ELCS Lab Manual 2010-11

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Department of English

AURORAS SCIENTIFIC, TECHNOLOGICALAURORAS SCIENTIFIC, TECHNOLOGICALAND RESEARCH ACADEMYAND RESEARCH ACADEMY

Bandlaguda, Hyderabad.

FACULTY

Prof. R. V. Rao , Ph.D

B. Meenakshi,M.A. (Eng), PGCTE., M.Phil. (Ph.D)K. Naga Raju, M.A.(Eng), PGDTE (Ph.D)

D Prudhvi Raj M.A.(Eng), PGDTE , M.Phil, (Ph.D)

ENGLISH LANGUAGE LAB MANUALENGLISH LANGUAGE LAB MANUAL

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CONTENTSCONTENTS

Introduction

Objectives

1. Introduction to Phonetics ........................................1

2. Introduction to Vowels and Consonants and associatedPhonetic Symbols ...............................................2

3. Introduction to Stress, Intonation...............................5

4. Situational Dialogues / Role Play..............................11

5. Oral Presentations (prepared &Extempore)..................14

6. Just a Minute Sessions...........................................18

7. Description........................................................20

8. Information Transfer.............................................21

9. Debate.............................................................22

10. Telephoning Skills................................................24

11. Giving Directions.................................................29

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leading institutions of English, one can also ensure the qualityof the learning material. As it is obvious, the laboratory is

specially equipped to teach pronunciation, accent andintonation.

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What is LANGUAGE LAB?

A Language Lab is a place where a student or any one for thatmatter can learn a language and improve his speaking andlistening capability. One can get familiar with any language ofhis choice and can develop skills to understand and speak thedifferent dialects and accents of the same Language.

The idea of Language Lab was originated during the WorldWar. The importance of communicating in foreign languageswas , highly felt by the warring factions. The Language Labwas born. In the beginning the lab consisted of taperecorders, amplifiers, headphones and mics systematically

laid out so that a teacher can help the students in fasterlearning using recorded lessons and other teaching aids. Thissystem worked wonderfully at that time, but had someinherent defects.

During the 2nd stage of development, computers wereincluded in the system along with tape recorders andamplifiers. This certainly improved the functioning eliminatingsome of the inherent defects.

The 3rd stage of development is the ETNL Language Lab. It

eliminates the use of tape recorders and amplifiers. It is a fullycomputerized Lab incorporating software. The lessons and theinteractive communications are processed in a digital format,resulting in the highest clarity making the teaching andlearning process a pleasant and effective one. This systemtransmits the voice without any noise.

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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

The language Lab focuses on computer-aided multi-media

instruction and language acquisition to achieve the following

targets:

To expose the students to a variety of self-instructional

learner-friendly modes of language learning.

To help the students cultivate the habit of reading

passages from the computer monitor, thus providing

them with the required facility to face computer based

competitive exams such GRE, TOEFL, GMAT etc.

To enable them to learn better pronunciation through

stress on word accent, intonation and rhythm.

To train them to use language effectively to face

interviews, group discussions, public speaking.

To initiate them into greater use of the computer in

resume preparation, report writing, format making

etc.

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English Language Lab Manual

1.1. INTRODUCTION TO PHONETICSINTRODUCTION TO PHONETICS

What is Phonetics?

Phonetics is a science of the sounds of a language. The sounds aredescribed according to the method by which they are produced, andare classified accordingly. The study of phonetics is necessary, if wewant to acquaint ourselves with a foreign language. It is notnecessary to learn the phonetics of the mother tongue, as we graspthe correct pronunciation of the mother tongue by imitating theparents. But in the case of a foreign language, as we do not getopportunities to hear that language, spoken, the necessity of thestudy of its phonetics is, therefore, necessary.

Phonetic Transcription

In English there is no one-to-one correspondence between spellingand sound. To illustrate this point from English, a letter of thealphabet may stand for different sounds, or combinations of sounds,in different words, and conversely, a given sound may berepresented by different letters, or combinations of letters, indifferent words. An example of the first type is the letter u in thewords cut, put, rude, minute, bury, and university. An example ofthe second type may be the k-sound represented differently indifferent words: by the letter k in kit, ck in rock, c in cut, cc inacclaim, ch in chemistry, and qu in queen.

Because of such a mismatch between spelling and sound, a learner ofa language like English cannot be sure of how to pronounce a wordthat he encounters for the first time in the written form.

International Phonetic Alphabet

To overcome the problem a need had been felt to evolve an alphabetin which words of any language could be written unambiguously.One such alphabet, which is used very extensively by phoneticians all

over the world, is the International Phonetic Alphabet (or IPA),devised by the International Phonetic Association. It is claimed tohave symbols to represent all the sounds that exist in the languagesof the world; it can therefore be used to transcribe words of anylanguage, i.e., to write them down more or less as one pronouncesthem.

Phonetic Transcription

This particular characteristic of phonetic transcription, viz one soundone symbol, enables us to show the pronunciation of words

unambiguously in writing, thereby making it possible to providepronunciation in dictionaries.

Auroras Scientific, Technological & Research Academy 1

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2.2. INTRODUCTION TO VOWELS AND CONSONANTSINTRODUCTION TO VOWELS AND CONSONANTSAND ASSOCIATED PHONETIC SYMBOLSAND ASSOCIATED PHONETIC SYMBOLS

Classification of Sounds in English

The English alphabet has 26 letters out of which 5 are vowels and therest are consonants. These letters and letter combinations give riseto 44 sounds. These 44 sounds are divided into 20 vowel sounds(i.e., 12 pure vowels and 8 diphthongs) and 24 consonants. They areas follows:

Vowels

Vowels are sounds in the production of which there is no obstructionof air. They are produced with the vibration of vocal cords and the

air passes freely through the mouth. All vowels are voiced sounds.There are altogether 20 vowel sounds, out of which 12 are purevowels and 8 are diphthongs.

