Electrical Power Engineering GTU · 2019-10-16 · ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING Electrical Power Engineering – GTU Introduction: The electrical energy is today an essential factor

ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING

Electrical Power Engineering – GTU

Introduction: The electrical energy is today an essential factor for the industrial and social development of any country. It is commonly obtained from non-re-generative sources such as fossil fuels, and as consumption per capita and population grow, its limited production needs to be efficiently managed to satisfy the increasing world demand. Modern electric power systems have grown and expanded geographically becoming more complex over time. The planning, monitoring, and management of such systems, require advanced analysis and control techniques for network interconnection, energy management and storage, and the integration of distributed renewable energy sources in the future Smart Grid implementations.

Description: The GTU trainer has been designed to provide students with a fully comprehensive knowledge in Electrical Power Engineering systems, subdivided into four major study areas:

Electric power generation

Electric power transmission and distribution

Electric power use

Protection techniques


Key characteristics

• Scaled down model of entire power distribution system

• Reconfigurable lab composed of discrete elements

• Industrial grade devices

Modularity

• Software to supervise and control all the active components of the network

• Software based learning platform structured using a didactic approach

• Open software platform for full cutomization

Open SCADA Web

• Multidisciplinary laboratory that covers from the most basic concepts of electrical engineering to more advanced configurations

• Hands-on, experiment based, training platform

Didactic approach

• Students interact with real industrial equipment

• Platform for simulating real scenarios

• Development of analytical and troubleshooting skills

Skills development


Modularity Each trainer is composed of a set of modules representing a scaled down version of the various sections forming a complete electrical power system.

Industrial grade equipment has been integrated into a controlled environment, providing a flexible and reconfigurable learning platform to study electrical power engineering applications.

High voltage 400 kV power transmission lines, represented by 400 V lines in the

laboratory.

Real electrical generator is used to produce electrical power.

Dedicated digital multifunction instruments used for accurate measurements.

Industrial devices integrated in the system for monitoring and protection


Open SCADA Web

The full system is controlled by an industrial Supervision and Control Data Acquisition (SCADA) software that

communicates with all the active devices in the trainer to provide real-time measurements, system status

and system control.

The software is structured following a didactic

approach, dividing each unit of study into single

exercises.

The open SCADA-WEB licence gives the teachers the possibility to create their own projects and

fully customize the experiments by displaying the parameters of interest

and controlling the actuators for an

“intelligent” power management.

Depending of the configuration, the

software can be used to monitor the system

remotely from a local or remote PC using an internet connection


Didactic approach:

The laboratory follows a top down architecture, dividing each topic in learning units and in single exercises

that build up knowledge progressively from the most basic concepts of electrical engineering to the more

advanced network configurations.

From bottom to top:

Hardware components.

Major application trainers (generation, transmission and distribution, or use).

The smart layer that uses the knowledge and data from the single applications to create management facilities.

From front to back:

Technical and theoretical documentation.

Practical experiments that reproduce some real life scenarios.

Real life implementation.


Skills development:

This multidisciplinary laboratory is aimed at providing a progressive hands-on learning tool to be used throughout the power electronics courseware developing skills at various levels:

Basic:

• Circuits theory: validate the basic electric laws and circuit theory using three-phase power.

• Electrical measurements: Use of industrial measurement devices and protection relays.

Intermediate:

• Electric machines: study of a three-phase transformer, and alternator or a motor acting as load.

• Power electrical engineering: generation, transmission, distribution and use of electrical power.

Advanced:

• Grid: Study of different network topologies.

• Energy management: Power flow control, fault simulation and troubleshooting.

• Introduction to intelligent power systems "Smart Grid".


POWER GENERATION DL GTU101-S

Introduction:

The three-phase power is the most commonly used for generation, transmission, distribution and use in the public energy sector. Three-phase systems are more economical than single phase systems due to the reduced amount of conductor material needed to transmit the same amount of power making them suitable for high voltage transmission over long distances. Furthermore, it is ideal for consumers use in three-phase (motors, heavy loads) or single-phase applications. The generation of electrical energy is performed almost exclusively by means of high power synchronous machines, or alternators, whose construction design depends on the type of drive, which can normally be steam, gas or water. One major limitation of the electrical power is that it cannot be stored in large quantities and, therefore, it has to be generated as the consumer needs it. The synchronous generator can be operated in isolated mode, providing power to a single consumer, or it can be connected in parallel with a constant-voltage constant-frequency grid system. In this laboratory the main characteristics of a synchronous generator are studied as well its synchronization to the main network and its behaviour under different load conditions.


Experiments

•Winding resistance measurement

•Generator no-load test

•Generator short-circuit test

•Conventional efficiency

Generator analysis

•Active power generation.

