e,e % ,e%$*'#$ E#!&+e* e()e & #!m!e ,e%$*'#$#* e* m&!$ E#!&+ ,e+*',e ,ee#!&+e'* ... D!#m#$ (+!e & *''&*!e e)*%** e#!&+e'e ,#%e $ B*+e!e)*% – ,!#m#$ (+!e*''&*!e +&$*)*%** e#!&+e'e ,#%e $ +' – E#!&+. /*+e!e)*% =!e ( !e%$,e(% e)*% %e( +!#(*) *' (+*!*)#$ $#* C&'#%*#( (* S&%!)e> G&e)Be (* N*e)-(%Be> ! *+&)e%*,&7m)*%e> +e #',me')e$e =e('*%e $e !#m#(e)**. M*(%!e +'e#!&+e' =!e (*m+$*'e(% )e()me')#$ +&$*)*% $ $#* J')> N+&$e&' (* M-*'* (* ( +#' *' $&%#$E#!&+e* ,e()!m)e & E#!&+ $*e! (* e,e!)*=. A%e() +%e e#!&+e' ,#!*$ )!e#*e( %!ee-e %,!#$ +e')!# & ' *'$&!*!e %#$)#!** e#!&+e'e;. S# +)!&'"#$ %&')e$#*>#!m!e #'#* C&'7!e( )*'#) $ V*e' *' 126> +!e m*(%!e U'*#'e P'e#!&+e'.

D'e-#$ /ee!&!,)> *' e(e#$ E#!&+ C&m#'*#(; +#$*%) *' 124> %!*)*%($*%*#'e S&%*e))** N)*#'*$&! +!*=*', *')e!-*%e!e !e%#!7e!** $ !-&* (* $'(e- *,ee*'+)#*!** #'#* ()) e,e!$ e#!&+e' +!*' $%)#*!e #'#* (*()em *'()*)#)*&'$ E#!&+e%&m#'*#(; & ,#'!e +!$me')!> #' ,*!e%)&!) ,e (e* ,e ())e %# ,!e+) ,e =e)&> #'m*'*()e! e,e!$ !(+#'-)&! *' ) ,#'!**> #' !e7*m (+e%*$ +e')!# 7!*%#$)#! (* & +e!*&, ,e )!'-*)*e *'*')e ,e !e$*-!e #'e* #'*#'* =m$e.

A$!e, N&((* 1249 +!e-*') +!&*e%)#$ #'e* N&* E#!&+e; %!e ( % )%&'%#!e')e* me!*%'e (* e+'(*#'** (&=*e)*%e> *! G()&' R*&' 1269> #)&!#$ %!)**

16


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E#!&+e> #' +)!*e; +!&+#'e & U'*#'e e%&'&m*% (* =m$. E,!, /e!!*&) 1309%&'(*,e! 'e%e(! !e$*-!e #'e* *')e$e7e!* e#!&+e'e *' %,!#$ S&%*e))** N)*#'*$&!> %# +!&+!*#$ (e%!e)!*) +e!m'e') (* +!&+!**$e %&'e!*')e.

A!*()*,e !*', 121309 !$**',#(e '&)*#'** ,e e,e!$*(m> +!&+#'e *')!#',*(%#!( )*'#) +e (e+)em!*e 12> *' ) %e$e* ,e 10 (e(*#'* A,#'!** S&%*e))**

N)*#'*$&! & $e7)#! e,e!$ *')!e +&+&!e$e e#!&+e'e. C!e, % *')!e +&+&!e$e %!e(#') 7!#+)e 7e&7!*%> ( %#m (#') +&+&!e$e E#!&+e*> )!e#*e ( e*()e #' $*')e,e!$;. D!> +!e%*-e- e$> '# = )!e#* ( )*'7 (#=e!'*))e '*%* #'e* ,*')!e')*#'*$e %!e ! +#)e %e +!)e ,*' %e() (&%*)*e;. Mem&!',#m#$ %!e #!me-e()e !e(+*'( *'( ,e M!e !*)'*e (* +!*=*) %# +!#,e') ,e %e$e$$)e ())e> **', *')e!+!e))(# &!m #'#* ' !+&!) ,e ,&m*'!e e()e =&! ,e mem&!',#m#$ +!*=*', U'*#'eFe,e!$ E#!&+e';> !e,%)) ,e A$e*( Le7e! (* +!e-e')) A,#'!** S&%*e))** N)*#'*$&! +e 1 m* 1309.

T&)e %e()e +$'#!* (e =&! $&=* *'( ,e &+&-*)* ')*&'$*()*$&! (* %&m#'*()*$&!> (%#m =e ( %&'())e %&')e$e J$e!7* $ ,&*$e !-&* m&',*$ &()> *' &',> '# #'!-&* *')!e ')*#'*$e e#!&+e'e> %* *'!#')!e *')!e )!e* *,e&$&7**> $ %!&! )e$ e! & E#!&+

#'*). U' !-&* *')!e /*)$e!> S)$*' (* CB#!%B*$$. /*)$e! =&* & E#!&+ #'*) (#%&',#%e!e %e$#* ,e$ III$e Re*%BK S)$*' =&* & m!e E#!&+ %&m#'*()K CB#!%B*$$ +!e$#(e +!&7!m#$ +'e#!&+e' $ #'e* E#!&+e $*e!e (* #'*)e;.

I' #$)*m** '* * %e$#* ,e$ ,&*$e !-&* m&',*$> 7!#+#!*$e ,e !e-*()e')e *(* +#' +!&$em &!,*'** +&()e$*%e> ,*' +e!(+e%)*= #'*))** e#!&+e'e m*(%!e L#+); *'F!')> 7!#+#$ P!)*,#$ ,e %)*#'e; *' I)$*. I')!#' +!&*e%) ,e ,e%$!)*e> %e()e =&! %&'())> $ Ge'e= *' 144> % *' *')e!=$#$ #'e* (*'7#!e 7e'e!)**> E#!&+ &()e+*%e')!#$ , %&'$*%)e m&',*$e %!e> *')* ,e )&)e> # =#) % &!*7*'e e*()e') )!e*-e%* ,e ())e (#=e!'e +e %e() %&')*'e'). E()e *m+&!)') ( !eme,*em %e() '!B*e +!*' %!e!e #'e* U'*#'* e,e!$e *')!e +&+&!e$e e#!&+e'e;.

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1.5. INTEGRARE SAU UNIFICARE

I' '** 50 +!#) '&)*#'e ,e %&m#'*))e;> *' (e'(#$ ,e e')*))e %e$&! ((e )!*

&',)&!e A'7$*> Q.9 %!e +e')!# #'** %&')*'e e$eme')e ,e *')e7!!e> *! +e')!# $)**=e #' (e'( #'%)*&'$. M* )!-*# ( "#'( $ #' %&'(e'(> %#m % &!m!eC&m#'*))**; e()e ,e +) #' +!&%e( %!e (e '#me()e *')e7!!e. D#+ 10> A',!e* M!7#)*$*-e- '&)*#'e ,e #'**%!e +!e-e')', ,*e!e')e$e )e!m*'&$&7*%e (* ,#%',!7#me')e *' =&!e &$&(*!** %e()#*. I')e7!!e !e+!e-*') =!*') m&,e!); +e%', #'**%!e e()e +e!(+e%)*= !,*%$;.

Te!me'#$ ,e *')e7!!e +!e(#+#'e *'%$#,e!e #'#* e$eme') ()!*' *')!#' '(m$#(# &!m!e #'#* '(m$# ,*' e$eme')e e)e!&7e'eK !e#'*!e *')!#' )&) %&e!e') #'&! e$eme')e ,*=e!(e> *' (%&+#$ !e$*-!** #'*))**. M#$)*)#,*'e *')!e#*')!*$&! *' *$&(&*e> +(*B&$&7*e> e%&'&m*e> +&$*)*% m)em)*%> # ,) )e!me'#$#* & m!e $e**$*))e.

I' $*m"#$ e%&'&m*%> ,e eem+$#> %e() )e!me' (e &$&(e()e> *' 7e'e!$> +e')!#

(#$*'* %!e()e!e *')e!,e+e',e')e$&! ,*')!e e%&'&m**$e ')*&'$e *' ,e-)e!*$e +!*=*',%&&+e!!e e%&'&m*% m#$)*$)e!$ !e7*&'$ (# (#!e7*&'$. P!&$em)*% *')e7!!**e%&'&m*%e e=&$#) *' +e!*&, +&()e$*% (# &!m )e&!*e* #'*#'*$&! =m$e (* -&'e$&! ,e $*e! (%B*m> +*) %&m#'> #'*#'e e%&'&m*% (* m&'e)!. D#+ M. e> *')e7!!ee%&'&m*% (e ,e*'e()e +!*' %e %) m* %&m+)**$e +$'#!*$e %e')!e$&! ,e ,e%*-*e. ...

