Einaudi Gruppo 2003 Insieme Per La Ricerca Milano 21 Settembre

La governance della ricerca in U.S.A.

Giorgio

ProfessoreUniversità

e

Direttore ScientificoItalian Scientists and Scholars in North America Foundation

INSIEME PER LA RICERCAScienziati italiani d’Italia e USA per una nuova governance

Milano, 21 settembre 2009 Università Luigi Bocconi


Giorgio Einaudi

Professore di FisicaUniversità di Pisa

e

ScientificoItalian Scientists and Scholars in North America Foundation

INSIEME PER LA RICERCAScienziati italiani d’Italia e USA per una nuova governance

Milano, 21 settembre 2009 Università Luigi Bocconi

La governance della ricerca in U.S.A.La governance della ricerca in U.S.A.

Institute for Advanced Studies:

Science for Global Policy (La governance della ricerca in U.S.A.Institute for Advanced Studies:

Science for Global Policy (IAS/SGP)La governance della ricerca in U.S.A.





� Office of Science and Technology

� Office of Management and Budget (

� Congress

� Agencies: DoD, DHHS-NIH, NASA, NSF, DoC-NIST, DoC-NOAA, EPA


Technology Policy (OSTP)

Management and Budget (OMB)

, NASA, NSF, DoE-Science, NOAA, EPA

142.7 billions, 0.5 billions more than


142.7 billions, 0.5 billions more than

• Defense (77.8) 54.6%• Health (29.80) 20.9%, 95.5% • Space (12.2) 8.6%,• NSF (4.4) 3.1%• Energy&Envir. (9.7) 6.8% • All other (8.55) 6%. • All other (8.55) 6%.

Basic Research 28.7 Applied Research 28.8 Development 80.6 Infrastructures

than in FY 2007 (+ 0.4%)


than in FY 2007 (+ 0.4%)

(29.80) 20.9%, 95.5% to NIH,

28.7 billions ~ 20%, 28.8 billions ~ 20%, 80.6 billions ~ 57%4.4 billions ~ 3%.


Science for Global Policy (

54% of U.S. Federal R&D is for Defense

La governance della ricerca in U.S.A.Institute for Advanced Studies:

Science for Global Policy (IAS/SGP)

54% of U.S. Federal R&D is for Defense


NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH) Department of Health and Human Services Agency


Activity: “intra moenia” and “extra-moenia” research in bio

Budget 2007: 27.8 billions, doubled in 5 years, ½ total

Organization: Office of the Director coordinates 27 Institutes and Centers, including:Organization: Office of the Director coordinates 27 Institutes and Centers, including:NCI (National Cancer Institute), NEI (National Eye Institute), NHGRI (National Human Genome

Research Institute), NIA (National Institute of Aging) e NIAID (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious

Diseases)

NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH) Department of Health and Human Services Agency


moenia” research in bio-medicine

, ½ total civil

: Office of the Director coordinates 27 Institutes and Centers, including:: Office of the Director coordinates 27 Institutes and Centers, including:

NCI (National Cancer Institute), NEI (National Eye Institute), NHGRI (National Human Genome

Research Institute), NIA (National Institute of Aging) e NIAID (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Activity: Space&Astrophysics Research, Space Technology, Space Robotic&Man Missions


Budget 2007: 16.8 billions, + 3.2% with respect 2006

76.7 billions, +4.8%, for R&D.

Organization: Independent Federal Agency

great number of “contractors” , and 10 Research

Propulsion Laboratory, 5.000 employees,

Technology (FFRDC), robotic explorationTechnology (FFRDC), robotic exploration

Center, 3.300 employees, management of

Shuttle; Kennedy Space Center , 1.700 employees

Goddard Space Flight Center, 3.000 employees

important scientific Center, studies Earth

universe through observations from space

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

: Space&Astrophysics Research, Space Technology, Space Robotic&Man Missions


: 16.8 billions, + 3.2% with respect 2006

Agency with about 18.000 employees and a

Research Centers, including: Jet

, managed by California Institue of

exploration od the Solar System; Johnson Spaceexploration od the Solar System; Johnson Space

of human flight, i.e. Gemini, Apollo,

employees, management of launches;

employees and 6.000 contractors, the most

and its environment, solar system,

space.

National Science Foundation (NSF)


Activity: Support Basic Scientific Research to Improve Society Welfare and Ensure National Defense

Budget 2007: 4.2 billions (200 millions for its management), ~

Organization: Independent Federal Agency

Computer & Information Science & Engineering, Education & Human Resources,

Engineering, Geosciences, Mathematical & Physical Sciences, Social, Behavior

& Economic Sciences. No laboratories, finances projects selected trough a “peer

review” process. 1200 employees (600 scientists 50% contractors from

Universities etc., 600 administrative 30% contractors)

National Science Foundation (NSF)


: Support Basic Scientific Research to Improve Society Welfare and Ensure National Defense

: 4.2 billions (200 millions for its management), ~-20% with respect 2006

Agency with 7 Directorate: Biological Sciences,

Computer & Information Science & Engineering, Education & Human Resources,

Engineering, Geosciences, Mathematical & Physical Sciences, Social, Behavior

& Economic Sciences. No laboratories, finances projects selected trough a “peer

review” process. 1200 employees (600 scientists 50% contractors from

Universities etc., 600 administrative 30% contractors)

Department of Energy (DoE)

Activity: Defense Strategic Goal: To protect national security by applying


Defense Strategic Goal: To protect national security by applying

advanced science and nuclear technology to the Nation’s defense.