•Inductive reactive power generation.

•Capacitive reactive power generation.

•Regulation performance analysis.

Load characteristics

•Manual synchronization: Dark lamp synchronization method, Two Bright one dark synchronization method and parallel operation using a synchronoscope.

•Automatic synchronization using a synchronization relay.

Network synchronization

•Alternator and synchronous motor operation.

•Dynamic power factor control of the grid.

Generator network operation


Expansion:

Adding optional modules to the GTU 101-S configuration, the available list of experiments and system

capabilities are expanded.

Generation protection DL GTU 101-P

•Paramenter configuration, fault simulation, relay response measurement and oscillograph recording for the following protections:

•Overcurrent protection

•Over-voltage and under-voltage protection

•Over-frequency and under-frequency protection

•Unbalanced load protection

•Stator-earth fault protection

•Reverse power protection

•Generator differential protection


List of modules

DL GTU101-S

DL 2102AL Three-phase supply unit 1

DL 10065N Electric power measuring module 1

DL 2109T29 Three-phase power meter 1

DL 2108T02 Power circuit breaker 1

DL 2108T02A Power circuit breaker 1

DL 2109T1T Synchronization indicator 1

DL 2109T32 Synchronoscope 1

DL 2108T25 Generator synchronising relay 1

DL 1017R Resistive load 1

DL 1017L Inductive load 1

DL 1017C Capacitive load 1

DL 1067S Automatic voltage regulator 1

DL 2108T26 Brushless motor with controller 1

DL 2108T26BR Braking resistor 1

DL 1026P4 Three Phase Synchronous Machine 4 poles 1

DL 1013A Universal base 1

DL HUBRS485F Communication MODBUS 1

DL 2600TTI Three-phase isolation transformer 1

DL SCADA-WEB SCADA Software 1

DL PCGRID All-in-One Computer 1

DL 1155WPP Cables 1

DL 1196 Holder for leads 1

DL T12090_SK 120x90 working bench 1

DL T06090 60x90 working bench 1

DL A120-3M-LED Three-level work frame with LED light 1

Expansion modules

DL GTU 101-P

DL 2108T23 Feeder manager relay 1

DL 2108T24 Percentage biased generator differential relay 1

DL 2109T21 Single-phase current transformer 1

DL 2109T22 Three-phase current transformer 2

DL 2108T10 CT Load 1



POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION DL GTU102-S

Introduction:

Today, the public electric power is supplied almost exclusively using three-phase systems with frequency of 50 or 60 Hz, depending on the country. The major advantage of AC three-phase over DC power systems is that the electrical power is generated economically in large power stations relatively far from the end users, transported at high voltage over long distances with very little power loss and finally made available to the consumers providing them with two different levels of voltage depending on the application needs. The major components of electric power transmission and distribution systems are: · Transformers: step up transformers increase the generated voltage to values suitable for high voltage

transmission systems, isolation transformers are used to exchange power between networks, and step down transformers decrease the voltages to medium voltage level and further down to low voltage to be distributed to the consumer.

· Transmission lines: overhead power lines are mainly used to transmit electrical energy from the power stations to the consumers. However, in densely populated areas the power can only be supplied via cables. Various voltage levels are used for transmitting power; the levels are determined by the amount of power and the distance; the higher the transmission voltages, the lower the currents as well as the transmission losses. However, it must also be considered that network investment costs increase with the voltage.

· Busbars, disconnectors and power circuit breakers: they are the main components found in a switching station used for power distribution.

To evaluate the optimum network configuration complex calculations have to be carried out.


Laboratory description

In this laboratory the basic circuits of power engineering, series and parallel connections of operating equipment

(lines, transformers) as well as circuits involving the conversion of delta connections to star connections and vice

versa, are analysed. Our system, composed of a modular configuration, allows the student to identify immediately

the main components. Three-phase transformers, transmission lines and bus bar are the main subjects of study. The

entire lab can be divided in three different configurations, related to the three subjects of study, in order to perform

a didactic experience focussed on that specific field.

The graph below consists in a block diagram, which clarifies the system division, subjects of study and expansions.

Bus Bar

DL GTU102.3-S

The main system can be divided in three different blocks for a study focussed on a particular field, such as: • Three phase transformer • Transmission lines • Bus Bar

Transmission Lines

DL GTU102.2-S

Power Distribution and transmission

DL GTU102-S

Distance protection

DL 2108T22

Transmission lines

protection

DL GTU102.2-P

The system includes further optional modules developed to increase the didactic experience for the study of protections in the transformers and transmission lines field.