A%e() *')e7!!e ! #!m ( *e %&',#( ,e & #)&!*))e (# ,e #' '(m$# ,e#)&!*))* (* +!e(#+#'e +&$*)*%* %&m#'*)!e ... +!e%#m (* & +$'**%!e %&m#'*)!;. Pe')!#. $((> *')e7!!e % +!&%e(> %#+!*',e ,*=e!(e m(#!* +e')!# &$*!e ,*(%!*m*'!*$&! *')!e #'*))* e%&'&m*%e ')*&'$e> *! % (*)#)*e ,e +) (em'**% (e') ,*(%!*m*'!*$&! ,*')!e e%&'&m**$e ')*&'$e;. :. T*me!7e' %&'%e+e *')e7!!e % **', & %e')!$*-!e&+)*m$ +&$*)*%** e%&'&m*%e;.

De (eme'e e'&me'#$ ,e *')e7!!e> e()e '$*-) '# '#m* % +!&%e( $ %!e()e!***')e!,e+e',e')e$&! %&m+&'e')e$&! (*()em#$#* e%&'&m*% ')*&'$> %* (* (# !+&!)#$%&'()*)#*!** #'#* '(m$# ,e !e$)** (+e%**%e *')!e ())e. Se &$&(e()e. *' '#m*)e ,&me'**,*()*'%)e – +&$*)*%> m*$*)!> e%&'&m*% – +e')!# %!%)e!*- +!&+*e!e ())e$&!> *'%&',*)**$e *' %!e %e()e # %&'=e'*) ( #!me-e *m+!e#' &*e%)*=e ,e)e!m*')e.

F. Pe!! *')!&,#%e *' '$*- e$eme')e % #'*))* m&)!*%e;> ee%)e ,e')!e'!e;> %&'(*,e!', *')e7!!e % **', & %&m*')*e ,e #'*))* m&)!*%e (* ,e me,**+!&+*)e;. A%e() ! =e ee%)e> +&-*)*=e (# 'e7)*=e> +!*' ')#! %)*#'*$&! $ %!ee()e (#+#( me,*#$ +!*' #'*))*$e m&)!*%e> ,e=!)e$e &!)e $e *')e7!!**. D#+ e$> +!&$em #',me')$ e()e %e (e *')e7!e-> *' e'e*%*#$ %#* (e &+e!e- *')e7!!e;

Te&!e)*%*e'** &%%*,e')$* +!e-*') m* m#$)e m&,$*))* ,e *')e7!!e> ,#+ '*=e$#$

,e *')e'(*))e. I' +!*m#$ !', ! * !'"me')#$ +e - %e$#* m* m*% '#m*)&! %&m#';>*' %,!#$ %!#* %)*#'e '# ,e+(e()e '*=e$#$ %e$&! m* !e,#(e %&'%e(** +e %!e =!e ( $e% #'#$ ,*')!e +!)e'e!*. A$ ,&*$e ! * !'"me')#$ ,e *m+!)*!e ,*e!e',#$#*;> *'%!e +!)*$e !m' e7$e (* #)&'&me> ,! ,m*) *')e!=e')* #'e* #)&!*))* )e!)e. U$)*m#$>!'"me')#$ $ '*=e$#$ *')e!e(#$#* %&m#' %e$ m* *'$);> *' %!e +!)*$e %, ,e %&!, (!e,e*'e(% %&'$*%)#$ $ '*=e$ (#+e!*&!.

A',!e* M!7 *')!&,#%e )e!me'#$ ,e #'**%!e e#!&+e';> (+#'', % %e$ ,e*')e7!!e e#!&+e' %&+e! m* *'e %ee %e ( +e)!e%#) +' %#m *' E#!&+

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O%%*,e')$ & %#+$!e e%&'&m**$&! (* *'()*)#)**$&!> ,e $ %e$e "#!*,*%e> )!e%', +!*' %e$ee,#%)*&'$e> $ %e$e %#$)#!$e> *' ( e$ *'%) C&m#'*))e E#!&+e' ( #'%)*&'e-e (#%) m* m#$)e (+e%)e % #' *')!e7. A*%* )e!me'#$ *')e7!!e !e & (em'**%)*e +!&+*) ,e%e ,*' $*m"#$ %#!e')> +!*' e$ *')e$e7',#(e ()*$*!e #'e* *')e!,e+e',e')e %!e(%',e*')!e )!*$e %&m#'*)!e> *'%)> )!e+))> e$e ( ,e=*' +!)* $e #'#* *')!e7;.

S)#,**$e e#!&+e'e ='(e- , )e&!** *' +!*=*') *')e7!!**. I')e7!!e &!m$e()e *')e$e( (# (+e%)#$ (%B*m!** !e7$eme')!*$&! +e')!# !e$*-!e %&m+)**$*))***')!e +!)e'e!* (* (*7#!!e #'e* ,e+$*'e #'%)*&'$*))* %&m#'*))**. Ce ,e ,>*')e7!!e *'&!m$> !e *' =*-&! &)*'e!e #'e* ,*'m*%* %&'()!#%)*=e !e$)**$&! (*(*()eme$&! ,e %&m#'*%)*e.

A!7#me')e$e #)&!#$#* (#( me')*&')> ,#(e *' =&!e '&)*#'** ,e #'**%!ee#!&+e' (e !ee! *' +!*m#$ !', $ (%&+#$ +&$*)*% $ +!&%e(#$#* e#!&+e'> %&'&!m !).2$ T!))#$#* ,e $ R&m> %!e (#&!,&'e- *')e7!!e (e%)&!*$ *')!& m&,$*))e +!*'%!e %&m#'*))e !e ,!e+) m*(*#'e> +!*' *'()*)#*!e #'e* +*e)e %&m#'e (* +!*' +!&+*e!e +!&7!e(*= +&$*)*%*$&! e%&'&m*%e $e ())e$&! mem!e> ( +!&m&=e-e & ,e-=&$)!e!m&'*&( %)*=*))*$&! e%&'&m*%e *' *')!e7 C&m#'*))e> & e)*',e!e %&')*'# (*

e%B*$*!)> & ()*$*))e %!e(%#)> & !*,*%!e %%e$e!) '*=e$#$#* ,e =*) (* !e$)** (* m*()!'(e *')!e ())e$e +e %!e $e !e#'e()e;. A$ ,&*$e !7#me') ,#( e()e *'(#*%*e') +&)e')*$*))e ) ,e +!e=e,e!*$e A%&!,#$#* ,e $ M()!*%B)> ,e()*')e ( %&'(&$*,e-eU.E.> %B*! ,% +e')!# +e!*&, C&m#'*))** E#!&+e'e )e!me'#$ e! ()*(%)&!. A$)!e*$e !7#me') !e % (#*e%) +e!(+e%)*= *',e+!)) (%&+#$#* *'$ (* +&(**$*))ee=$#!** +e!*&,*%e +!&%e(#$#*> %&!e(+#'-)&! e)+e$&! +!%#!(e.

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1.6. ROMÂNII SI EUROPENISMUL

A(e-)* *')!#' (+)*# ,e *')e!e!e')e +&$*)*%e> %&me!%*$e> %#$)#!$e (* ()!)e7*%e>

!&m'** # &() ,*')&),e#' +#!))&!** #'e* %&'()**')e e#!&+e'eK !7#me')e$e (#')&!*7*'e e)'*%> *()&!*> %#$)#!> =*) (+*!*)#$. P!*' #!m!e> *!m!e 'e%e(*))***')e7!!** e#!&+e'e> *me,*)e> e()e m* m#$) ,e%) $(. P&)e * %%e+)) ,&! *'=e!(*#'e $*'*e!** $ ()',!,e$e &%%*,e')$e> +e')!# '#$!e B',*%+#$#* *'%&')e()*$>*' m#$)e ,&me'**> ,)&!) !e7*m#$#* ,*%))&!*$ ,*' +e!*&, +&()e$*%.