Monopthongs (Pure Vowels)

Sound Initial Medial Final

FrontVowels

i eat beat bee it bit cityE any bed --Ae axe bat --

BackVowels

art farm car ox box -- ought bought lawU -- sugar tou ooze boot two

CentralVowels

up cup -- earn learn err about forget tailor


Fig : Tongue-position of

RP / I : (indicated by a circle)

Front Central Back

Close

Half-close

Half-open

Open

i:

I

e

u:

u

:

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Diphthongs (vowel glides)

These are the combination of two pure vowels each sound starts withone vowel and ends with another vowel.

Closingdiphthongs

eaim pain play

a ice bite buy over boat goa out bout cow oil boil boy

Centringdiphthongs

ear fierce fear

eaeroplane

careful care

-- during cure

Consonants

Consonants are the sounds in the production of which there isobstruction of air. They are not produced with the vibration of vocalcords and the air doesnt move freely through the mouth.

In the words of Christopherson a consonant may be defined as asound in which the movement of air from the lungs is obstructed a

result of a narrowing or a complete closure of the air passage.Consonants include all breathed sounds, certain voiced sounds,accompanied by a frictional noise and certain sounds which aregliding.

There are altogether 24 consonant sounds. The three positionsinitial, medial and final are as follows :

Initial

Medial Final Initial Medial Final

1. p pin paper Cap 13. f fan affair graph

2. b bin cabin Cab 14. v vine river give

3. t tin butter Bat 15. thin method earth

4. d day middle God 16. then rhythm bathe

5. k kin ticket Bike 17. s sip receive bus

6. g gun begin Bag 18. z zoo busy buzz

7. t chin teacher Beach 19. ship nation fresh

8. d gin ledger Edge 20. -- pleasure

rouge

9. m man summer Jam 21. h hat behave --

10. n no cannot Fan 22. r red marriage

cur


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11. -- distinguish

sing 23. w wet sweet --

12. l lung believe feel 24. j yet pure --


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Voiced and Voiceless Sounds

A vibrating sound is called a voiced sound and a sound withoutvibration is called voiceless. If we plug our ears with our fingers andproduce the two sounds such as bee and pea, we hear a buzzing

sound for bee and it is called a voiced sound. But in the productionof the word pea, there is no buzzing sound and hence it is called avoiceless sound. Most voiceless consonants have their correspondingvoiced consonants.

Voiced Voiceless

b p

d t

z s

d t

g k


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3. INTRODUCTION TO STRESS AND INTONATION

ACCENT / WORD STRESSACCENT / WORD STRESS

Introduction

Word stress is a very important feature of spoken English. Words aremade up of syllable(s) : if a word has more than one syllable, all thesyllables are not equally prominent : one of the syllables is moreprominent than the others. For example, the word telephone ismade up of three syllables : te, le and phone but only the firstsyllable te is stressed : i.e., it is more prominent than le andphone.Similarly in the word pronunciation, which is made up of fivesyllables, the syllable a is the most prominent. In the wordmountaineer, which has three syllables, the last syllable neer is

stressed.

You should note that a syllable is made up of a vowel and optionallyconsonant(s).

Stress in English Words

Stress in English words is fixed, i.e., the stress always falls on aparticular syllable in a given word. For example, in the wordmiserable, the stress is on the first syllable, i.e., mis, whether theword is said in isolation or in connected speech. But at the same

time, stress in English words is free, i.e., it is not tied to any particularsyllable in the chain of syllables constituting the word. For example,English words can be stressed on the first syllable as in miserable,on the second syllable as in agree, on the third syllable as inunderstandand so on.

You should note that it is not only stressed that makes syllablesprominent : pitch change also contributes to the prominence ofsyllables. The syllable on which pitch movement can be initiated issaid to have the primary stress/accent. The syllable which has

primary stress becomes a tonic syllable when the pitch movement isinitiated on it in a tone group. Any other prominent syllable is saidto have secondary accent. Primary accent is marked with avertical bar above and in front of the syllable to which it refers.Secondary accent is marked with a vertical bar below and in front ofthe syllable. For example, in the following words :

,afternoon,cigarette,represent

the primary stress is on the last syllable and the secondary stress ison the first syllable. When such words are used in connected pitch


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RULES OF WORD STRESS

Here are a few rules of word stress. These will help you locate stressin words.

Functional shift of stress

There are a number of words of two syllables in which the accentualpattern depends on whether the word is used as a noun, an adjectiveor a verb. When the word is used as a noun or an adjective, thestress is on the first syllable. When the word is used as a verb, thestress is on the second syllable. Here are a few examples :

Noun / Adjective Verb

absent absent

object objectsubject subjectpermit permit

Words with prefixes / suffixes: their stress patterns

Here we discuss words with prefixes / suffixes in terms of their stresspatterns.

a) Verbs of two syllables beginning with the prefix dis- arestressed on the last syllable.

disarm dismaydisband dispel

b) Verbs of two syllables

Verbs of two syllables ending in ate, -ise/-ize, -ct arestressed on the last syllable.

narrate capsizeattract chastise

c) Words ending in ion, -ic, -ical, -ically, -ially, -ian, -ious,-eous

i) Words ending in ion have the stress on thepenultimate (i.e., the last but one) syllable.

-ion

application civilizationcomposition question


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ii) Words ending in ic/-ical/ically, -ial/-ially, -ian havethe stress on the syllable preceding the suffix.