The power distribution and transmission configuration includes all the necessary elements for a complete study of transmission lines, transformers and bus bar

EXPANSION MODULES

SECTIONED MAIN SYSTEM

MAIN SYSTEM

Three phase

Transformer

DL GTU102.1-S

Three phase protection

DL GTU102.1-P


Experiments:

DL GTU102.1-S - Three-phase transformers

DL GTU102-S - Power Distribution and transmission

Transformer vector group.

Transformer no load performance.

Transformer short-circuit performance and equivalent circuit.

Load performance.

Zero impedance.

Asymmetrical load.

Autotransformer.

Parallel operation.

DL GTU102.3-S - Power distribution

Three-pole double busbar systems

Basic double busbar system.

Double busbar system with load.

Busbar coupling.

DL GTU102.2-S - Líneas de transmisión

Studies on three-phase transmission lines

No-load performance, Ferranti effect.

Matched load performance.

Three-phase symmetrical short-circuits.

Resistive-inductive load.

Resistive-capacitive load.

Zero-phase impedance.

Parallel compensation for a resistive-inductive load.

Series compensation for a resistive-inductive load.

Three-phase asymmetric short-circuit. Parallel and series connection of transmission lines

Series connection of two lines.

Parallel connection of two lines. Transmission line with earth-fault compensation

Earth fault on a line with an isolated star point.

Petersen suppression coil.

Network topologies

Radial network.

Meshed network.


Expansion:

Adding optional modules to the configurations (DL GTU102-S or DL GTU102.1-S and DL GTU102.2-S), the

available list of experiments and system capabilities are expanded.

Transformer protectionDL GTU102.1-P

•Paramenter configuration, fault simulation, relay response measurement and oscillograph recording for the following protections:•Time overcurrent protection

•Transformer differential protection

Transmission line protection DL GTU102.2-P


•Inverse time overcurrent protection

•Earth-fault protection

•Undervoltage and overvoltage protection


•Directional power protection

•Protection of parallel connected lines

Distance protectionDL 2108T22

•Paramenter configuration, fault simulation, relay response measurement and recording for the following protections:


•Overvoltage protection

•Undervoltage protection


•Distance protection


List of modules

DL GTU102-S

DL 1013T1MR Motorized variable three-phase power supply 1

DL 1080TT Three-phase transformer 2






DL 2109D51 Digital Vector group meter 1

DL 2109D30 Digital AC/DC multimeter 1

DL 7901TT Overhead line model 2

DL 7901TTS Overhead line model 110Km 1

DL 2108T03 Line capacitor 2

DL 2108T04 Petersen Coil 1

DL 2108T02/2 Double busbar with two disconnectors 3






DL 1155WPP Kit of cables 1





Expansion modules

DL GTU102.1-P

DL 2108T21 Differential transformer relay 1



DL GTU102.2-P

DL 2108T13 Inverse time overcurrent relay 1

DL 2108T18 Earth-fault relay 1


DL 2108T22

DL 2108T22 Distance protection relay 1


DL GTU102.1-S


















Expansion modules

DL GTU102.1-P





List of modules

DL GTU102.2-S








DL 2108T03 Line capacitor 2



DL 7901TTS Overhead line model 110Km 1

DL 2108T04 Petersen Coil 1

DL 2102AL Three-phase supply module 1









Expansion modules

DL GTU102.2-P




DL 2108T22



List of modules

DL GTU102.3-S






DL 2108T02/2 Double busbar with two disconnectors 3














Current and voltage transformers DL GTU103.1-S

Introduction:

In electrical power supply systems, currents and voltages are constantly measured and monitored to ensure

that they remain within certain limits. In general, the current and voltage values are so high that they cannot

be measured directly.

Special transformers have to be used to reduce these values to a level that can be measured safely and

economically. These values are needed in order to provide information on the health of the system, to

calculate the amount of power supplied to a customer and to rapidly switch off sections of a network in case

of a fault event to avoid its propagation that could result in the collapse of the entire power supply system.


Experiments:

DL GTU103.1-S

•Single phase current transformer operation

•Single phase current transformer load test

•Three-phase current transformer

•Three-phase current transformer summing circuit - zero-phase sequence of a three phase system.

•Summation current transformer

Current transformer

•Single-phase voltage transformer – Transformation ratio and influence of load.

•Three-phase voltage transformers and fault to ground.

•Two single-pole voltage transformers.