I'% ,e $ *!m!e +&$*)*%> *' (e%.IV> P!*'%*+)e$e !&m'e (#') (%e' #'&! %&'!#')!* +#)e!'*%e +&$*)*%e (* %&'e(*&'$e. E$e =&! (+!*"*'* =e%B*$e +)!*!B** – Ie!#($*m> A')*&B*> A$e',!*> C&'()')*'&+&$ – %#) (+!*"*' $ R&m> %!e()*'*(m#$%!e', %e!)*)#,*'e +!)e'e')e* $ & %&m#'*))e #'*=e!($> % &!m (#+e!*&! ,e%*=*$*-)*e. C&'()*)#*)e *' ,e=!)e ()*&'e $e %!e()*'))**> P!*'%*+)e$e !&m'e =&! *%#+!*'(e *' +$'#!*$e ,e %!#%*,e> *! +!*'%*+** !&m'* (#') %&'(*,e!)* ,e +#)e!*$e

e#!&+e'e )$e)* * $#* /!*()&(; M*!%e %e$ )!'> S)e' %e$ M!e> M*B* V*)e-#$9. S#(em'#$ %!#%**> e$*)e$e +&$*)*%e $e 'em#$#* (*# (#m) *' m* m#$)e !',#!* m*(*#'*%!e()*'e *' '#me$e E#!&+e*.

I' Re(+#$*% $e))e!!*; #m'*()** !&m'* M*!&' C&()*'> C&'()')*'C')%#-*'&> D*m*)!*e C')em*!9 (#') )!(* ,e +!&$eme$e +&$*)*%e (* *m+$*%)* *',e!#$!e %e!*$&! e#!&+e'e;. A%e()* (e &!*e')e- (+!e ,*!e%)* *' %!e !e $&%)!'($)*& ()#,*&!#m;. De eem+$#> I)$* +e')!# M*!&' C&()*' e()e (%#'#$ (* %#*#$ )&) ,(%$* (* *'=))#!> %#m e! *')!& =!eme $ 7!e%* A)Be'> %#m P,&= $ I)$*>(* ,e $)e *(%#(*)e (* )!#(e me()e(#7#!*;26. L)*'*))e !&m'*$&! e()e e=*,e')*) *'%ee(* m(#! %# +!)e'e') $ %!e()*'))e. A)) ()&$'*%#$ C')%#-*'&> %) (* D*m*)!*eC')em*! !e7!e) % *m+!)#$ C!&$ %e$ M!e9 '# ( *m+$*%) *' +!)*$e (#,e()

e#!&+e'e ,e ! m* * )!*) e$> (+#'e ()&$'*%#$ ... ! * (%&( )&) %!e()*'))e ,e (# "#7#$ (* !&* +7'))** )#!%e()*;.G!*7&!e Rm'*%e'# %e +!*m !ee!*!e $ *,ee ,e E#!&+> *' +!e) $

T!*&,#$; ,*' 18 *%* +!e$#%!e- !)*%&$#$ %=$e!#$#* ,e :#%!) ,*' E'%*%$&+e,* $#*D*,e!&)9. N#m*', E#!&+ +&,& $#m**;> e$ (e *')!e +e')!# %e +!*%*'> %e$e*'(#(*!* *!e()* %e ,# 7e&7!** $ E#!&+ '# % (* $ '&* +!e )&)e %e$e (=!(*!* %)e %$ $)* e#!&+e'*;.

S&%*e))e !&m'e(% (e%. I %e #' ' +( (+!e e#!&+e'*-!e +!*' ee%)e$e!e&!m*(m#$#* #()!*%> "&-e*'*()> (#+! me,*#$#* ,e =*) $ )!'*$&! )!'(*$='e'* (* #%&=*'e'* (* +!*' !e&!*e')!e 7',*!** +&$*)*%e> *' ,*!e%)* +#)e!*$&! %!e()*'e e#!&+e'e>+) %!e ,#%e $ ,e%$'(!e #'&! +!*7e ,*(+#)e *')!e ,e+)** m&,e$#$#* %&m#'*)! (*

!e(+e%)*= (&%*)*&'*(). I,ee ,e $*e!))e (+e%**% m&,e$#$#* (&%*)*&'*() e()e +!&m&=)*' (+e%*$ ,e S%&$ !,e$e'. I' )*m+ %e T*)# M*&!e(%# %&',m' )e'))* ,e *m*)m&,e$#$ +&$*)*% e#!&+e'> P&m+*$*# E$*,e %&'(*,e! m&,e!'*-!e !+*, (&%*e))**!&m'e()*> *'$&%#*!e =e%B*#$#* !e7*m> %# #' %$e! #-*=; (* & &*e!*me ($#7!'*%;> %(*'7#! ($=!e ,*' %ee %e e$ '#me()e *7'&!') (* *!e(+&'(*$*))e;.

C', '$*-e- +&-*)* %#$)#!** *' %&')e)#$ e#!&+e'> A$e',!# D#)# +!&+#'e#!m)&!e ,e$*m*)!e %#!e')e$&! m'*e())e *' 7',*!e !&m'e(%

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– %#!e')#$ $*%> ,e *'(+*!)*e m* m#$) !'%e-;> m*')*',#* *%* +e E#7e' L&=*'e(%#>G!e) I!*$e'# (* +e & +&-*)*e m* !,*%$ Em*$ C*&!'> %!e %)$&7# ,!e+)!e%)*&'!e *'()*)#)**$e )!e%#)#$#* (* (#()*'e# !$*e!e %# O%%*,e')#$> +!*' *m*))*e.

– & *m*'!e )!,*)*e* &!)&,&e %# ')*&'$*(m#$;> ,*()*'7',#* +e N*%&$e I&!7>P.P. P'*)e(%# (* $ e)!em +e N*%B*&! C!*'*%. I' %e() *,ee> N. I&!7 %&'(*,e!

'e%e(! +()!!e (* +!&m&=!e )!,*)*e* *' %,!e$e *,e&$&7*e* ')*&'$*()e> $#', %eem+$# Ame!*%. C. R,#$e(%#M&)!# (#()*'e ,e-*#'e $ *,e*$e %&')em+&!'e ,e +e%&')*'e'); ,! (* !e%&'()*)#*!e )!,*)*e*> P.P. P'*)e(%# !em*')e()e $e7)#!*$e =e%B* %#$#me ($=; *! GB. !)*'# %e!e ,e(%B*,e!e (+!e %e')!#$ %$(*% $ %&')*'e')#$#* +!*'M!e Ne7!;.

– %&m*'!e )!,*)*e* &!)&,&e %# *,e* e#!&+e'e &%%*,e')$e> &!m#$ *' %!e (e*'%,!e- L#%*' $7 +!*' %e m)!*%e ()*$*()*%; '(%#) ,*' (+*!*)#$ +&+&!e$&!;9> N. T*)#$e(%# (* G!*7&!e Ge'%#.

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%&'()!#*) +e *,ee ,e $*e!))e +&$*)*%.A*%*> *' (#,e()#$ %&')*'e')#$#* %&'()!#%)* +&$*)*% *')eme*) +e e)'*%;> *,ee ,e')*#'e = m&,e!'*- %&')*'#)#$ m&,e$#$#* %&m#'*)!> +e')!# % m* +&* ( ,+)e-em&,e$#$ (&%*)*&'*() $ $#+) ,e e$*e!!e ')*&'$ (* ( ,e '()e!e ())#$#* ')*&'$ $%'*%;. D*e!e')*e!e *')!e %e$e , m&,e$e e()e ,) ,e +&-*)* *' e%#)*e e$eme')e$&! e)'*% ')*#'e ()) ')*&'$ (&%*e))e %*=*$ %e() e()e (+e%**%m&,e$#$#* %&m#'*)!9> (* ,e #'%)*&'!e !+&!)#$#* )!,*)*e m&,e!'*-!e.

V(*$e P!=' ,e%$! !*,*%!e +&+&!#$#* '&()!# $ '*=e$#$ %#$)#!** e#!&+e'e> +e -e ')*&'$e ... e & *,ee (') +e')!# %!e # $#+)) ! ( * *')&),e#' %$!%&'()**') e*> ()!m&(** '&()!** ... S&=*!e ... *' %e() +!*=*') e & %!*m;. L !',#$ $#*>C. R,#$e(%# M&)!#> *' I,ee e#!&+e'> (#()*'e 'e%e(*))e %&!e$!** %#$)#!** ')*&'$e

%# %ee %e '#m*m %#$)#! e#!&+e';> m* e%) %# & %!e,*') *' +!&7!e(;.R&m'** )!e#*# ( (e (*'%!&'*-e-e %# O%%*,e')#$> +#!))&!#$ ()*',!,#$#* +!&7!e(#$#* (* +!&)e%)&!#$ $&! ')#!$ ) ,e me'*')!*$e 'e*&'*()e. I',e&(e* ,#+!-&*e$e '+&$e&'*e'e ,*' 11814 E#!&+ +&+&!e$&!; !*,*%) *m+&)!*= E#!&+e*,*'()**$&!;> e()e +!*=*) ,e +&+&!#$ '&()!# % & ('( #'*% ,e ($=7!,!e e*()e')e*($e ')*&'$e.