-ic

apologetic sympathetic

electric patriotic

-ical -ically

apologetical apologetically

-ial -ian

memorial librarianofficial musician

iii)Words ending in ious, -eous have the stress on the

penultimate (i.e., the last but one) syllable

-ious -eous

anxious piteousindustrious courageous

d) Words ending in ate, -ise,/-ize, -fy, -ity, -cracy, -crat,-graph, -graphy,-meter, -logy

i) Words of more than two syllables ending in ate,

-ise/-ize, -ify are stressed on the ante-penultimatesyllable (i.e., third from the end).

-ate -ise, ize -ify

complicate colonise justifyarticulate monopolize classify

ii) Words ending in ity, -cracy, -crat, -graph, -graphy,-meter, -logy have the stress on the ante-penultimatesyllable (i.e., third from the end).

-ity -cracy -crat

ability autocracy autocratelectricity democracy democrat

iii) Words ending in graph, -graphy, -meter, -logy have thestress on the ante-penultimate syllable (i.e., third fromthe end).

-graph -graphy -meter -logy

autograph photography thermometer psychology

paragraph spectrography lactometer biology


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4. Greetings, partings, apologies, encouragement, e.g.:a. Hellob. Good byec. Im so Sorry

The falling-rising tune

The last of the tunes that you must learn is the falling-rising tune.This tune is sometimes referred to as the dive. It consists of a fallfrom high to low and then a rise to the middle of the voice. This tunecan be used either on one syllable or different syllables of a word orsentence. It can be illustrated thus :

The fall-rise can be marked in two ways. If the tune is used on onesyllable it is marked [ ].

e.g. seventy.

If the tune is used on different syllables of a word it is marked [\ /].e.g. \ seventy.

If the fall-rise is used on two different words in a sentence it ismarked as in the following example.

e.g. \That was/nice

Consider the following examples in which the falling-rising tune is

used to convey special implications, e.g. :

a. I am waiting (so do hurry up)b. I havent much appetite (but Ill join you to be polite)c. The houses are nice (but perhaps the people are not)

The tunes that we have described are called kinetic tunes, i.e., thereis a pitch change on a particular syllable. If a syllable is said on alevel pitch it is said to have a static tone.


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4.4. SITUATIONAL DIALOGUES / ROLE PLAYSITUATIONAL DIALOGUES / ROLE PLAY

Role-play/Situational Dialogue is the core of the communicativeapproach. It is a practical dimension of enriching onescommunication skills. Here is a model to initiate what exactly a role-play is. It facilitates one how one has to organize apt words forsentence formation upto the mark. It also encompasses the mannersand formalities of social living.

RAILWAY ENQUIRY

[Amudhan wants to go from Mumbai to Hyderabad to attend an interview.He rings up Railway Enquiry to find out details about the trains.]

R. E. : Good morning. Railway Enquiry.

Amudhan : Good morning. What time does the train to

Hyderabad leave?R. E. : Which train? There are three trains to Hyderabad

every day.

Amudhan : Oh, I see. I didn't know that. Could you tell me aboutall the trains if you don't mind?

R. E. : Well ... The Hyderabad Express leaves at 12.35 p.m.,the Konark Express leaves at 3.05 p.m. and theHussain Sagar Express leaves at 9.50 p.m.

Amudhan : Are AC two-tier berths available on the HussainSagar Express for the seventh?

R. E. : One moment. .. let me see. Yes, a few berths arevacant.

Amudhan : Thank you. What's the fare?

R.E. : AC two-tier? It's one thousand two hundred rupees.

Amudhan : Thank you very much.[Amudhan goes to reserve his ticket a day later. Atthe reservation counter, he presents the applicationfor reservation]

Reservation Clerk : I'm sorry, AC two-tier is full on the seventh.

Amudhan : How about the Hyderabad Express?

R.C. : Just a minute ... Sorry, no berth is available.

Amudhan : I see. Is there any vacancy in AC three-tier?

R.C. : Yes, there are a few vacant berths.

Amudhan : Then, please give me a berth by the Hussain SagarExpress on the seventh.

R.C. : It's seven hundred and seventy-five rupees.

Amudhan : Here you are

R.C. : Thank you. Here's your ticket


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Amudhan : Thank you


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5. ORAL PRESENTATIONSORAL PRESENTATIONS (Prepared & Extempore)(Prepared & Extempore)

PUBLIC SPEAKINGPUBLIC SPEAKING

Public Speaking Tips

Twelve Steps to Great Presentations

Youve been asked to give a talk about your area of expertise to agroup interested in learning what you have to say. How do youensure that your talk will be successful? That you will engage youraudience, exceed their expectations, and position yourself as athought leader on the subject?

1. Know your audience what do they care about?

The best advice I was ever given regarding speaking to anaudience was to think less of what I wanted to say, and more ofwhat the audience wanted to hear. In other words, speak totheir listening. Will you be speaking to business executives orcollege students? What does your audience expect to learnfrom their interaction with you? Try to gauge this well, makesure you deliver upon it, and then if you have more to add, doso. Once you have an audience engaged and they trust thatlistening to you wont be a waste of time you can give themwhat they want plus more.

2. What are the main takeaways that you want to present?

People can at most remember maybe four things from apresentation. What will be your four? What is the mostimportant thing you want your audience to remember? I stillremember the main points of the best presentations Ive heard.Lengendary Venture Capitalist John Doerr said that VCsevaluate 4 risks in a company management risk, market risk,technology risk, and financial risk. See? Four things. JoeCostello, former CEO of Cadence, built his whole talk to anaudience at Stanford around the theme that if you focus on thenegative, thats what will happen, look instead always for theopportunity in a situation. Joe Neeleman, CEO of JetBlue,focused on the theme that value-based leadership andattention to customers can create the kind of company that isnot only profitable, but is worth your lifes energy as anemployee. Think about what it is that you want your audienceto remember as you create your presentation.