Voltage transformer


List of modules

DL GTU103.1-S






DL 2109T25 Summation current transformer 1

DL 2109D30 Digital AC/DC multirange ammeter 1


DL 2108T10 CT load 1

DL 2108T11 VT load 1

DL 2109T23 Single-phase voltage transformer 1

DL 2109T24 Three-phase voltage transformer 1


DL SCADA-WEB SCADA Software Winlog Pro W-NET/I-USB Up to 256 variables sampled 1



DL 1155WPP Kit of cables for DL WPP 1






Protection relays DL GTU103.2-S

Introduction:

Dedicated protection relays are used for monitoring each section of the power system (generators,

transformers and transmission lines), to recognize a damaged system component for a specific fault event

(under/over voltage, under/over frequency, over-current, earth-fault, reverse power, etc.), and to disconnect

it quickly and reliably, protecting humans and the other healthy parts of the system while maintaining the

power distribution.


Experiments

DL GTU103.2-S


•Definite time overcurrent protection



•Undervoltage protection

•Overvoltage protection



Protection relays


Expansion:

Adding optional modules to the GTU 103.2-S configuration, the available list of experiments and system

capabilities are expanded.

Generation protection DL GTU103A-S



•Over-voltage and under-voltage protection

•Over-frequency and under-frequency protection


•Stator-earth fault protection

•Reverse power protection

•Generator differential protection

HV line protection DL GTU103B-S


•Definite time overcurrent protection


•Protection of radial feeder


•Undervoltage and overvoltage protection



•Protection of parallel connected lines

Distance protectionDL 2108T22

•Paramenter configuration, fault simulation, relay response measurement and recording for the following protections:



•Distance protection

Transformer protectionDL GTU103C-S

•Paramenter configuration, fault simulation, relay response measurement and oscillograph recording for the following protections:•Definite time overcurrent protection


•Resticted earth fault

•Transformer differential protection


List of modules

DL GTU103.2-S








DL SCADA-WEB SCADA Software Winlog Pro W-NET/I-USB Up to 256 variables sampled 1







Expansion modules

DL GTU103A-S

DL 10065N Electric power measuring module 1

DL 1067S Automatic voltage regulator 1


DL 1026P4 Three Phase Synchronous Machine 4 poles 1

DL 1013A Universal base 1

DL 2109T1T Synchronization indicator 1

DL 2108T24 Percentage biased generator differential relay 1



DL 2108T10 CT Load 1


DL GTU103B-S





DL 2108T22


DL GTU103C-S




ENERGY MANAGEMENT DL GTU104-S

Introduction:

In some countries, the electric energy consumption levels have reached levels that exceed the available supply. There is an increasing need to optimize and reduce this level of use and find alternative, more efficient and renewable power sources. Electric companies use electric meters installed at the consumers facilities to measure the power delivered to them for billing purposes. Modern solid state electricity meters are able to measure both active and reactive power, demand and maximum use of power, or allow different rates to be applied in different periods of the day. Most electrical installations act as inductive loads on the mains network. These loads include equipment with coils or windings, such as motors and transformers that produce a time delay between the voltage and current variables. Energy consumers, in particular larger ones such as industrial plants, are obliged, either by contract or for economic reasons, to compensate the reactive power consumed by their equipment. The integration of distributed renewable energy systems tied to the main grid create a bidirectional flow of energy that needs to be properly managed, using metering and advanced power electronics conversion techniques. In this laboratory, several types of user can be simulated using static and dynamic loads to study power factor compensation, energy consumption, load profiling and the optimization of electrical power use.


Experiments

DL GTU 104-S:

•Three-phase consumers with star and delta connections (R, L, C, RL, RC and RLC loads).

•Dynamic load:

•Study of an asynchronous motor as three-phase load

•Power measurement in the case of energy-flow reversal.

•Active energy consumption

•Reactive energy consumption:

•for symmetric and asymmetric RL loads.

•in the event of a phase failure.

•in the event of over-compensation (RC load).

•for active loads.

•Maximum power demand.

Complex loads, energy and power consumption

•Manual power factor compensation:

•Calculating parameters for compensation capacitors.

•Compensation using various capacitors.

•Automatic power factor compensation.

Power factor compensation

•Load profiling and efficiency

•Mixed load energy consumption analysis with and without power factor compensation.

Energy Management


List of modules

DL GTU104-S

DL 2102AL Three-phase power supply 1

DL 1021/4 Three-phase asynchronous machine 4P cage , 1.5kW , 50 / 60Hz 1



DL 2108T26BR Braking resistor for brushless motor nominal 5.4Nm 1


DL 2108T19 Reactive power controller 1

DL 2108T20 Switchable capacitor battery 1




DL 4236 Load Manager 1

DL HMI HMI gateway 1


DL 1013A Universal Base 1









Documents

Electrical Power Engineering GTU · 2019-10-16 · ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING Electrical Power Engineering – GTU Introduction: The electrical energy is today an essential factor