N+&$e&' e()e +!*m#$ &%%*,e')$ $!m) ,e e+'(*&'*(m#$ !#( (* %!e * *'%$#( +e !&m'* *' +!&*e%)e$e ($e ')*!#(e()*> !e-#$)) #'e* %&!e%)e e=$#!* ()!)e7*%e E#!&+e* %e')!$e. A %&'%e+#) *' %e() (e'(> +!&*e%)#$ #'e* C&'e,e!)** D#'!**> &!m),*' V$B*> M&$,&=> Se!* (* #$7!* (#> % $)e!')*=> 'e!e %e$&! ,P!*'%*+)e !&m''e()* $ Im+e!*#$ /(#!7*%.

P!&*e%)e$e '+&$e&'*e'e (* )!(ee$e #!m)e ,e !m)e$e &)&m'e> # %&'()*)#*)(#!(e ,e *'(+*!)*e +e')!# !#(* (* !#(&*$*> %', # +$'#*) &!m!e #'&! ())e e,e!)*=ee)e!&7e'e> %# (%&+ &e'(*=> !*e!7!-* $e *m+e!*$*(m#$#* !#(. Re'e7)#$ &*e! N*%&$eR&-'&=e'#> *' Mem&!*#$ )!*m*( *' 1826> C'%e$!*e* ,*' S'H)Pe)e!(#!7> +!&+#'e #'(eme'e ())> *'=e%*') %# R#(* (* Pe'*'(#$ I)$*%> % & +&!) ,e(%B*( (+!e A+#( (* +e')!# *'%e!%#* A#()!*.

P!&m&=!e (* ,e-=&$)!e *,e*$&! Re=&$#)*e* F!'%e-e> =&! %!e *m7*'e #'#*%&')*'e') *' %!e !&')*e!e$e %&'e(*&'$e (* *m+e!*$e +&) * *'$&%#*)e %# !&')*e!e$e

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(+)**$&! ')*&'$e. A!)*-'#$ %e()e* *m7*'* e()e G*#(e+e M--*'*> %!e $ 15 +!*$*e 1834*')eme*- &!7'*-)* (e%!e) T'! E#!&+; +e')!# %*$*) e+&!)#$ ,e !e=&$#)*e.C&'()!#*) % & m*(%!e +'e#!&+e'> Re=&$#)* ,*' 1848 &() !e%e+)) *' (&%*e))e!&m'e(% ,!e+) &%-*> ,#+ %#m +!e%* N. $%e(%#> ,e *'$)#! "#7#$ )*!'**$&! e#,$ (* (&$#)*(). P#)e!'*% m'*e()!e %&'()**')e* ')*&'$e ,! (* !e(e')*me')e$e>

*$ =&! ,e)e!m*' +e M--*'* ( &',e-e *' *#'*e 1850> $ L&',!> C&m*)e)#$ Ce')!$Dem&%!)*% E#!&+e'> ,*' %!e %#) +!)e (* D*m*)!*e !)*'#> %!e (em') %)#$ ,e,e-*#'e $ (e%)* !(!*)e'> '#m*) C&m*)e)#$ Re=&$#)*&'! $ E#!&+e* R(!*)e'e> *'-*# ,e 11 (e+)em!*e 1851. D*' T!'(*$='* (e = #-* *'( =e!)*(me')#$ $#* S*m*&'!'#)*#> ,!e() $#* M--*'* '#m* ,#+ %e = * %&'()*)#*) (* &!7'*-) ')*#'e!&m'> +e )eme*#$ $*e!))** e7$e> )#'%* ( (e % e,e!)*#'e %# #'7#!** +e')!# +!!e%&m#'> %#m %e & ')*#'e $*e! %# & $) ')*#'e $*e!;. A%e() %&',*)*&'!e *$ =,e)e!m*' +e *'*)*)&! ( *!me> ,e %#m %# )!*e> % +e')!# % #' (%$= ( *e e7$ *',!e+)#!* %# ()+'#$ )!e#*e ( * %e$e(* ,!e+)#!* % e$;.

M--*'* *(* ,,#(e %&!,#$ +e')!# !e$*-!e #'e* C&'e,e!)** D'#*e'e#',me'))e +e +!*'%*+*#$ $#* !'#)*# *'% ,*' *#'*e 1851. C&'%&m*)e') %# +!&*e%)#$

m--*'*'> N+&$e&' $ III$e &',) A$*') 7*')e* $)*'e;> e*()e') (* *' 1882 (* *'123> %', &() +!e$#) ,e M#((&$*'*. N#%$e#$ !e=&$#)*&'!#$#* M--*'* *$ = %#+!*',e(* +e I&' E$*,e R,#$e(%#> *! ,*' 1864 +e E#7e'*# C&!&,.

I' %&')!+&',e!e $ +$'#!*$e )!*()e %)&$*%e (* &'+!)*()e> C&'7!e(#$I')e!')*&'$ $ P%**; ,*' 11 (e+)em!*e 186 = $'( +!&*e%)#$ $#* M--*'* ,e%&'()*)#*!e S))e$&! U'*)e $e E#!&+e*. I')!e!e ,!e() %&'7!e(#$#* &() %&',*)*e(e')*$ #'e* +%* +e!+e)#e *')!e ')*#'* '# e()e> +e')!# *e%!e +&+&! *' +!)e> ,e%)$*e!))e (*> *' !e$)**$e ,*')!e +&+&!e> ()*$*!e #'e* %&'e,e!)** ,em&%!)*%e $*e!e>%&'()*)#*', S))e$e U'*)e $e E#!&+e*; M*"$&%e$e +!*' %!e (e +!e%&'*- !e$*-!e%&'e,e!)*e*> # &() %&'(*,e!)e &+&!)#'e !e*')&!%e!e $ m!*$e +!*'%*+** $eRe=&$#)*e* ... !e#'**%!e )#)#!&! $*e!))*$&! *',*=*,#$e (* +&$*)*%eK +e$#$ $ )&)e

e'e!7**$e m&!$eK ,e()e+)!e %&'()**')e*K ,*#-*#'e *'()!#%)*e* +#$*%eK ,*()!#7e!e +!e"#,e%)*$&! ,e !(> ,e ')*&'$*))e> ,e (e%)e> ,e (+*!*) #m'*)!K &$*!e !m)e$&! +e!m'e')eK !m&'* *')!e +&$*)*% (* m&!$;. S+!e (!(*)> ( ,e%*( % *' m&me')#$*()&!*% %', =&m +#'e +*)! ,e )eme$*e C&'e,e!)*e* E#!&+e'e> %&$&' =e!)e!$ $#%!!** '&()!e ( *e %&'%&!,* !'%&7e!m';.

/!) N&** E#!&+e 7',*) ,e M--*'* *' 1843 !) ()e$ Pe'*'(#$ Ie!*%>F!')> C&'e,e!)* T!*$&! ,e :&( (* e$7*> S))e$e !*)'*%e> S%',*'=* %#+!*'-',S#e,*> N&!=e7* (* D'em!%9> C&'e,e!)* 7e!m'> C&'e,e!)* A$+*$&! &!m),*' E$=e)*> S=&* (* T*!&$#$ 7e!m'9> I)$*> G!e%* %# *'(#$e$e !B*+e$7#$#*> E+*!#$>M%e,&'*> R#me$* (* C&'()')*'&+&$#$9> I$*!* (# I#7&($=*9> C&'e,e!)* !&m'+&, *')!e ($=* (* $)*'*9> C&'e,e!)* &!m) ,*' &em*> M&!=* (* +&+&!e$e ($&=%e,*' U'7!*> P&$&'* %# 7!'*)e$e ,*'*')e ,e 129 (* R#(*. Pe')!# %e() )!e#*%!e) & %&'()**') ,e +!)e'e') $ E#!&+; (* %&'%e+#) #' m&,e$ e#!&+e'; %!e (#'*&!m*-e-e me')$*))e (&%*e))** %*=*$e. P!*' &',!e S&%*e))** ,e em'%*+!e $%'*%; = m*$*) +e')!# & %&'e,e!)*e (#,,#'!e' %!e #!m ( (e e)*', (+!e'&!,> +e')!# %#+!*',e (* %e$e$$)e ())e ,e %*=*$*-)*e *-')*';. Pe - %e()#* m&,e$ +!&*e%) ,e +) & %&'e,e!)*e $)*' (* $) +!&)e()') 7e!m'*%9 #)*$*-', (*()em#$!e+#$*%'> **', (*'7#!#$ %!e %&'e! e7$*))e *')!e ())e (* +&(**$*))e %&',#%e!** $&!