3. Preparation Be prepared.

Know your stuff. Research your topic, find quotes, charts, and

research study results to include in your presentation. Themore you know your topic, the more comfortable you will feel


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talking about it. Do not put off making the presentation untilthe last minute. Think of how much time it should take toprepare and then quadruple it. The upfront investment in timeis worth it. If it is a good presentation, youll be asked to give itagain. If you will be making a Power Point presentation, save

the graphics for last. Write an outline first. Then roughlystoryboard the presentation on several blank pieces of paper.Believe me, this is a huge time saver. Talk the storyboard outloud and make sure it flows and makes sense before preparingthe Power Point slides. Do not get carried away with PowerPoint graphics, colors, or animation. Use them only if theyenhance your message. Ive seen far too many presentationsthat are mostly distracting fluff. Dont try to cram too muchcontent into one slide. Look at each slide and ask the question,what is the main point of this slide? Is that point clearly beingcommunicated? Once you think youve finished, vet thepresentation with a colleague to gauge response and thenrefine.

4. The Room Do a room check.

If at all possible, visit the room in which you will be giving yourtalk before you actually have to go on stage. Believe me, it willbe less stressful if you have a physical sense of yourenvironment. If being there isnt possible, ask the person who issetting up the talk to describe the room to you how manyseats? Will it be dark? Light? How big is the expected audience?I was terrified once to discover upon arrival that I was to give atalk in front of a thousand people in a darkened room with ahuge video display of me behind me on stage when I wasexpecting a small room with 50 people in a well lit room. Publicspeaking can be stressful enough, do what you can to be ascomfortable and stress free before your talk.

5. Audio Visual Have a plan B.

Everyone who has done public speaking has an AV horror storyto tell. The demo didnt work, the Internet line went dead, the

computer gave out. The list goes on. Murphys law is in fullform when it comes to presentation technology. Everythingthat can go wrong will indeed go wrong at some point.Depending on the stakes the importance of the presentation youll want to have back-ups. Computers do pick the worsttimes to fail. If this presentation is important, make suresomeone on your team is close by with a back-up laptop, withthe presentation loaded, ready to go. Make sure your laptop ischarged. Meet with the tech people ahead of time and do a run-through making sure your computer can hook into their AV

system. I recently gave a talk where I was assured that the AVteam had the connectors needed to hook up my Mac laptop.


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Sure enough, they didnt, and I had left my AV cables at theoffice. Fortunately one of the audience members had a flashmemory USB card that he hooked into my computer,downloaded the presentation, re-hooked into a PC someonehad and uploaded the presentation. The PC worked with the AV

equipment and we were off. This was a fairly low stakespresentation. For more important presentations, I would alsohave had along the slides printed out on transparencies. Almostevery AV department has a transparency projector.

6. Eye contact Windows to other worlds

While you are waiting to be called to give your presentation,before you go up to the podium, smile and make eye contactwith some of the participants in the audience. It shows you areinterested in the people in the room and that you are excited to

be there. Throughout your presentation, pick different peoplewith whom to make eye contact. Dont stick with only oneperson however, it will either make that person feel special, orvery nervous. Peoples eyes are like windows to other worlds.Look at them as if they were those of old dear friends. Younever know, they may turn out to be! Refer to your notes, butdo not read from them. Speak to your audience, look in theireyes, and engage.

7. Opener How you start sets the tone for the whole talk.

The purpose of an opener is to engage your audience and gettheir minds in the room. People come into a room thinkingabout all sorts of different things an argument with a spouse,a traffic ticket, everything they need to get done by 5 pm, etc.Your opener is what shifts their attention to you, what gets youraudience engaged and ready to hear the rest of what you haveto say. One technique Ive used in lectures is to write thelecture topic on the blackboard and ask the audience what theymight want me to talk about within the context of the topic. Asthey shout out things, I write them down on the board. Whenthe suggestions die out, I go over them and say whether or not

Ill be covering them. Ive seen others use this techniqueeffectively in rooms with 300 people. Sometimes I do a warm-up exercise, where I ask each person in the audience to writesomething down pertaining to their personal experience withthe topic (ex. What do you love most about your computer?Least?) and then share that with the person next to them. Manypublic speakers tell a joke to get a speech started. Im not sogood at telling jokes, so I dont do that. But if you are, great!Play to your strengths.

8. Own the stage.


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Pretend that the stage is yours and that the audience membersare your invited guests. Act as if the speaking room is yourliving room at home, and your best friend has just brought oversome of her friends, and you are having a conversation. Usethe room. If you can, move away from the podium. Try not to

have physical barriers separating you from your audience.Depending on the venue you can walk right up to the center ofthe room and walk around to give your talk. Its more intimate,more risky, more charged with energy when you remove thesafety blanket of the podium.

9. Keep track of time.

If you have been slotted an hour, keep it to an hour. It is rudeand inconsiderate to your audience and to other speakers to gobeyond your time allocation. Take a couple time checks

through the presentation. Notice if people are shifting a lot intheir seats, or if many are quietly getting up to leave. Thatwould be a red flag that people need a break. If you do come tothe end of your time period and you still have more to cover inyour presentation, stop what you are doing and ask theaudience if they would like you to go on, or end now. Givepeople the opportunity to leave the room if they have othertime commitments.

10. Summarize.

At the end of your presentation, summarize the key points.Remember what we said earlier about take-aways. Is it clearwhat yours are? Sometimes a slide on the future implications ofwhat you just covered can leave your audience with goodtopics for future conversation.

