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EHS 218 Occupational EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Ergonomics Anatomy

EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

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Page 1: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

EHS 218 Occupational EHS 218 Occupational

ErgonomicsErgonomics

Anatomy

Page 2: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Basic Anatomic Positions

• Anatomic Position

Page 3: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Basic Anatomic Positions

• Anterior = front

• Posterior = back

Page 4: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Basic Anatomic Positions

• Medial = toward midline of body

• Lateral = away from midline of body

Page 5: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Basic Anatomic Positions

• Proximal = closer to attachment / trunk

• Distal = farther from attachment / trunk

Page 6: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Basic Anatomic Positions

• Palmar = palm side

• Dorsal = back side of hand

Page 7: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Basic Structures and Functions

Bones, Ligaments, Tendons, Nerves, Muscles, and Joints

Page 8: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Bones

• Support weight and protect organs

• Body movements– 1st, 2nd, 3rd class lever

systems

• Blood cell formation • Storage of minerals

Page 9: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Ligaments

• Strong, flexible, stress resistant, somewhat elastic fibrous tissue

• Connect bone to bone• Stabilize joints - resist

movement for which joint is not constructed

• Guide motion

Page 10: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Tendons

• Connect muscle to bone

• Transmit force from muscle to bone

• Continuations of muscle tissue

Page 11: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Nerves

• Transmit and receive signals for movement and sensation

• Central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system

Page 12: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Muscles

• Composed of skeletal muscle tissue, nervous tissue, blood, and various connective tissues

• Only tissue that can shorten and produce tension at ends

• Generate force• Create motion• Muscle origins and insertions

– origin is usually proximal or stabilizer– insertion is usually distal or mover

Page 13: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Major Muscle Groups

Upper extremity

Lower extremity

Torso

Page 14: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Muscles of the Upper Extremity• Shoulder and back

– Deltoids– Trapezius– Latissimus dorsi

• Chest– Pectoralis major/minor

• Arm– Biceps– Triceps– Lower arm muscles

Page 15: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Deltoid

Page 16: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Trapezius

Page 17: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Pectoralis

Page 18: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Latissimus Dorsi

Page 19: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Biceps Brachii

Page 20: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Triceps Brachii

Page 21: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Lower Arm - Flexors

Page 22: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Lower Arm - Extensors

Page 23: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Muscles of the Lower Extremity

• Thigh– Quadriceps– Hamstrings– Abductors– Adductors– Gluteals

• Leg– Calf muscles

Page 24: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Quadriceps

Page 25: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Hamstrings and Gluteals

Page 26: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Calf Muscles

Page 27: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Muscles of the Torso

• Anterior torso– Abdominals

• Posterior torso– Erector spinae

Page 28: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Joints

Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist/Hand, Hip, Knee, and Spine

Page 29: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Joints

• When 2 or more bones meet• Functional junctions between

bones• Classified on basis of

structure and movement– Fibrous, cartilaginous,

synovial– Immovable, slightly

moveable, freely moveable

Page 30: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Basic Joint Movements

• Flexion – angle between segments decreases

• Extension – angle between segments increases

Page 31: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Basic Joint Movements

• Abduction – segment moves away from midline of body

• Adduction – segment moves toward midline of body

Page 32: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Basic Joint Movements

• Dorsiflexion – point foot up

• Plantar flexion – point foot down

Page 33: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Basic Joint Movements

• Inward rotation – rotation toward midline of body

• Outward rotation – rotation away from midline of body

Page 34: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Basic Joint Movements

• Supination – palm facing upward

• Pronation – palm facing downward

Page 35: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Basic Joint Movements

• Circumduction - complete rotation about segment midline

Page 36: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Upper Extremity - Shoulder

• Bones - clavicle, acromion, scapula, humerous• Muscles - rotator cuff (subscapularis, teres minor,

infraspinatus, supraspinatus), deltoids, latissmus dorsi, triceps, biceps, pectoralis

• Nerves - brachial plexus located deep within the shoulder

• Type of joint - ball-and-socket (synovial)

Page 37: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Movements ofthe Shoulder

• Flexion and extension• Horizontal flexion and

extension• Abduction and

adduction• Circumduction• Internal and external

rotation

Page 38: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Upper Extremity - Elbow

• Bones - humerous, radius, ulna• Muscles

– Flexors = biceps– Extensors = triceps

• Nerves - brachial plexus: musculotaneous, radial, ulnar, and median nerves pass through

• Joint type - hinge between humerous and ulna; sliding joint between humerous and radius (synovial)

Page 39: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Movements of the Elbow

Flexion and Extension, Pronation and Supination (at hand)

Page 40: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Upper Extremity – Hand/Wrist

• Bones - radius, ulna, 8 carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges

• Muscles– all originate from distal end of humerous radius/ulna– flexors on anterior side– extensors on posterior side

• Nerves - brachial plexus: median nerve (lateral side of palm, palmar/dorsal aspects of thumb, index finger, middle finger, 1/2 ring finger); ulnar nerve (little finger and 1/2 ring finger)

Page 41: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Upper Extremity – Hand/Wrist

• Joint type - gliding joint (synovial)• Flexor retinaculum - creates the carpal

tunnel between the carpal bones and the retinaculum, through which the flexor tendons and median nerve pass

Page 42: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Movements of the Hand

Page 43: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Movements of the Thumb

Page 44: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Lower Extremity - Hip

• Bones - Femur and acetabulum of coxal bone• Muscles - anterior: flexors, adductors, abductors;

posterior: extensors (gluteals)• Nerves - Lumbosacral plexus• Movement - flexion/extension,

abduction/adduction, inward/outward rotation, circumduction

• Joint type - ball and socket (synovial)

Page 45: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Movements of the Hip

• Flexion and extension• Abduction and

adduction• Inward and outward

rotation• Circumduction

Page 46: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Lower Extremity - Knee

• Bones - femur, tibia, patella• Muscles

– Flexors = hamstrings (bicep femoris, semitendinosis, semimembrinosis), satrorious, gracilis, popliteus, gastrocnemius

– Extensors = quadriceps femoris

• Nerves - Lumbosacral plexus• Join type – synovial (most complex)

Page 47: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Movements of the Knee

• Flexion and extension

• Internal and external rotation (in flexion only)

Page 48: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Movements of the Foot

• Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

• Eversion and inversion

Page 49: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Neck and Back

• Bones - vertebrae, C1-C7, T1-T12, L1-L5, sacrum and coccyx

• Muscles - erector spinae, abdominals• Function of spine - supports head and

trunk, protects spinal cord, permits movement

• Movement – between adjacent segments is limited; but the whole vertebral column has great flexibility

Page 50: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Neck and Back

• Intervertebral disks– Bands of fibrocartilage with

gelatinous core– No blood supply– Nutrition via pressure changes,

thus movement is required

• Curves of spine – “S” shape– thoracic and pelvic concave

anteriorly– cervical and lumbar convex

anteriorly

Page 51: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Movements of the Neck

• Flexion and extension• Lateral flexion (right

and left)• Rotation (right and

left)

Page 52: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Movements of the Back

• Flexion and extension (hyperextension)

• Lateral flexion (right and left)

• Rotation (right and left)

Page 53: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Nerves

Brachial Plexuses

Page 54: EHS 218 Occupational Ergonomics Anatomy. Basic Anatomic Positions Anatomic Position

Brachial Plexuses

• Musculotaneous• Ulnar• Median• Radial