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(&$#)e ,e %)!e '&*;. I' -*# ,e 6 '&*em!*e 1866 M--*'* $'(e- m'*e()#$ A$*')e*!e+#$*%'e #'*=e!($e;.

Te&!**$e %e()#* =&! * +!e$#)e ,e A$e!) P*He> %!e $e = *m+$e)* %# +!*'%*+**$e*$&(&#$#* P!%e$(#(. I' %e$(* )*m+ = =e *' =e,e!e e$eme')e $e ,&%)!*'e$&! +&$*)*%ee'#'))e ,e A$e*( ,e T&%#e=*$$e (* M!. E$ e%B*=$e- %e$e )!e* -e $e %&'()!#*!**

(*()em#$#* %# )!e* !-&*e #'*=e!($e; +!*m#$ +e')!# ,*()!#7e!e *m+e!**$&! e#!&+e'e (* %e$#* %B*'e- (* e+e!*me')!e ,&%)!*'e$&! ')7&'*()eK $ ,&*$e )!e#* ( +#' -e$e%&'e,e!)**$&! %&')*'e')$e (* ( %%e')#e-e +!&7!e(#$ )eB'*%K #$)*m#$> #!m ( +!&%$me)!*#m#$ +%** (* #'()!** (&%*$e.

Em'#e$ ,e(%# +!e%*- % +!&*$ A#!e$ C. P&+&=*%* ( *'(+*!) ,*' )e&!*$#* P*He %', (* *m7*') e,e!$*-!e Im+e!*#$#* A#()!&U'7!> +!e-e')) ,e $)e$!B*,#%e$#* F!'- Fe!,*'', ,!e+) (*'7#! (&$#)*e ,e ($=!e C&!&'e* /(#!7*%e.A!B*,#%e$e m!)#!*(e =&* %e ,*' U'7!* +)!# !7me')e> ,*' &em* , (* ,*'%e$e$$)e )!* ))e %) =&! * 'e%e(!e. F*e%!e !7me')> *'-e()!) %# #)&'&m*e m!7*'*)*' 7e()*#'e %e!*$&! *')e!'e> = )!e#*> *' %ee %e +!*=e()e $#%!#!*$e e)e!'e (* !m)> %(* ,m*'*()!)* %e')!$> ( (e (#+#' #'#* 7#=e!' 7e'e!$;. S+e! ( *e )!(* (* !&m'**

,e +e()e m#')* (* (!**> %!e ((* !e$*-e-e #'*#'e ')*&'$ *' %,!#$ S))e$&! U'*)e $eA#()!*e* M!*.C$e ,e(%B*( ,e !e=&$#)* +'e#!&+e' (* 7e'e!)* +(&+)*() %*$*))

e=&$#)* (&%*e))** !&m'e()* +e ,!#m#$ +!&7!e(#$#* $ (!(*)#$ (e%.I. S#') ,e (#$*'*)*%* +!*'%*+$e$e !e&!me *')e!'e (* %&'(*()e') e#!&+e' %)*#'*$&! ,e +&$*)*% e)e!' R&m'*e* %!e # (e!=*) *')e!e(e$e ')*&'$e. A+&!)#$ !&m'e(% $ *m+$*'*!e *,e$#!*$&! (#+!eme (* m)e!*$*-!e +!*'%*+**$&! E#!&+e* N)*#'*$&!; (e )!,#%e +!*' U'*!e ,*'185> I',e+e',e') ,*' 18188 (* R&m'* M!e ,*' 118. A%)*=*))e ,*+$&m)*% $#* N*%&$e T*)#$e(%# *' ,*!e%)* %&'(&$*,!** +%** (* (e%#!*))** *')e!')*&'$e> *' %,!#$L*7** N)*#'*$&! = , '&* ,*me'(*#'* m*(*#'** e#!&+e'e !&m'*$&! *' +e!*&,*')e!e$*%.

S!(*)#$ +!*m#$#* !-&* m&',*$ m!%Be- (!m!e *m+e!**$&! Ge!m' (*/(#!7*%> ,*'()*e* R&m'&=*$&! (* &$*7!B*e* !#(e> e+'(*#'e *,e&$&7**$&! e)!em*()e>%&m#'*(m#$> (%*(m#$ (* '-*(m#$. F&!m e,e!)*= ,e &!7'*-!e %&')*'e')#$#*!m'e *'( *,ee %e m* *m+!)(*).

A$e',!# V*,V&e=&, = %&m)e *' %e() +e!*&, *')e')**$e ,e *'**')!e C&'e,e!)*e* D#'!e'e> %# %e')!#$ *' U'7!*. A()e$ (e = &!m +!*m e,e!)*e *')e!())$ (* *')e!')*&'$ e#!&+e';> M*% I')e$e7e!e> & (&%*)*e e,e!)*= %&'()*)#*) +e +!*'%*+**$e $#* S*m*&' !'#)*# *')!e CeB&($&=%*> Re7)#$ R&m' (* Re7)#$ (!*$&!>%!&)*$&! (* ($=*$&! *'*)*$ (e ,&!*(e (* %#+!*',e!e P&$&'*e* (* G!e%*e*9> %!e = #'%)*&' +' *' 138. C&'e,e!)** ,e )*+ -&'$ # &() +!&*e%))e (* ,e M&(%&=> U'*#'eS&=*e)*% Re+#$*%*$&! S&%*$*()e ,*' $%'*;. P!&*e%)e$e m&(%&=*)e e!# 7e'e!)e ,e*,ee % R&m'* '# e()e *')eme*) +e +!*'%*+*#$ ')*&'$K e$e #!m!e# (,! '#%&&+)!e R&m'*e* *')!& e,e!)*e> %* e,e!$*-!e e* *' %,!#$ #'e* e,e!)**;.

F) ,e )&)e %e()e> %&'%$#-* 7e'e!$ e()e % *')!e '&* (* +&+&!e$e%&')*'e')#$#* '# +&) * e=*,e')*)e !&')*e!e ,e %*=*$*-)*e (* &*%e*#!*> ,e me')$*))e (*)!*!e. M*B*$ Em*'e(%# (+#'e % *#'*e 1889 %Be()*#'e !&m' e & %Be()*#'ee#!&+e' (* ,% +#)e!*$e e#!&+e'e ! (%!**% *')e!e(e$e R&m'*e*> ! 'e(&%&)**')e!e(e$e $&! +!&+!**> %e() e()e !e-#$))#$ +)e$&! *()&!*%e;.

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II. STRUCTURI EUROPENE SI EUROATLANTICE –UE, NATO, OSCE.

2.1. Demara!" #$%&'r!#'(e( e!r$)e%e *!)a a" *$("ea ra+,$( m$%*(a"

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D#+ %e $ 5 m!)*e 146> $ F#$)&' *' SUA> ,e'#') me'*')!e (&=*e)*%> &m#$,e ()) !*)'*%> !e=*'e (#+! )eme*> +e 1 (e+)em!*e 146> *')!& %&'e!*') )*'#) $U'*=e!(*))e ,*' #!*%B> m&)*=) ,e ,&!*') ;,e !e%&'()*)#* m*$* e#!&+e' (* ,e *

(*7#! & ()!#%)#! %!e (* +e!m*) ( )!*(% (* ( (e ,e-=&$)e *' +%e> (#=e!'*))e (*$*e!))e;. A*!m %# ,e+$*' %&'=*'7e!e % ;)!e#*e ( %!em %e= ,e e$#$ S))e$&! U'*)e$e E#!&+e*QP!*m#$ +( e()e &!m!e #'#* C&'(*$*# $ E#!&+e*. D% $ *'%e+#) '# )&)e())e$e E#!&+e* =&! ( *')!e *' U'*#'e> )!e#*e % '&* ( $#%!m +e')!# $)#! (* #'*%e$e ())e %!e & ,&!e(% (* & =&!Q I' !e$*-!e %e()e* (!%*'* #!7e')e> F!') (*Ge!m'* )!e#*e ( +!e* %&',#%e!e. M!e !*)'*e> C&mm&'e$)B#$ !*)'*% $')*#'*$&!> +#)e!'*% Ame!*% (* e# (+e!> R#(* (&=*e)*%> Q! +#)e * +!*e)e'** (*(#()*')&!** '&** E#!&+e (* %e* %e (e +!&'#') +e')!# ,!e+)#$ e* $ =*) (* ()!$#%*!e ;.