11. Take Questions.

Take questions if appropriate and time permits. If a questioncomes up during your talk that will take you too far off topic,offer to answer it after the talk is over. That question requires

a longer answer than I have time for now but Im happy to talkto you about it after the session. Be wary of getting defensive.If you disagree with a questioners point, validate theirperspective first before offering an alternative. Repeat thequestion and clarify it if you need to. This helps others hearwhat was said and ensures that you are answering the questionthat was asked

12. Have fun up there!

If you are having a good time, so will your audience. If you are

uncomfortable, your audience will feel uncomfortable for you.So relax. Be yourself. Remind yourself that you know your topic


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and that these folks want to learn what you have to say. Enjoyyourself, even if the AV falls apart and your computer crashes.99% of the time everything will turn out just fine, and peoplewill remember your grace much longer than the details of yourPower Point slides.


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6. JUST A MINUTE

Just a Minute is a BBC Radio 4radio comedypanel game which hasbeen broadcast since 22 December1967 and is hosted by NicholasParsons. It began in the year that Radio 4 launched, and is one of the

station's longest running programmes. Just a Minute won a GoldSony Radio Academy Award in 2003

The object of the game is for panelists to talk "for just a minute" on agiven subject, "without repetition, hesitation or deviation". The gamecomes from attempts to try to keep within these rules, which whilstthey appear to be simple, are very hard not to break. To speak forthe full minute without being challenged is extremely difficult, andmeritorious when achieved.

Rules

The four panelists are challenged to speak for one minute on a givensubject without "repetition, hesitation, or deviation". Over the years,the application of these rules has changed:

"Repetition" originally meant not repeating a particular idea orconcept, but is now understood to prevent repetition of anyword or phrase, although challenges based upon very commonwords such as "and" are generally rejected except in extremecases (for example, when repeated half a dozen times or

more).[6] Words contained in the given subject are exemptunless repeated many times in quick succession.Disagreements often occur over such things as homophones,plurals, and different forms of verbs: the rulings do not seem tobe consistent. Repeating the same word but pronouncing itdifferently (as Ross Noble did with "Diplodocus" on the 11September 2006 episode) does not count as repetition.Thegeneral rule as stated by Nicholas Parsons is that Just a Minuteis a radio show so they must go on sounds alone, which is whysaying "BBC" is considered repetition.

"Hesitation" is watched very strictly: even a momentary pausebefore resumption of the subject can give rise to a successfulchallenge, as can tripping over one's words. Even pausingduring audience laughter or applause (known as Riding aLaugh) is not usually permitted. There is, however, oftencontroversy over what actually counts as hesitation, and whatcan be explained as merely "elongation", or purely pausing forbreath.

"Deviation" originally meant only deviating too far from thesubject, but is now more broadly interpreted, allowing speakers

to be challenged for "deviating from the English language aswe know it", "deviation from grammar as we understand it",

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_comedyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_gamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Parsonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Parsonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Radio_Academy_Awardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_a_Minute#cite_note-Classic_1-5%23cite_note-Classic_1-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplodocushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riding_a_Laugh&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riding_a_Laugh&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_comedyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_gamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Parsonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Parsonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Radio_Academy_Awardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_a_Minute#cite_note-Classic_1-5%23cite_note-Classic_1-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplodocushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riding_a_Laugh&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riding_a_Laugh&action=edit&redlink=1

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deviating from the truth, and sometimes even logic, althoughsome of these are applied inconsistently.[6] For example, in oneepisode broadcast in 2005, Paul Merton was not challenged fordeviation even though he claimed that sudoku was "inventedby a man called Alf Roberts", who "used to be the mayor in

Coronation Street, but he got fed up of that" and had also been"a car, an opera singer and also a plate of beans". [8] The panelunderstood he was just joking, so allowed him to continue, untilhe was stopped with one second to go, for repetition of "hoop".

A panellist scores a point for making a correct challenge againstwhoever is speaking, while the speaker gets a point if the challengeis deemed incorrect. However, if an "incorrect", but witty, interjectionamuses the audience, both the challenger and speaker may gain apoint, at the chairman's discretion. A player who makes a correctchallenge takes over the subject for the remainder of the minute, or,more likely, until he or she is correctly challenged within the rules ofthe game. A panellist also scores a point if he is the person speakingwhen the 60 seconds expires. An extra point is always awarded whenspeaking for the entire minute without being challenged.

The difficult part of the game is to continue to speak within the threecardinal rules for any substantial length of time, whilst remainingcoherent, and hopefully also being amusing. Therefore, to speak forthe full minute without being challenged is an honour. Below is anexample of a speech given by Sheila Hancock which lasted for a full

minute without being challenged. The subject was, "How to win anargument".

"Well it varies according to the person you are arguing with. Should itbe a child you are having a contretemps with, the ideal is deviationtactics. For instance Lola Lupin who I mentioned before won't eat herdinner. So what I do is say, "yes it is rotten food, let us sing a song",making sure that that particular chanson has a few vowels in it whichrequire her to open her mouth! During which I pop the spoon in and Ihave won the argument. However if it is an argument with a personwho knows their subject what I do is nod sagely and smile

superciliously, let them ramble on, and at the end I say "well I'msorry, I think you're completely wrong", turn on my heels and leave.I..."

The points system means that great rewards may go to those whomake entertaining challenges, even if they do not speak for verylong. An often rewarding time to challenge is a few seconds beforethe minute ends. Here, one could get a point for a challenge, nothave to speak very much, and get another point for speaking "as thewhistle went". The game is scored and a winner declared, but the

attraction of the show lies less in the contest than in the humour andbanter of its participants.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_a_Minute#cite_note-Classic_1-5%23cite_note-Classic_1-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudokuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Robertshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Streethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_a_Minute#cite_note-7%23cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Hancockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_a_Minute#cite_note-Classic_1-5%23cite_note-Classic_1-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudokuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Robertshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Streethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_a_Minute#cite_note-7%23cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Hancock

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7. DESCRIPTION7. DESCRIPTION

Good descriptions include many vivid sensory details that paint apicture and appeals to all of the readers senses of sight, hearing,touch, smell and taste when appropriate. Descriptions may alsopaint pictures of the feelings of the person, place or thing invoked.