Strategic Goal: To protect national and economic security by promoting a

diverse supply and delivery of reliable, affordable, and environmentally sound

energy. Science Strategic Goal: To protect national and economic security by providing world-class scientific research capacity and advancing scientific

knowledge. Environment Strategic Goalproviding a responsible resolution to the environmental legacy of the Cold War

and by providing for the permanent disposal of the Nation’s highand by providing for the permanent disposal of the Nation’s high

waste.Budget 2007: 23.5 billions, 8.7 billions( 4 for defense) for R&D

Organization: One Under Secretary for Energy, Environment, Science; one Under

Secretary and Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration

Technological

Department of Energy (DoE)

To protect national security by applying


To protect national security by applying

advanced science and nuclear technology to the Nation’s defense. Energy To protect national and economic security by promoting a

diverse supply and delivery of reliable, affordable, and environmentally sound

To protect national and economic security by

class scientific research capacity and advancing scientific

Environment Strategic Goal: To protect the environment by

providing a responsible resolution to the environmental legacy of the Cold War

and by providing for the permanent disposal of the Nation’s high-level radioactive and by providing for the permanent disposal of the Nation’s high-level radioactive

: 23.5 billions, 8.7 billions( 4 for defense) for R&D

One Under Secretary for Energy, Environment, Science; one Under

Secretary and Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration

Università

Organizzazione, Reclutamento

Università:

Reclutamento e Carriere.

3700 Istituti di Formazione

Superiore,

di cui solo circa 260 (7%)

“Università Di Ricerca”.

Poca differenza tra

Universitá pubbliche e

private.


Science for Global Policy (

�Le assunzioni avvengonodi scelta ha conseguenze

Università


di scelta ha conseguenzel’Università.

�I Ricercatori nei Laboratoriruolo, devono avere finanziamenti

�Molti sono su soft money (�Molti sono su soft money (

�Alta mobilità tra Universit


Science for Global Policy (IAS/SGP)

avvengono localmente: un erroreconseguenze economiche per

Università:


conseguenze economiche per

Laboratori, anche con posto difinanziamenti propri.

soft money (Precari?). soft money (Precari?).

Università e il private sector.

Università


Università:


Università


Università:


Harvard University

Università


Dotazione patrimoniale: circa 35 Bilancio 2006: circa 3

Entrate:36% da proventi degli investimenti7% da donazioni per il 2006, 7% da donazioni per il 2006, 21% da tasse studentesche, 21% da grants di ricerca (82% federaleprivate sector)15% da attività universitarie (prestazionieditoria, etc.)

Harvard University

Università:


: circa 35 miliardi di dollari2006: circa 3 miliardi di dollari

investimenti,

federale, 12% fondazioni, 6%

prestazioni mediche, royalties,

Harvard University

Università


Dotazione patrimoniale: circa 35 Bilancio 2006: circa 3

Spese:50% in stipendi e benefits,22% spese per ricerca,22% spese per ricerca,10% borse di studio per studenti7% acquisto strumentazioni ed11% costruzioni e servizi

Harvard University

Università:


: circa 35 miliardi di dollari2006: circa 3 miliardi di dollari

studenti,apparecchiature,

Università


MIT Faculty, Staff, Students

598 Professors

184 Associate Professors

192 Assistant Professors

2700 graduate research assistants

787 teaching assistants

4112 undergraduate students (330 international)

6228 graduate students (2242 international)

Università:


MIT Faculty, Staff, Students

598 Professors

184 Associate Professors

192 Assistant Professors

2700 graduate research assistants

787 teaching assistants

4112 undergraduate students (330 international)

6228 graduate students (2242 international)

Research at MIT, Cambridge Campus - FY 2003 - Total: $471.754 millions

Università



13.8%US DoE M$ 65.2

18.2%US DoD M$ 85.9

2.5% MIT 2.5% MIT InternalM$13.3

3.4%Local, State,Foreign

GovernmentsM$15.9

3.9%Other Nonprofits

M$18.3


Università:



7.6%NASA M$35.7

19.8% US Department of

Health&HumanServices M$93.3

15.5%Industry M$73.2

2.8%Other Federal M$13.1

12.2%NSF M$57.7

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Einaudi Gruppo 2003 Insieme Per La Ricerca Milano 21 Settembre