A%e() +!&=&%!e =*'e +e #' )e!e' =&!*$> *')eme*',#(e +e e+e!*e')me!*%' (* +e %&'=*'7e!e % !-&*e$e e#!&+e'e =#(e(e! %#-e +!e+&',e!e')e%&'&m*%e. De +)> *' %e() m&me') 7',*!e e#!&+e' e,e!$*() e()e $*me')) ,e

m*(%!e +'e#!&+e' %&')e$#* J$e!7* (* ,e +!&7!m#$ +&$*)*% +e')!# e,e!)*e#!&+e'> (em') ,e E!'e()& C&$&!'*> E!'e()& R&((* (* A$)*e!& S+*'e$$* #$)e!*&! ,e+#))*' P!$me')#$ E#!&+e'9 *'141> ;M'*e()#$ ,e $ Ve')&)e'e ;%#'&(%#) (* (# '#me$e,e ;Pe')!# & E#!&+ $*e! (* #'*)9;. M'*e()#$ %e & ;'$*- Q(#+! +e!=e!)*!** +&$*)*%e (* e%&'&m*%e $ %!e %&',#%e ')*&'$*(m#$; (* !e%#!7e $ & +!e-e')!e;!)*&'$ $)e!')*=e* e,e!$e .;Se %&'(*,e! % ;+!&$em %!e )!e#*e !e-&$=) m**')*Qe()e %ee &$*!** ,e*'*)*=e ,*=*-*#'** E#!&+e* *' ())e ')*&'$e (#=e!'e;.

N#m!#$ ,*' 1 e!#!*e 143 $ !e=*()e* ;Re(*()'%e; (%!* ;,e , (e%&$ee*() & ,*$em (# & E#!&+ +!#(% $ +!#((*e''e9> (# & %&m#'*))e e#!&+e'%&m+#( ,*' +&+&!e $*e!e> e7$e Q;.1

I' %e() +e!*&, ())e$e E#!&+e* +#(e'e (e 7(e# *')!& ,e-&!,*'e (&%*$

+&$*)*% (* e%&'&m*% *')&$e!') *,e&$&7*% (* 'e%e(*))e !e$#!** +!%)*%** ,em&%!)*%eK%&m+e)*)** +&$*)*%e *')e!'eK *'$)*e 7e'e!$*-)K (*()em m&'e)! *'e*()e')K (&m"> (!%*e(* &me. P!*' #!m!e F!') %&'()*e')*-e- % m&,e!'*-!e (* *',#()!*$*-!e e()e +&(**$ '#m* +!*' (&%*e!e %# $)e )!*> ,e %ee = $e7e ;m&,e!'*-!e (* ,e+e',e');*' $&%#$ ;*',e+e',e')e* (* ,e%$*'#$#*;. M!e !*)'*e %%e+) ;& $*m*)!e =&$#')! *',e+e',e')e* *' %,!#$ #'e* (&%*e!* e#!&+e'e; *' (%&+#$ !e%()*7!** #'e* +&-*)***m+&!)')e *' ()!#%)#! +&()e$*% $#m**. I)$* +e!%e+e % '# (e +&)e !e%&'()!#* ! !e%#!7e $ (&%*e!e. A$)e!')*=> +e')!# *e%!e *' +!)e (* +e')!# )&)* $ #' $&%> &()

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(&%*e!e +!*' %&!,#!*> ,e%* ()*$*))e (* +!&7!e(> (# %%e+)!e %&'!#')!*$&! %#ee%)e$e %&!e(+#'-)&!e. P&$*)*%*$e # &() ,*!e%)*&')e (+!e +!*m &+)*#'e> ,#%', $%!e!e ;'#%$e#$#* E#!&+e*;.

Ce$e , (#+e!+#)e!*> SUA (* URSS> *(* *m+!)e# m*$*)! (* *,e&$&7*%%&')*'e')#$. S&=*e)*%** %+!# ! "e' ;)e!*)&!**$e e$*e!)e ; ,e !m) !&(*e (*

*m+#'e# %&$& *,e&$&7* $&!. SUA> +!e%**', ;+!&$em 7e!m'; % **', & +!&$em%!#%*$> *(* = &!*e') )e$#!*$e (* = 7',* ()!#%)#! E#!&+e* +e ,*!e%)* (+!*"*'*!**e#!&+e'*$&! +e')!# $*%B*,!e ,*=*-*#'**K %!e!** (* %&'(&$*,!** E#!&+e* #'*)e> +!e%#m (* +!&m&=!e #'e* $*')e )$')*%e +e')!# %&')!%! e+'(*#'e (&=*e)*%. *+&$!*(m#$= ,&m*' ,e %#m !e$)**$e e#!&+e'e. A%e()e (#') %&',*)**$e *' %!e !e=*!*me')#$E#!&+e* O%%*,e')$e ,e+*',e ,e *'%e+e!e #'e* '&* %&'()!#%)**> #'#* ' +!&%e( +&$*)*%.;E#!&+e m#() e,e!)e &! +e!*(B; E#!&+ )!e#*e ( (e e,e!$*-e-e (# ( +*!9 =%&'()) +!*m#$ m*'*()!# !*)'*% A))$ee> (#%%e(&!#$ $#* .CB#!%B*$$.

Dem!"#$ %&'()!#%)*e* e#!&+e'e (e = +!&,#%e $ 15 '* ,e $ +!e-e')!e +!&*e%)#$#* ,e %)!e A.!*', *' S&%*e))e N)*#'*$&!> *' 12. Re$*-!e +!*me*()!#%)#!* (#!e7*&'$e> e'e$##$> *(* !e &!*7*'e *' +!&*e%)#$ ,e U'*#'e e%&'&m*%>

*'%Be*) $ L&',! *')!e 7#=e!'e$e ,*' e*$ $ e$7*e*> O$',e* (* L#em#!7 (* %!e =,e=e'* &+e!)*&'$ *' &%)&m!*e 14.De +)> '#$ 14 e()e '#$ *' %!e *')e')**$e me!*%'e =&! %+) %&'%!e)e)e>

&,) %# $'(!e ;P$'#$#* M!(B$$;> +!*' %!e (e %&!, "#)&! E#!&+e*> *' %-#$ *' %!e())e$e e#!&+e'e =&! %&&+e! *')!e e$e> (* ;D&%)!*'e* T!#m';> *' %!e SUA *(* e+!*m,*(+&'**$*))e ,e &e!* (*()e') (* (#+&!) )#)#!&! %e$&! me'*'))* ,e 7!e(*#'*$e%&m#'*()e. S#') e$eme')e $e m&,e$#$#* 7e&+&$*)*% ,e !(+#'( $e %)&!*$&! ,e ,e%*-*e ,e$ C( A$> $ +!&=&%!*$e (&=*e)*%e.

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2.1.1. PLANUL MARSHALL

Pe 5 *#'*e 14> *')!#' ,*(%#!( )*'#) $ U'*=e!(*))e /!!,> (e%!e)!#$ ,e ())

me!*%'> 7e'e!$#$ M!(B$$ ,e%$! ;!-&* &me*> (!%*e*> ,*(+e!!** (* B&(#$#* ,*'E#!&+; +e')!# %> (+#'e e$> ;!e%&'()!#%)* ()!#%)#!** e%&'&m*%e Q = %e!e e=*,e') m#$)m* m#$) )*m+ (* e&!)#!* m* m!* ,e%) m +!e=-#) '&*;.