Good descriptions often make use of figurative language such asanalogies, similes and metaphors to help paint the picture.

Good descriptions use precise language. General adjectives, nouns,and passive verbs do not have a place. Use specific adjectives andnouns and strong action verbs to give life to the picture you arepainting in the readers mind.

Describing Objects

You should describe the following while Describing Objects :

i. Describe things in terms of their size

ii. Describe things in terms of their colour

iii. Describe things in terms of their smell

iv. Describe things in terms of their taste

v. Describe things in terms of their texture.

Describing People

Use the suggestions below to describe a person.

Face shape

Square Oval Round Triangular Heart-shaped

Skin/Face/Complexion

Complexion is the natural appearance and colour of the skin,especially of the face; e.g. Mary has a soft, creamy complexion.

Freckled : sprinkled or covered with light brown spots


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Rosy : pink-cheeked; fair complexion that glows with a hint ofpink

Ruddy : skin that has a healthy reddish tint; may have theappearance of sunburn

Tanned : skin with a healthy golden-brown tint

Wrinkled : full of or covered with lines or loose folds of skin;often associated with age

Other skin-related adjectives: pale, spotless, silky, smooth,creamy, baby-soft, glowing, paper-thin or translucent (as with avery old person); rough, callused, dry.

EYES

General

Brown-eyed mother, bright-eyed sister, wide-eyed child

Eye expressions

Adj. eyes : piercing, mesmerizing, sad, sorrowful, tear-filled,gentle, sympathetic, warm, compassionate, expressive,twinkling, lively, dancing, laughing

Eye Shape and Size

Large, small, almond-shaped, round, slanted, squinty, crinkly

Mouth/Lips

Thin lips, full lips, pouting lips, pursed lips (puckered up, likewhen someone is concentrating)

Laugh, smile, beam, grin, frown, grimace, scowl

HAIR

Texture/Appearance

Wavy, curly, straight, spiky, stiff, buzzed, shaved, parted,neatly-combed, tamed, long, short, cropped

Hair Styles

Braids, ponytail, pigtails, bun, bob, ringlets, flip, layered, gelled,spiked, slicked down

Lots of hair

Thick, full, lustrous, bushy, coarse, wiry (stiff).


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Little hair

Thin, scraggly, fine, baby-fine, wispy, limp, flat, balding, bald,bald spot, receding hairline (gradual loss of hair at the front ofthe head).

Treated hair

Dyed, bleached, highlighted, plaited

Hair Colour

Black, brunette, brown, chestnut-brown, honey-blond, blond,golden-blond, ash-blond, auburn, red, strawberry-blond, gray,silver, white, salt-and-pepper

Facial Hair

Beard, goatee, mustache, sideburns

New beard growth, shadowy in appearance, that can be seenlate in the day on the jaw, chin, or cheek area (also known asstubble)

Adjectives : bearded, unshaven, clean-shaven, trimmed, neatly-trimmed

CLOTHING

Fabric : denim, twill, wool, cotton, tweed, polyester, corduroy,fleece, spandex, leather

Bottoms : jeans, cargo pants, flat-front pants, pleated pants,slacks, trousers, overalls, sweatpants, crop pants, capris, skirt,culotters, shorts, board shorts

Tops : sport shirt, dress shirt, polo shirt, button-down shirt, tanktop, blouse, long-sleeve, short-sleeve, sleeveless, collared, T-

shirt, sweatshirt, pullover, sweater, cardigan

Other clothing : dress, uniform, costume, pajamas, bathrobe,robe, vest, jacket, blazer, coat, socks, stockings, gloves, hat,cap, shoes, boots, slippers, sandals, flip-flops, heels, pumps.

Sentence Starters Describing Clothes

Smartly dressed in (name of garment)

Casually attired in (name of garment), she

Simply clad in (name of garment)


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8. INFORMATION TRANSFERINFORMATION TRANSFER

Information in verbal form can be made clearer and easier tounderstand by presenting it in graphic or pictorial form.

Pictorial representation has many advantages:

Transferring the information from text to diagram and back,preparing an application with the help of a passage given, or writingdown directions with the help of a diagram are some of the itemswhich we have to learn and practice. These activities will help us topresent the raw data in a systematic and manageable form and wecan communicate our feelings and ideas perfectly.

Different models of this type convey the information explicitly and ina variety of ways. The advantages of information transfer are :

1. Brevity [a simple diagram can convey a lot of information anddata]

2. Clarity

3. Effectiveness

4. Accessibility [identifying or locating the needed informationfrom a diagram is much easier than from a description]

5. Accuracy [data can be analyzed, compared, contrasted andcorrelated accurately through a table or a map or a diagram]

6. Comprehensibility [instant understanding of large data andcrucial points]

7. Variety [the monotony of the verbal text is replaced andinformation is presented in the form of readable and interestingillustrations often in different colours]

Some of the commonly used illustrations are tables, charts/graphs,logic trees, pictograms/pictographs, maps, etc. However, we shall

study here

I. Tables, II. Charts / Graphs, and III. Logic Trees

Tables

A table is used to display a systematic organization of data in rowsand columns. Detailed statistical summaries (e.g., census tables)are presented in the form of tables, which give comprehensiveinformation briefly. Facts and figures are also cited accurately with

comparisons and contrasts.


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The main components of a table are :

1. Table Number 2. Title 3. Head Note

4. Stub 5. Box Head 6. Field (Body)

7. Footnotes 8. source Note

A Model Table

Table : Features of Three Leading Dailies(in number of pages)(head Note)

Column Column Column

Box

Head

FeaturesDeccan

Chronicle

Times of

IndiaThe Hindu

Field

or

body

/

Stub

entries Regional News 07 01 04

National News 03 04 04

International News 03 04 04

Sports 04 03 04

Radio & TV 01 01 01

Classifieds 01 02 04

Business & Commerce* 02 02 02

1 Education* - 01 022 Arts & Culture* - 01 02

3 Science &Technology*

- 01 02

Number of Pages 20 22 24

Foot Notes : * Weekly featuresSource : If any

The above data can be presented in a passage in the following way.

In a recent survey on the three leading English Daily Newspaperspublished from Hyderabad, it is observed that The Hindu is thebulkiest one with 24 pages. It covers a wide range of issuesincluding Regional News. Deccan Chronicle is the first News Dailypublished from the State Capital. It has 20 pages in all. All thethree Newspapers give importance to Sports, Business & commerce,Radio & TV. Some of these are weekly features, with additionalsections. The Times of India and The Hindu have features onEducation, Art & Culture and Science and Technology.


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Bar Charts

A Bar Chart or a Graph is a visual form of present data. A bar chartis a graph that consists of a number of rectangles (called bars) whoselength or height varies with the magnitude represented but the width

remains the same.We can transfer the following text into a Bar Chart:

Text

There is a hike in petrol prices again from 15th September, 2002.Within fifteen days the Government of India increased the petrolprices twice. From the midnight of 31st Aug., 2002, it increased therate by Rs. 1.04 paisa per litre. Previously the rate per litre was Rs.31.50 and by the hike it became Rs. 32.54. Again from 15 th

September, 2002 the rate has been increased to Rs. 33.05 with an

increase of 0.51 paisa per litre.

A Bar Chart showing the hike in Petrol Prices

Flow Charts

A flow chart is used to represent a process that takes place insuccessive stages as in a production process, from raw material tofinished product. A flow chart is generally used by ComputerProgrammers.

Logic trees

A logic tree is a useful device for presenting organizationalhierarchies, structure of a family or a dynasty. It is also called

organizational chart.

Logic Tree of a family

Grandparents

Parents

Son Daughter

Grand daughter Grandson Grand Daughter Grandson


31st

Aug 1st

Sept. 15th

Sept.

31.50

32.54

33.05

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In natural sciences, the different family trees or animal species andplant species can be represented by using this illustration. Theinformation thus presented will be more clear and brief.


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9. BASIC DEBATING SKILLSBASIC DEBATING SKILLS

A DEBATE

A debate is, basically, an argument. That is not to say that it is an

undisciplined shouting match between parties that passionatelybelieve in a particular point of view. In fact the opposite is true.Debating has strict rules of conduct and quite sophisticated arguingtechniques and you will often be in a position where you will have toargue the opposite of what you believe in.

DEFINITION

If a debate is going to take place then it must be agreed in advancewhat the debate is going to be about. Thus it must be agreed whatthe topic means. This may seem obvious in a topic like "That

Canberra should have self government" but with something like "Thata cabbage is better than a rose" it might not be so clear. Decidingand explaining what a topic means is called `defining the topic'. Thejob of defining begins with the AFFIRMATIVE. The first speaker of theaffirmative must explain in clear terms what they believe the topicmeans. In deciding this the affirmative team should always try to usethe "person on the street" test. That is if this topic were presented tothe average person on the street - is this what they would take it tomean. Where the topic is too obscure to allow this test then apply the`reasonability' test. The affirmative team should ask themselves "Is

this definition reasonable? Is it something the average person mightexpect? Does it allow for both sides of the debate?". If you cananswer yes to these questions then the definition is probablyreasonable, if not search for something more reasonable. Try to avoidthe dictionary, except in cases where you don't understand a word. Inyour definition explain the meaning of the whole topic rather thaneach separate word.

The negative team may agree with or choose to challenge thedefinition presented. The negative team should be very careful aboutchallenging as it is difficult to continue the debate with two

definitions. Challenges may be made if the definition given isunreasonable or if it defines the opposition out of the debate. If thenegative team chooses to challenge the definition it should be doneby the first speaker who should clearly outline why the negative ischallenging and then propose a better definition.

Debating Skills

The whole of debating skills can be divided into three major parts as :

1. Style of argument2. Content3. Planning


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Style of Argument

While you are debating, what you say can sound meaningful onlywhen what you say is persuasive. Everybody has his/her unique wayof speaking and there is no correct way to debate. However, you

must find a way that suits you.Clarity of Language

People make the mistake of using either high sounding language,jargons to prove their expertise or sometimes, slang, out ofexcitement. All these types of language should be avoided.

People dont use simplicity in the fear of rejection; however,simplicity is the only way you can put your argument across in abetter way.

SpeedFluency is another important factor. The trick to keep yourself goingis to think ahead of your voice. Fluency will make the audience payattention to you. However, being fluent doesnt mean being fast.What you say should be understandable by the audience. Use yournatural accent.

Humor

Use of humor can make the debate interesting but if it is not donewith utmost care, it can make you fall flat. Using humor in the

beginning of your speech or when the discussion turns dull isacceptable. But, when you use a joke in the middle of a seriousargument, it may distract the attention.

Body Language

Your body language can easily say whether you are confident or not.Keeping your hand tied or standing like a wall will not be impressive.You have to keep speaking through your gesture of giving a smile atthe right moment which can speak lot for you.

Keeping an eye contact with the audience makes the audience listen

to you. However, you should keep shifting your gaze.

Appearance

A good attire brings with it a sense of respect. A formal wear cangive you the much needed confidence that you need for debate.This will not only boost your confidence but also infuse a sense ofteamwork.