S%&+#$ %e()#* +!&7!m> '#m*) &*%*$ ;E#!&+e' Re%&=e! P!&7!m; ERP9> e!,e %&')!*#* $ ;!e'()e!e #'e* e%&'&m** %)*=e *' $#me +e')!# %!e %&',*)**$e +&$*)*%e(* (&%*$e *' %!e ( +&) ( e*()e *'()*)#)** $*e!e;. C&',*)* &!m#$) *'(> +e')!#+$*%!e $#* e()e ;( (e !e$*-e-e #' %&!, ,e %)!e )&)e )!*$e E#!&+e* (#+! 'e=&*$&! $&! %)#$e (* (#+! %ee %e %e()e )!* Q =&! %e e$e *'(e$e +e')!# e*%*e')*- )&)em(#!*$e +e %!e %e() 7#=e!' ! +#)e ( $e *. N# ! * '*%* *'e> '*%* #)*$ % 7#=e!'#$SUA ( ()*$e(% e$ *'(#(* #' +!&7!m ,e()*') +#'e!** +e +*%*&!e e%&'&m*e*e#!&+e'e. A%e() e()e +!&$em e#!&+e'*$&!.;. R&$#$ SUA (e = !e-#m $ %&!,!e

;#'#* "#)&! +!*e)e'e(%> $ ()*$*!e #'#* +!&7!m e#!&+e' (* ( "#)e +&* $ +$*%!e%e()#* *' m(#! *' %!e = * +&(**$ ( & %;.L (!(*)#$ C&'e!*')e* !'%& '7$&!#( ,e $ P!*(> +e 2 *#$*e> $*)** =&! !e#-

+!)*%*+!e $ +!&7!m> *! M&$&)&= = ,e%$! ;())e$e *(* +*e!, #)&'&m* $&! e%&'&m*% (* *',e+e',e') ')*&'$ *' +!&*)#$ #'&! m!* +#)e!*; 2.

Pe')!# *'=e')!* 'e=&*$e e%&'&m*%e %&m#'e> $ 12 *#$*e 14> (e ,e((&! $P!*( & ;C&'e!*') ,e C&&+e!!e E%&'&m*% E#!&+e';. P!&$eme$e (#+! %!&! (&)*'#) %&!,#$ %&m#'> *' +!*=*') !e-&$=!** *me,*)e> # &() #' m!e e&!) ,e +!&,#%)*eK &)*'e!e (* me')*'e!e ()*$*))** *''%*!e *')e!'eK ,e-=&$)!e %&&+e!!**e%&'&m*%e *')!e ())e$e (&%*)eK (&$#)*&'!e +e'#!*e* ,e ,&$!*.

L 16 +!*$*e 148> (e %&'()*)#*e O!7'*-)* E#!&+e' ,e C&&+e!!e E%&'&m*%

OECE9> =', % mem!e A#()!*> e$7*> D'em!%> E$=e)*> F!')> G!e%*> I!$',>I($',> I)$*> L#em#!7> M!e !*)'*e> N&!=e7*> O$',> P&!)#7$*> S#e,*> T#!%*>-&' ,e =e() Ge!m'*e* (* )e!*)&!*#$ T!*e(). U$)e!*&! =&! m* * ,m*(e RFG *' 155 (*S+'* *' 15. T&) %#m e()e ()*$*) ;P!&7!m#$ G$&$ ,e Re%&'()!#%)*e E#!&+e*;>%!e =*- +!&m&=!e +!&,#%)*e* *',#()!*$e (* 7!*%&$e> &)*'e!e (* me')*'e!e()*$*))** m&'e)!e (* #7e)!eK %!e()e!e (%B*m#!*$&! *')e!')*&'$e *')!e )!*$e +!)*%*+')e> *' +!)*%#$! +e (em !e,#%e!** !*e!e$&! %&me!%*$e.

I' %e()e %&',*)**> +$'#$ M!(B$$ = * ,m*'*()!) ,e , *'()*)#)** ECAE%&'&m*% C&&+e!)*&' A,m*'*()!)*&'9 ,e +!)e me!*%' (* OECE ,e +!)ee#!&+e'. O!7'*-)* = %&')!*#* $ !e+!)*)* "#)&!#$#* me!*%'K %&&!,&'!e +&$*)*%*$&! e%&'&m*%e ')*&'$eK %!e!e #'#* (*()em m#$)*$)e!$ ,e +$)* *' 150 e()e

%!e) U'*#'e E#!&+e' ,e P$)*9K $*e!$*-!e (%B*m#!*$&! (* e$*m*'!e !e()!*%)**$&! %')*))*=e. I')!e #7#() 148 (* *'#!*e 152 (#m 'e) %!e,*)e$&! #7e)!e ( !*,*%)$ 1281 m*$*&'e ,&$!* 85 (# &!m ,e m)e!*$e (# +!&,#(e (* 15 *m+!#m#)#!*9.D*' %e() (#m # e'e*%*) M!e !*)'*e24>> F!')2>> Ge!m'*10>3>O$',>> G!e%*5>5> A#()!*5>3> Q S )!'(e!) ()e$ *' E#!&+ +e()e 1,*'PI#$ me!*%' > ,*% 3>5 ,*' PI#$ e#!&+e' ! "#)&!#$ m*$*)!9.

P!&7!m#$ ,e "#)&! me!*%'> =#) % ee%)e ,#+ Re'e G*!#$)9 ()&+!ee)*',e!** %&m#'*(m#$#* *' O%%*,e')K !e$*-!e %&e-*#'** E#!&+e* ,e Ve()K ,em&'()!!e

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% SUA (#') 7) ( +!&m&=e-e & +&$*)*% e%&'&m*% %&e!e')> +e')!# !e%e!e E#!&+e*.A &() ;!m e%&'&m*%; %!e (e!=*) e*%*e') (%&+#!*$e +&$*)*%e. De (eme'e

+e!m*( ,e+(*!e '*=e$#$#* me,*# ,e ,e-=&$)!e ,e ,*'*')e ,e !-&*> *' 14> (* %!e)%&',*)**$e %&'(&$*,!** ()!#%)#!*$&! e%&'&m*%e (* +&$*)*%*$&! $*e!$e.

2.1.2. UNIUNEA OCCIDENTALA

P!% +e')!# %&')!-*%e *()&!*> m*'*()!** %e!*$&! e)e!'e !'%e- (* !*)'*%> G.*,#$) (* E. e'*'> (em'e- +e 4 m!)*e 14> T!))#$ ,e $*') (* (*()e') m#)#$ $D#'He!#e> *m+&)!*= #'e* +&(**$e 7!e(*#'* 7e!m'e *' =**)&!. Re#-#$ (&=*e)*%> ,e +!)*%*+ $ P$'#$ M!(B$$> ,e(%&+e! #' ' ,#(m' =*!)#$. Sem')!e$e T!))#$#* ,e$ D#'He!#e *'=*) ())e$e e'e$#$#* ( +!)*%*+e $ #' (*()em ,e 7!')*e m#)#$. Pe1 m!)*e 148 (e (em'e- $ !#e$$e(> T!))#$ U'*#'** O%%*,e')$e UO9> %!e +!e(#+#'e '7"!e $ (*()e') *m+&)!*= &!*%!e* 7!e(*#'*. S#') ()*$*)e +!*' )!))!e$)** m*$*)!e> +&$*)*%e> e%&'&m*%e (* %#$)#!$e.

L F')*'$e# e()e *'()$) *'% ,*' )*m+ ,e +%e #' ()) m"&! *')e!$*)> (*(#') %&'()*)#*)e &!)e m*$*))e %&m#'e> 7) ,e * +$()e *' %- ,e !-&*> (# %&m',m!e($#$#* M&')7&me!. Ge'e!$#$ e#!e (%!*e *' e(e#$ ;NATO (* E#!&+; ;%e() +&$*(*'&,*e Q '# %&!e(+#',e m*%** &!7'*-)** +e %!e '&* & %&'()*)#*(em *' %e =!eme%# +!&*m)*= 20 ,e &*)e!* +e')!# *e%!e %&m',me') Q '# ,*(+#'em $ *'%e+#)#$#'#* %&'$*%) ,e%) ,e =!e& 10 ,*=*-** ())*&')e *' Ge!m'* Q *' !+&!) %# %e$e 22 ,e,*=*-** (&=*e)*%e ,*' E#!&+ Ce')!$;.

D#+ (em'!e T!))#$#* A)$')*%#$#* ,e N&!,> UO +*e!,e ,*' %&')*'#)>()!#%)#!*$e m*$*)!e **', (*m*$)e ,e $*').

L 14 ,e%em!*e 160> OECE (e )!'(&!m *' O!7'*-)* ,e C&&+e!!e (*De-=&$)!e E%&'&m*%> %!e> %#+!*'-', (* A#()!$*> C',> :+&'*> N ee$', (*

SUA> (e = )!'(&!m *')!& %&m#'*))e ())e$&! *',#()!*$*-)e. O*e%)*=#$ ())e$&! mem!e e()e ,e !e$*- ;e+'(*#'e %&'(*,e!) +&(**$> e%&'&m*e* (* !*,*%!e'*=e$#$#* ,e =*) *' )!*$e mem!e> +e')!# %&')!*#* $ ,e-=&$)!e %&me!)#$#* m&',*$ +e & - 'e,*(%!*m*')&!*e (* m#$)*$)e!$;.

2.1.3. CONSILIUL EUROPEI

L %)e= $#'* ,e $ #!*%B> #',e $'() %Bem!e ;R*,*%)e > E#!&+;> .CB#!%B*$$ *'**')e- *' M!e !*)'*e ;U'*)e, E#!&+e M&me'); M*(%!e +e')!#E#!&+ U'*)9. I' F!')> R#$ D')! %!ee- ;C&'(*$*#$ F!'%e- +e')!# U'*))e

E#!&+e*;. /e'!* !#7m'( +!e-*,e- *' ,e%em!*e 146 ;U'*#'e E#!&+e' Fe,e!$*()*$&!;> C,e'B&J$e!7* !e%&'()*)#*e ;U'*#'e P'e#!&+e';. L *'%e+#)#$'#$#* 14 (e %&')#!e- ;M*(%!e S&%*$*() +e')!# S))e$e U'*)e $e E#!&+e*;. D%%e()e 7!#+!* e+!*m# %#!e')e +&$*)*%e> %e$e +!e%#m ;L*7 E#!&+e' ,e C&&+e!!eE%&'&m*%; LECE9 %!e) ,e e$7*'#$ P#$ =&' ee$', e+!*m# *')e!e(e ,e %e!*.

U'**%!e m*(%!*$&! e#!&+e'e> !e $&% *' ,e%em!*e 14> (# ,e'#m*!e ,e;C&m*)e)#$ I')e!')*&'$ ,e C&&!,&'!e +e')!# & E#!&+ U'*); +!e-*,) ,e m*'*()!#$ !*)'*% D#'%' S',(. S!%*' %e()#* e! ,e +!e7)* #' C&'7!e( $ /7> *'

2


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+e!*&, 10 m* 148. Re-&$#)* +&$*)*% *'$ C&'7!e(#$#* E#!&+e* %!e %e!e%&'()*)#*!e #'e* ;A,#'!* P!$me')!e E#!&+e'e; )!'(m*)e #' (em'$ ; =e'*) &! +e')!# ')*#'*$e E#!&+e* ( )!'(e!e #'e$e ,*' ,!e+)#!*$e $&! ,e (#=e!'*))e> *' =e,e!e%&&!,&'!** (* ,e-=&$)!** !e(#!(e$&! $&!;. T&) %#m> (#') $'()e +!*me$e *,e* %# +!*=*!e $*'()*)#)** %&m#'e> +*) %&m#'> %!) ,!e+)#!*$&! &m#$#*> %#!)e *')e!')*&'$ ,e "#()*)*e.

S))e$e mem!e $e UO =&! $%)#* #' ;C&m*)e) Pe!m'e') +e')!# S)#,*#$ (*De-=&$)!e Fe,e!)*e* E#!&+e'e;> +e')!# m)e!*$*- %&')*'#)#$ !e-&$#)*e* C&'7!e(#$#*.A+! *'( ,*=e!7e')e *')!e !e+!e-e')')** %e$&! 5 ())e. !*)'*%** ,&!e# +$*%!e me)&,e**')e!7#=e!'me')$e> ,*%> & ()!*%) ,e+e',e') ,e 7#=e!'e$e ')*&'$e. I,ee !'%& e$7*' (#()*'e +$*%!e me)&,e* (#+!')*&'$e> %&'&!m %!e* *'()*)#)* ( *%!%)e! +!$me')! (* ( * (e %&!,e %&m+e)e')e e)*'(e.

C&m+!&m*(#$ $ %!e "#'7 'e7&%*)&!** e()e )!))#$ (em') $ 5 m* 14> $L&',!> ,e %e$e 5 ())e $e UO> $ %!e (e $)#! I!$',> I)$*> D'em!%> N&!=e7*>S#e,* (* %!e ())#e- C&'(*$*#$ E#!&+e*.

Pe')!# ()!#%)#! C&'(*$*#$ E#!&+e* '# (e %&'#', %# C&'(*$*#$ E#!&+e'> %!e)$ 10 ,e%em!*e 146 $ P!*(> % ()!#%)#! (#+e!*&! ,e %&',#%e!e UE9 (#') ()*$*)e

, *'()*)#)** A,#'!e P!$me')! C&'(#$))*=> %!e !e$e%)> ,*me'(*#'e e,e!$*()> +#! %&'(#$))*= (* %&m+#( ,*' !e+!e-e')')** *e%!e* )!* mem!e> $e(* ,e %)!e +!$me')K C&m*)e)#$ ,e M*'*()!* * A%e!*$&! E)e!'e9> &!7' ,e ,e%*-*e> %&m+#( ,*'!e+!e-e'))** 7#=e!'e$&!.

O*e%)*=#$ CE ;e()e ,e !e$*- & #'*#'e m* ()!'( *')!e mem!** (*> *' =e,e!e($=7!,!** (* +!&m&=!** *,e*$&! (* +!*'%*+**$&! %e !e+!e-*') +)!*m&'*#$ $&! %&m#' (* $=&!*-!** +!&7!e(#$#* $&! e%&'&m*% (* (&%*$;.

C&m+e)e') !e%#'&(%#) CE (e m'*e() *' ,&me'**$e e%&'&m*%> (&%*$> %#$)#!$>()**')**%> "#!*,*%> ,m*'*()!)*= (* e)'*%. A!). 1> $. ;,.; e%$#,e e+$*%*) ;%Be()*#'*$e!e$)*=e $ +!!e ')*&'$;. T&)#(*> A,#'!e *(* !e-e!= ,!e+)#$ ,e ,e-)e (+e%)e$e

+&$*)*%e $e +!&$eme$&! m*$*)!e> )*'',#(e ,e $ %e$e ,e ')#! )eB'*%.M*"$&%e$e ,e %!e ,*(+#'e CE (#')> %&'&!m !). 1> $. ;.; em*'!e +!&$eme$&!> *'%Be*e!e %&!,#!*$&!> ,&+)!e #'e* %)*#'* %&m#'e.

De $ *'**')!e e* (* +' -*> &!7'*-)* ( ,e-=&$)) 7!,#$. A%#m !e 41 ,emem!*. I'% ,*' '** 50> mem!* CE (em'e- & C&'=e')*e E#!&+e' ,!e+)#!*$&! &m#$#* =*)> %&'()**')> e+!e(*e> (&%*e!e> +!&+!*e))e> e,#%)*e> (e%#!*))e9 (* *'()*)#*e &%&m*(*e ,e +!&)e%)*e %e()&! C&m*(* E#!&+e' D!e+)#!*$&! Om#$#*9. I' 161 ((em') $ R&m C!) S&%*$ E#!&+e'> ,&%#me') +e %!e CE *$ %&'(*,e! & %&m+$e)!e*' ,&me'*#$ (&%*$ C&'=e')*e* E#!&+e'e D!e+)#!*$&! Om#$#*. I' 161 (e m*%&'()*)#*e C&'(*$*#$ +e')!# C&&+e!!e C#$)#!$.

P!*'%*+$e$e &*e%)*=e> &!m#$)e $ V*e' 139 (* S)!(#!7 19> (#')%%e+)!e +!*'%*+**$&! ,em&%!)*e* (* ())#$#* ,e ,!e+)K (*7#!!e +!&)e%)*e* m*'&!*))*$&! ')*&'$eK *')!*!e %&e-*#'** (&%*$eK +!&)e"!e (e%#!*))** %e))e'#$#*K 7(*!e!(+#'(#!*$&! ,e%=)e $ (*,!*$e ,e ')#! %#$)#!$ (* e,#%)*&'$K +e!e%)*&'!e(*()em#$#* ,e m&'*)&!*-!e !e(+e%)!** '7"me')e$&! $#)e ,e ())e$e mem!e.

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2.1.4. COMUNITATEA EUROPEANA A CARBUNELUI SI OTELULUI

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Educatia Pentru Integrarea Europeana