Content

Content is the meat of a debate. It is all about defining a case,

developing an argument and rebutting the opposition. In the limited


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time offered, whatever you say should be important, logical andimpressive.


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Defining

Defining is identifying the matter of debate. For example, when thetopic given for debate is is reservations against equality?, thedebaters should first identify what kind of reservation, what is the

principle of equality etc. before getting into the discussion. Whenthese points are clear, the debate will not deviate form the topicconcerned. As this is the initial stage, the debaters must clear theirstands at this time.

Developing a case

After defining the case, you must develop the case in a proper way.When you do not have quotes, analogies, statistics or examples withyou, you can only assert and not argue.

It is advisable to make clear what are the points of your arguments.

This will make easier for you to decide on examples, statistics etc.

Rebuttal

The prime objective of a rebuttal is to prove an argument factually,morally or logically flawed. Rebuttals can only be made impressivewhen you pay attention to the key arguments of your opponent.

Planning

Before you start debating, a proper plan should be made to keep youout of any kind of midway trouble. Your strategy should include

structure, teamwork, and participation in the whole of the debate.

Rebuttal

In the beginning, case should cover more time than rebuttal but withthe progress of the debate, rebuttals should be more. It is advisableto begin with rebuttals and then come to arguments. When yourrebuttal comes right after the opponents speech, its importance isfelt more. Your speech should also be clear enough to make theaudience understand as to which is argument and which is counter-argument.

Time

It is very important to think of time during your speech. Too long ortoo short a speech will exhibit poor strategy. Especially when youhave so many points to say or you discuss a point you have in depthknowledge in, you will surely fall short of time. Therefore, it isnecessary to keep your arguments short and crispy.


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10. TELEPHONING SKILLS

1. Understanding Telephone Communication

In order to be an effective communicator on telephone, it isimportant to understand this medium of communication well. Unlikeface-to-face communication, in telephone conversation theparticipants generally cannot see each other. Body language andfacial expressions which are central to face-to-face communicationare absent in telephone conversation.

Use Phrases

Stage Phrase Response

Good morning!Hello!This is

Good morning/Hello!Whos calling please?Nice to hear from you.

Warming up Id like to speak to ..Can I speak to ..?

Just a minute. Ill putyou through. Hold onplease. Im sorry shesnot in. The lines busy.Will you hold?

Giving themessage

Im phoning about ..Could you give her amessage?

Ill give her a message.

Rounding off Thanks for your help.Fine/Great/OK.Ill look forward to yourcall.

Thank you for calling.OK/Right/Fine.

Closing Goodbye.Goodbye for now.

Goodbye.

Telephone conversationsI. A : Good morning, could I speak with Mr. Nagaraj Rao,please?

B : May I know whos calling?A : Im Arjun from Technofest.B : Putting you through, sir.A : Thanks.

II. A : Good morning, Ashok here.

B : Hi, Ashok. This is Nitya.


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Can you call me back after half an hour?

Could you delay it by a day?

Send it by speed post, could you?

Do you mind if we postponed it by three days?

Would you mind telling me when its convenient for you?

I was wondering if I could see you tomorrow.

Will you give me the recipe for the cake you baked?

Real conversation

A : Good morning, railway enquiry.B : Good morning. I would like to travel from Hyderabad to

Cochin by II AC Sleeper on 21 February. Can you tell me ifberths are available on that date?

A : 21 Feb mm. by II AC, right There we are. Yes, Sir, Itsavailable.

B : And what would be the single fare?

A : Its 1440.

B : Thanks.

A : Thank you.


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5. Asking for and Giving Information

There are many occasions when you have to give the caller someinformation on the phone. On certain occasions the listener maywant to make a note of the information that you give.

Structure Purpose

What is the new offer about? To ask for information

Where can I send it to? To ask about place

Which is the shortest way toget there?

To ask about choices

Why should I pay for it a second

time?

To ask about reason

How do I place an order forthis?

To ask about manner


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11. GIVING DIRECTIONS

Giving directions is one of the methods of transferring information.While asking or writing the directions, we should be clear in our

symbols words and phrases.

The following words and phrases are important in showing thedirections

Ex. North South East West

To our left, to our right, in front of, opposite beside, Behind,adjacent to, thirty yards away etc.,

In giving thedirections, if we use the pointer symbols, they will be ofmore help to the strangers.

Go straight ahead

Go straight on

Go straight (American Usage)

Turn left

Take a left (American)

Turn right

Take a right (American)

Go past

Go past the hunuman temple

Keep going until you get to the syndicate bank

Take the first/ second turn on your left / right

U shape curve

Indicating specific landmarks are also important, such as


Temple

Syn. Bank

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At the right corner you find a green two storeyed building, near theelectric transformer; beside the head post office; at the cross roadsetc.,

Distances in time:

Ten minutes walk; two minutes ride on a scooter, five minutes driveetc.,

Example

Directions

Introduction to Giving and Asking for Directions

Direction is the information contained in the relative position of onepoint with respect to another point without the distance information.

How to give Directions

There are basically two ways to give directions, the routeperspective characterized by landmarks, and the surveyperspective characterized by references to cardinal directions(north, south, west, east). Which system you use depends on whereyou are, and who youre giving directions to, and most of the time itsbest to use a combination. The most important thing is to be briefand clear.

Street Name and nearby Landmark

Perhaps, the easiest way to give directions is just to say what street it

is on. Granted, its not so easy in some countries where there are nostreet names, but even there it can be modified to fit. For countriesthat dont use street names you can give an area and a landmark.

A: Excuse me, how do I get to the Post Office?

B: Yes, sure. Go straight on and keep going until you get to theSyndicate bank. Then turn left, go a few yards and you will see

the post office on the right.A: Thank you very much

Documents

ELCS Lab Manual 2010-11